Mount Marapi

According to legend, the mountain is the site first settled by the Minangkabau people after their ship landed on the mountain when it was the size of an egg and surrounded by water.{{cite book |last1=Summerfield |first1=Anne |first2=John |last2=Summerfield |title=Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau |publisher=UCLA |year=1999 |isbn=0-930741-73-0}} There are large numbers of upright burial stones in the region which are oriented in the direction of the mountain, indicating its cultural significance.{{cite journal |title=From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra. |year=2004 |journal=Indonesia and the Malay World |volume=32 |issue=93 |author1-link=John N. Miksic |last=Miksic |first=John |doi=10.1080/1363981042000320134 |pages=191–210|s2cid=214651183 }}{{Citation |author1=Marapi, Mangaraja Gunung Sorik |author2=Mangaraja Gunung Sorik Marapi |author3=Proyek Penerbitan Buku Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah |title=Turi-turian ni Raja Gorga di Langit dohot Raja Suasa di Portibi |publication-date=1979 |publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Proyek Penerbitan Buku Bacaan dan Sastra Indonesia dan Daerah |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/27005633 |access-date=4 December 2023}}

The volcano has a known history of eruptions. Marapi underwent a significant eruption in September 1830. In January 1975 an eruption occurred with mudflows and lahars that caused fatalities in the surrounding area. A significant eruption occurred in 1979,{{Citation |author1=Pusat Meteorologi dan Geofisika |title=Laporan bencana alam Gunung Marapi, Sumatera Barat, tanggal 30 April 1979 |publication-date=1979 |publisher=[s.n.] |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10060521 |access-date=4 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206124151/https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/10060521 |url-status=live }} which killed 60 people.{{cite news |title=Death toll rises to 13 after Mount Marapi eruption, climbers still missing |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/death-toll-rises-to-13-after-mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-still-missing |website=Aljazeera |access-date=2023-12-05 |archive-date=2023-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206124114/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/5/death-toll-rises-to-13-after-mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-still-missing |url-status=live }} At least one person was killed during an eruption in 1996.{{Cite news |date=9 December 2023 |title=Marapi eruption: Hikers recount escape from 'Mountain of Fire' |language=en-GB |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67656848 |access-date=9 December 2023}} In April–May 2018 ashfalls to the southeast occurred.Global Volcanism Program, 2018. Report on Marapi (Indonesia) (Venzke, E., ed.). Bulletin of the Global Volcanism Network, 43:6. Smithsonian Institution. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201806-261140 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205201952/https://volcano.si.edu/showreport.cfm?doi=10.5479/si.GVP.BGVN201806-261140 |date=2023-12-05 }}

Since 2011, the volcano has been at the second level of a four-tier alert system set up by the Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231205-indonesian-rescuers-race-to-find-12-missing-after-eruption |title=Indonesian rescuers race to find 12 missing after eruption |work=France 24 |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en |date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205202010/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231205-indonesian-rescuers-race-to-find-12-missing-after-eruption |url-status=live }} Predicting the volcano's behavior is described as difficult as the source of its sudden eruptions are shallow and near its peak, while its eruptions are not caused by a deep movement of magma that can be detected as volcanic earthquakes on seismic monitors. Nevertheless, there are about 1,400 people living on its slopes in the villages of Rubai and Gobah Cumantiang, about 5 to 6 kilometers from the summit.{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-fe1ec3fff730eb19a4940e55e85300cb |title=More bodies found after sudden eruption of Indonesia's Mount Marapi, raising confirmed toll to 22 |work=Associated Press |access-date=2023-12-05 |language=en |date=5 December 2023 |archive-date=2023-12-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205201932/https://apnews.com/article/mount-marapi-eruption-climbers-fe1ec3fff730eb19a4940e55e85300cb |url-status=live }}

