Mudanjiang

File:Mudanjiang Old Station.jpg|Mudanjiang Railway Station during the 1900s

File:Mdj-1942.jpg|Ginza street of Mudanjiang, 1942

File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-11a.jpg|Mudanjiang (labeled as MU-TAN-CHIANG), 1950s

Mudanjiang was originally populated by the Sushen 2,300 years ago. They lived in the valley of the Mudan River, and established the State of Mo ({{zh|labels=no|t=貊國}}).{{cite web|title=Several Problems about the History of Ancient Northeast|url=http://epub.cnki.net/grid2008/download.aspx?filename=2TlxGcEZkMyYnbwQmU4lUdLtGZhBnMuZXN40EWT1Ga1d1ZRFkM0U1R0ZHUlFneax2c2k1QIZ3T2hnS=0TRC5kRLhUSvZVY1FWMuZ2LlVGc2FUaC5kamRGcJhmQr1GdXVndQFnR000M1N0S0Q0Ntl3MmpGZEp&tablename=cjfd2006&dflag=pdfdown|publisher=DU Xing-zhi(School of History,Culture and Tourism,Liaoning Normal University,Dalian,Liaoning,116029,China) |year=2006|access-date=2012-08-18}} During the Tang dynasty, Balhae established their Upper capital Longquan Fu (Yongcheon bu) near Lake Jingpo south of Mudanjiang around 755 AD. On January 14, 926, Yongcheon fell while Balhae was defeated by the Khitans.{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=86961 "Sanggyeong Yongcheonbu", Naver encyclopedia]{{in lang|ko}} [http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=49355 "Dongjingcheng site", Naver encyclopedia]

Mudanjiang is named after the eponymous Mudan River (literally, "Peony River") flowing through it. Imperial Russia built a train station for the Chinese Eastern Railway in Mudanjiang in 1903, after which local development started boosting. Both Chinese and Russian settlers established themselves here. Mudanjiang was little more than a large village until the 1920s. By that time, Mudanjiang was strongly overshadowed by the nearby county town of Ningan (Former Ninguta).{{Cite book|script-title=zh:雪城牡丹江 |author=牡丹江旅游局 [Mudanjiang Bureau of Tourism] |year=1990 |publisher=中国旅游出版社 [China Tourism Press] |isbn=978-7-5032-2302-0}} However, merchants from several countries including France, Russia, Britain and Denmark set up sub-agencies in Mudanjiang during this period, which led the trade area of the city to a rapid expansion.

After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on September 19, 1931, the whole Manchuria was seized by Japan following the Mukden Incident. Mudanjiang experienced a substantial growth in the 1930s under the Japanese occupation. Mudanjiang also became a military and administrative center going by the name Botankou, particularly after the railway from Tumen to Jiamusi was constructed in 1933. By that time several light industries including light engineering, lumbering, and food processing was established in the town. On December 1, 1937, Botankou City was established by the Manchukuo government, administering five counties. On October 15, 1938, Japanese Government set up a consulate in Botankou and promoted Botankou as a municipality directly under the Manchukuo Government. As Manchukuo collapsed, Mudanjiang was captured by the Soviet Army on August 16, 1945.LTC David M. Glantz, [http://cgsc.leavenworth.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |date=2011-07-23 }}. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.

Mudanjiang was controlled by the Communist forces and became the capital of Songjiang Province in 1948. However, after Songjiang Province was merged into Heilongjiang Province on June 19, 1954, Mudanjiang was reduced to a prefecture-level city. The historic Beishan Stadium is located in the city. The 15,000-capacity stadium is used mostly for association football matches.