{{main|2023 eruption of Mount Marapi}}

On 3 December 2023, the volcano erupted, leaving 23 climbers dead.{{Cite news |publisher=BBC |date=6 December 2023 |title=Mount Marapi: Indonesia rescuers find last missing hiker on volcano |language=en-GB |website=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67634503 |access-date=6 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206190427/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67634503 |url-status=live |first1=Jerome |last1=Wirawan |first2=George |last2=Wright}} Three people were injured and rescued.{{Cite news |date=4 December 2023 |title=Mount Marapi eruption: 11 hikers found dead on Indonesian volcano |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/mount-marapi-eruption-indonesia-hikers-found-dead |access-date=4 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204102256/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/04/mount-marapi-eruption-indonesia-hikers-found-dead |url-status=live }} The ash reached to a height of {{convert|3000|m|ft}} and fell in nearby regions. A {{Convert|3|km|abbr=off|adj=on|spell=in}} exclusion zone was announced.{{cite web |title=Indonesia's Marapi volcano erupts, spewing ash |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-marapi-volcano-erupts-spewing-ash-2023-12-03/ |website=Reuters |access-date=4 December 2023 |language=en |date=3 December 2023 |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205202035/https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/indonesias-marapi-volcano-erupts-spewing-ash-2023-12-03/ |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-04 |title=Climbers killed survivors found Marapi Indonesia volcano erupt |work=ABC Australia |access-date=4 December 2023 |language=en |date=4 December 2023}}

On 22 December, the volcano erupted again, emitting volcanic ash that forced the cancellation of flights at Minangkabau International Airport.{{cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-marapi-volcano-eruption-airport-1367ed215ea7190c1a85e14161b7ed0a |title=Ash from Indonesia's Marapi volcano forces airport to close and stops flights |last=Nurjana |first=Rahma |date=22 December 2023 |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=23 December 2023}}

As of January 2024, at least 113 eruptions have occurred on Marapi since its initial activity in December,{{cite web |url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/302547/mount-marapi-erupts-again-releasing-roaring-sounds |title=Mount Marapi erupts again, releasing roaring sounds |date=7 January 2024 |publisher=Antara |access-date=14 January 2024}} with the latest eruption occurring on 23 January.{{cite web |url=https://sumbar.jpnn.com/sumbar-terkini/3769/gunung-marapi-kembali-mengalami-peningkatan-erupsi |title=Gunung Marapi Kembali Mengalami Peningkatan Erupsi |date=23 January 2024 |publisher=JPNN Sumbar |access-date=23 January 2024}} Ash has risen at least 1300 meters into the air and residents within a radius of 4.5 kilometers have been urged to evacuate their homes.{{Cite web |title=Indonesia's Mount Marapi erupts again, leading to evacuations but no reported casualties |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/wireStory/indonesias-mount-marapi-erupts-leading-evacuations-reported-casualties-106358667 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=ABC News |language=en}}

At 12:13 a.m. local time on 27 March, Marapi erupted again, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1.5 kilometers.{{cite web |title=Mount Marapi Erupts at Midnight, Spewing Ash 1.5km High |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1850011/mount-marapi-erupts-at-midnight-spewing-ash-1-5km-high |date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |work=Tempo}} Flights at Minangkabau International Airport were cancelled again due to the eruption.{{cite web |title=Minangkabau Airport Suspends Operations as Mount Marapi Erupts |url=https://en.tempo.co/read/1850555/minangkabau-airport-suspends-operations-as-mount-marapi-erupts |date=28 March 2024 |access-date=28 March 2024 |work=Tempo}}

At 9:43 a.m. local time on 04 January, Marapi erupted, emitting a volcanic ash column with a height of 1 kilometers.{{Cite web |title=Gunung Marapi Erupsi, Tinggi Kolom Abu Capai 1 KM, Warga Mengira Cuma Suara Ban Truk yang Meletus |url=https://jabar.tribunnews.com/2025/01/04/gunung-marapi-erupsi-tinggi-kolom-abu-capai-1-km-warga-mengira-cuma-suara-ban-truk-yang-meletus |access-date=2025-01-04 |website=Tribunjabar.id |language=id-ID}}

On 11 May 2024, heavy rain triggered mudslides and lahar flows from the volcano, killing at least 67 people and leaving 20 others missing.{{cite news |title=Indonesia seeds clouds to block rainfall after floods killed at least 67 people while 20 are missing |url=https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-mount-marapi-flash-floods-cloud-seeding-f19bf53a1192ef9757c60e18619b0a8c |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=16 May 2024}}

• List of volcanoes in Indonesia

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• [https://web.archive.org/web/20051029135005/http://www.vsi.esdm.go.id/volcanoes/marapi/geninfo.html Indonesian Directorate of Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation entry]

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Category:Stratovolcanoes of Indonesia

Category:Subduction volcanoes

Category:Volcanoes of Sumatra

Category:Complex volcanoes

Category:Active volcanoes of Indonesia

Category:Mountains of Sumatra

Category:Landforms of West Sumatra

Category:Holocene stratovolcanoes