{{climate chart

| Mudanjiang

| -21.7 | -10.2 | 6.6

| -17.3 | - 4.6 | 5.5

| - 8.5 | 3.4 | 13.2

| 1.1 | 14.2 | 25.9

| 8.0 | 21.0 | 57.8

| 14.1 | 25.8 | 85.1

| 17.8 | 27.7 | 136.8

| 17.0 | 27.0 | 122.1

| 9.2 | 21.6 | 55.3

| 0.7 | 13.2 | 31.1

| - 9.0 | 1.4 | 13.6

| -18.0 | - 7.7 | 8.0

| float = right

| clear = both

| source = CMA }}

File:Txu-oclc-6614368-nl52-11.jpg, 1955)]]

Mudanjiang, spanning from 128° 02' to 131° 18' E longitude and 43° 24' to 45° 59' N latitude, is located in southeastern Heilongjiang province. It is also the province's southernmost prefecture. Neighboring prefectures are:

• Harbin (W)
• Jixi (NE)
• Qitaihe (N)
• Yanbian, Jilin (S)

It also borders Russia's Primorsky Krai to the east. The average elevation in the prefecture is {{convert|230|m|0|sp=us}}, with the terrain primarily consisting of mountains and hills. The east of the prefecture begins to ascend to the Changbai Mountains, while the central parts belong to the Hegu Basin. The lowest part of the prefecture is Suifenhe City, bordering Russia, at a minimum elevation of {{convert|86.5|m|1|sp=us}}, while the highest point is Zhangguangcai mountain, at {{convert|1686.9|m|sp=us}}.

Mudanjiang features a monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) with hot, humid summers and very cold and dry winters; spring and autumn are brief. However, winter temperatures here are far warmer than much of the rest of the province, and the city's basin location helps protect it from biting winds. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−16.7|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|22.3|°C|1}} in July; the annual mean is {{convert|4.78|°C|1}}. Close to three-fifths of the annual rainfall occurs from June to August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 46% in July to 62% in February and March, the city receives 2,368 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures have ranged from {{convert|−35.1|°C|0}} to {{convert|38.4|°C|0}}.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Mudanjiang, elevation {{convert|306|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|collapsed = Y

|Jan high C = -10.0

|Feb high C = -4.3

|Mar high C = 3.7

|Apr high C = 14.0

|May high C = 21.2

|Jun high C = 26.1

|Jul high C = 28.3

|Aug high C = 27.0

|Sep high C = 22.0

|Oct high C = 13.4

|Nov high C = 1.4

|Dec high C = -8.0

|Jan mean C = -16.3

|Feb mean C = -11.3

|Mar mean C = -2.4

|Apr mean C = 7.3

|May mean C = 14.5

|Jun mean C = 19.8

|Jul mean C = 22.7

|Aug mean C = 21.3

|Sep mean C = 15.1

|Oct mean C = 6.5

|Nov mean C = -4.2

|Dec mean C = -13.6

|Jan low C = -21.4

|Feb low C = -17.2

|Mar low C = -8.1

|Apr low C = 1.1

|May low C = 8.3

|Jun low C = 14.3

|Jul low C = 18.0

|Aug low C = 16.9

|Sep low C = 9.5

|Oct low C = 0.8

|Nov low C = -8.8

|Dec low C = -18.1

|Jan record high C = 3.5 |Jan record low C = -35.3

|Feb record high C = 11.5 |Feb record low C = -35.3

|Mar record high C = 19.5 |Mar record low C = -23.5

|Apr record high C = 30.3 |Apr record low C = -9.7

|May record high C = 33.4 |May record low C = -2.5

|Jun record high C = 37.9 |Jun record low C = 5.8

|Jul record high C = 38.4 |Jul record low C = 11.2

|Aug record high C = 36.0 |Aug record low C = 7.1

|Sep record high C = 31.0 |Sep record low C = -2.1

|Oct record high C = 27.3 |Oct record low C = -13.4

|Nov record high C = 19.5 |Nov record low C = -25.2

|Dec record high C = 8.9 |Dec record low C = -32.0

|year high C = |year low C =

|year high F = |year low F =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 6.7

|Feb precipitation mm = 5.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 14.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 28.0

|May precipitation mm = 64.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 83.5

|Jul precipitation mm = 130.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 122.8

|Sep precipitation mm = 58.7

|Oct precipitation mm = 33.6

|Nov precipitation mm = 20.5

|Dec precipitation mm = 7.7

|Jan humidity = 67

|Feb humidity = 61

|Mar humidity = 56

|Apr humidity = 52

|May humidity = 58

|Jun humidity = 67

|Jul humidity = 74

|Aug humidity = 77

|Sep humidity = 73

|Oct humidity = 65

|Nov humidity = 65

|Dec humidity = 67

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 4.7

|Feb precipitation days = 4.2

|Mar precipitation days = 7.1

|Apr precipitation days = 8.3

|May precipitation days = 13.7

|Jun precipitation days = 15.3

|Jul precipitation days = 13.9

|Aug precipitation days = 14.1

|Sep precipitation days = 10.3

|Oct precipitation days = 8.0

|Nov precipitation days = 6.6

|Dec precipitation days = 5.9

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 157.9

|Feb sun = 182.4

|Mar sun = 211.3

|Apr sun = 203.0

|May sun = 221.1

|Jun sun = 220.4

|Jul sun = 207.8

|Aug sun = 193.8

|Sep sun = 211.1

|Oct sun = 188.5

|Nov sun = 148.5

|Dec sun = 142.5

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 55

| Feb percentsun = 62

| Mar percentsun = 57

| Apr percentsun = 50

| May percentsun = 48

| Jun percentsun = 48

| Jul percentsun = 45

| Aug percentsun = 45

| Sep percentsun = 57

| Oct percentsun = 56

| Nov percentsun = 52

| Dec percentsun = 52

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 7.9

|Feb snow days = 7.2

|Mar snow days = 9.3

|Apr snow days = 4.0

|May snow days = 0.1

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0.1

|Oct snow days = 2.4

|Nov snow days = 8.1

|Dec snow days = 9.5

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=27 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =27 September 2023 |title=Experience Template }}

{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21}}}}

In 2010, the city's GDP rose 18.5% to RMB 78.1 billion, ranked fourth in Heilongjiang Province after Harbin, Daqing and Qiqihar.{{cite web |url=http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zxxx/system/2011/03/11/010154360.shtml |script-title=zh:2010年牡丹江市国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |publisher=Heilongjiang Province People's Government |date=2011-03-11 |access-date=2011-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025103607/http://www.hlj.gov.cn/zxxx/system/2011/03/11/010154360.shtml |archive-date=2011-10-25 |url-status=dead}} Tourist industry and light manufacturing are the mainstays of Mudanjiang's economy. Mudanjiang's pillar industries include accessory industry for automobiles, paper making, forest industry, petrochemicals, new materials, pharmacy and energy industry.[http://www.hktdc.com/info/mi/a/mpcn/en/1X074BLI/1/Profiles-Of-China-Provinces-Cities-And-Industrial-Parks/Mudanjiang-Heilongjiang-City-Information.htm Profiles of China Provinces, Cities and Industrial Parks] The foreign trade value increased 71.8% to US$9 billion in 2010, making up three-fourths of Heilongjiang Province's gross.

• Mudanjiang to Russia Economic and Technological Development Zone
• Sino-Russian Information Industrial Garden
• Mudanjiang Jiangnan Economic and Technological Development Area
• Mudanjiang Bioindustry Development Zone
• Heilongjiang Northern Pharmaceutical Technological Development Zone

File:Mdj-railwaystation.jpg

Mudanjiang is a railway hub in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Binsui (Harbin-Suifenhe) Railway and Tujia (Tumen-Jiamusi) Railway meet here. Trains from Mudanjiang Railway Station connect the city with Beijing, Jinan, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and several other cities in China.

{{Main|Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport}}

Mudanjiang Hailang International Airport is the second largest international airport in Heilongjiang Province. It operates daily flights to Beijing, Dalian and several other major cities in China. In addition there are also scheduled international flights between Mudanjiang and Seoul and Incheon in South Korea.

Mudanjiang is linked to the national highway network through the G11 Hegang–Dalian Expressway and G10 Suifenhe-Manzhouli Expressway.

Mudanjiang Normal University is a provincial higher education institution in Heilongjiang Province. The predecessor of the college is the Nenjiang Branch of Northeast Agricultural College. It was founded in September 1958 and was closed in 1964. The Bei'an Teachers' College was established on the basis of the closed Nenjiang branch. The State Council approved in January 1965. In 1964, Bei'an Normal College moved to the original Ning'an County Breeding Farm, renamed Ning'an Teachers' College of Heilongjiang Province. It was approved by the Heilongjiang Provincial Revolutionary Committee in December 1970 and expanded into Mudanjiang Teachers College. The school has now developed into a master's degree. Full-time undergraduate students, international students, adult education, and other comprehensive teachers' colleges with more than 22,000 students. The school covers an area of 1.05 million square meters, and the school building area is nearly 390,000 square meters. It is a provincial-level garden-style unit. The school recruits students nationwide and now has 15 secondary colleges. In 2015, Mudanjiang Teachers College will be renamed Normal University. On February 26, 2023, Soft Science 2023 "China's Best University Ranking" was released, and Mudanjiang Teachers College ranked 459. [https://www.shanghairanking.cn/institution/mudanjiang-normal-university 2020 中国大学排名: 牡丹江师范学院]

Mudanjiang University was founded in 1983 and is the first batch of 100 local universities in the country. The school consists of three parts: the school headquarters, the Hailin campus and the industrial park training base. It covers an area of 500,000 square meters and a building area of 186,000 square meters. The total value of fixed assets is 450 million yuan, the total value of teaching equipment is 90 million yuan, and the library has 644,800 books. At present, there are more than 10,000 students in the school, 10 secondary schools and 43 majors. Among them, there are 2 key construction majors supported by the central government and 6 key construction majors supported by the provincial finance. The school is well equipped and the school conditions are good. There are 104 on-campus laboratories and training bases, and 125 off-campus training bases. The major in mechatronics, animation design and production, and computer information security storage was identified by the Ministry of Education as a national backbone teacher training base. [http://www.mdjdx.cn/mdnew/index.asp Mudanjiang University Website]

Mudanjiang No. 1 High School, referred to as Mudanjiang Yizhong, is located in Mudanjiang City, southeast of Heilongjiang Province, and is the first demonstration high school in Heilongjiang Province. Founded in September 1945, it was originally named Mudanjiang Municipal High School; in 2001, it was renamed Mudanjiang No. 1 High School; in September 2007, the school moved to the new campus as a whole. The new campus covers an area of 218,000 square meters and the construction area is 9.3. 10,000 square meters, green area of 73,000 square meters, sports area of 70,000 square meters. In 2009, it was awarded the National 100 High School Construction Project Experimental School; in 2011, it was identified as a pilot school for provincial science projects. As of February 2015, there were 359 faculty members, 123 teachers with master's degree, 8 special teachers, 144 senior teachers, 107 national, provincial and municipal academic leaders and backbone teachers, and more than 5,200 students. [https://zsb.jlu.edu.cn/info/2924.html 生命科学学院2023年招生宣传工作系列报道（六）—牡丹江市第一高级中学]

Mudanjiang is twinned with:

• {{flagdeco|Russia}} Ussuriysk, Primorsky Krai, Russia
• {{flagdeco|Australia}} Municipality of Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
• {{flagdeco|South Korea}}, Paju, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
• {{flagdeco|Japan}} Ōtsu, Shiga, Japan
• {{flagdeco|Finland}} Jyväskylä, Finland
• {{flagdeco|Germany}} Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany

File:MDJ passeggiata.jpg|Walking along the Mudan River

File:MDJ monumento ai caduti di guerra.jpg|Monument to the women fallen in war

File:MDI via principale.jpg|The main street of the city

File:MDJ vista sul fiume.jpg|Panoramic view on the river

• Zhang Guimei (born 1957), Secretary of the Party Branch and Principal of the Huaping Girls' Senior High School in Lijiang

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• {{cite web | last=Jasper | first=Clint | title=China is building a 100,000-cow dairy farm to supply Russia with milk, but one expert doubts it will end up that big | website=ABC Rural | date=July 14, 2015 | url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/rural-news/2015-07-14/russian-chinese-dairy-farm/6610250 | access-date=August 20, 2017}}

{{Commons category|Mudanjiang}}

{{Wiktionary|Mudanjiang|Mu-tan-chiang}}

• https://web.archive.org/web/20110813100439/http://ch-info.erina.or.jp/English/He/Mudan/mudanjiang.htm
• http://www.china.org.cn/english/travel/50995.htm

{{Wikivoyage|Mudanjiang}}

{{Heilongjiang topics}}

{{Heilongjiang}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Heilongjiang

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Heilongjiang