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Muhammadiyah

{{Short description|Islamic organization based in Indonesia}}

{{Infobox organization

| name = Muhammadiyah Society

| native_name = {{lang|id|Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah}}

| native_name_lang = id

| logo_caption = Insignia of Muhammadiyah

| image = Flag of Muhammadiyah.png

| size = 200px

| alt =

| caption = Flag of Muhammadiyah

| formation = 18 November 1912

| logo = Muhammadiyah.svg

| type = Islamic organization

| purpose = Socio-religious, economics, education, and health

| headquarters = Yogyakarta and Jakarta, Indonesia

| region_served = Indonesia

| membership = 28 million

| leader_title = Chairman

| leader_name = Haedar Nashir

| leader_title2 = Secretary-general

| leader_name2 = Abdul Mu'ti

| publication = Suara Muhammadiyah

| affiliations = Sunni Islam (Islamic modernism){{Cite book|last=Nashir M. Si |first=Dr. H Haidar |title=MUHAMMADIYAH: A REFORM MOVEMENT |publisher=Muhammadiyah University Press |year=2015 |isbn=978-602-361-013-6 | location=Jl. A Yani Pabelan Tromol Pos 1 Kartasura Surakarta 57102 Jawa Tengah – Indonesia |page=94 | quote="From aqidah standpoints, Muhammadiyah may adhere Salafi , as stated by Tarjih in Himpinan Putusan Tarjih (wy: 11), that Muhammadiyah promotes the belief principles referring to the Salaf (al-fi rqat al-najat min al-Salaf)."}}

| website = {{url|http://en.muhammadiyah.or.id/}}

}}

Muhammadiyah ({{langx|ar|محمدية|translit=Muḥammadiyyah|lit=followers of Muhammad}}), officially Muhammadiyah Society ({{langx|id|Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah}}) is a major Islamic non-governmental organization in Indonesia.A. Jalil Hamid, [http://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/10/184420/tackle-rising-cost-living-longer Tackle the rising cost of living longer ]. New Straits Times, 30 October 2016. Accessed 1 November 2016. The organization was founded in 1912 by Ahmad Dahlan in the city of Yogyakarta as a reformist socioreligious movement, advocating ijtihad - individual interpretation of Qur'an and Sunnah, as opposed to Taqlid - conformity to the traditional interpretations propounded by the ulama.{{cite web|url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/muham.html|title=Muhammadiyah|publisher=Div. of Religion and Philosophy, St. Martin College, UK|access-date=2008-08-28|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914141232/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/muham.html|archive-date=2008-09-14}} Since its establishment, Muhammadiyah has adopted a reformist platform mixing religious and secular education,{{cite book|last1=Abu Zayd|first1=Nasr|title=Reformation of Islamic Thought|year=2006|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789053568286|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UZc_Yvle_AC&q=nahdlatul+ulama+wahhabi&pg=PT43|access-date=20 April 2016}} primarily as a way to promote the upward mobility of Muslims toward a 'modern' community and to purify Indonesian Islam of local syncretic practices. It continues to support local culture and promote religious tolerance in Indonesia, while a few of its higher education institutions are attended mostly by non-Muslims, especially in East Nusa Tenggara and Papua provinces. The group also runs a large chain of charity hospitals, and operated 128 universities as of the late 1990s.Pieternella van Doorn-Harder, WOMEN SHAPING ISLAM: Reading the Qu'ran in Indonesia, pg .95. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9780252092718}}

At the time of Dahlan's death in 1923, the organization reported a membership of 2,622 men and 724 women, mostly residents of Yogyakarta.Peacock 1978, 45 Numbers grew steadily — 10,000 in 1928, 17,000 in 1929, and 24,000 in 1931.Israeli 1982, 191 By the 1930s, moreover, it had begun to establish branches beyond Java, the main center of population, throughout Indonesia, and today it is said to be the second largest Islamic organization in Indonesia (behind Nahdlatul Ulama) with 29 million members in 2008.Europa Publications Limited The membership is largely urban and middle class in composition. Although Muhammadiyah leaders and members are often actively involved in shaping the politics in Indonesia, Muhammadiyah is not a political party. It has devoted itself to social and educational activities.

History

File:Masjid Besar (Muhammadiyah) Yogyakarta, Kota Jogjakarta 200 Tahun, plate before page 89.jpg became the background for the founding of the Muhammadiyah movement]]

On November 18, 1912, Ahmad Dahlan— a court official of the kraton of the Yogyakarta SultanateBurhani (2005), p. 101. and an educated Muslim scholar from Mecca—established Muhammadiyah in Yogyakarta. There were a number of motives behind the establishment of this movement. Among the important ones are the backwardness of Muslim society and the penetration of Christianity. Ahmad Dahlan, much influenced by Egyptian reformist Muhammad Abduh, considered modernization and purification of religion from syncretic practices were very vital in reforming this religion. Therefore, since its beginning Muhammadiyah has been very concerned with maintaining tawhid and refining monotheism in society.

From 1913 to 1918, Muhammadiyah established five Islamic Schools. In 1919 an Islamic high school, Hooge School Muhammadiyah was established.{{cite web |url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=35 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070319175257/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=35 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-19 |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Short History of Persyarikatan Muhammadiyah |publisher=Muhammadiyah }} In establishing schools, Muhammadiyah received significant help from the Budi Utomo, an important nationalist movement in Indonesia in the first half of the twentieth century, which provided teachers.Burhani (2010), pp. 65-66 Muhammadiyah has generally avoided politics. Unlike its traditionalist counterpart, the Nahdlatul Ulama, it never formed a political party. Since its establishment, it has devoted itself to educational and social activities.

File:Muhammadiyah Central Executive, 1937-1943.jpg, H. Hasyim. Standing: H. Moehadie, HA. Hamid, RH. Durie, H. Abdullah, KH. Ahmad Badawi, H. Basiran Noto.]]

In 1925, two years after the death of Dahlan, Muhammadiyah only had 4,000 members but had built 55 schools and two clinics in Surabaya and Yogyakarta.{{cite book | last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | title =A History of Modern Indonesia 1200-2004 | publisher =MacMillan | year =1991 | location =London | page =356}} After Abdul Karim Amrullah introduced the organisation to the Minangkabau people, a dynamic Muslim community, Muhammadiyah developed rapidly. In 1938, the organisation claimed 250,000 members, managed its 834 mosques, 31 libraries, 1,774 schools, and 7,630 ulama. Minangkabau businesspeople spread organization to the entire of Indonesia.{{cite book | last =Ricklefs | first =M.C. | title =A History of Modern Indonesia 1200-2004 | publisher =MacMillan | year =1991 | location =London | page =357}}

During the 1965-66 political turbulence and violence, Muhammadiyah declared that the extermination of the Communist Party of Indonesia constituted Holy War, a view endorsed by other Islamic groups.Ricklefs (1991), p. 288. (See also the Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66). During the events surrounding the 1998 fall of Suharto, some parts of Muhammadiyah urged the leadership to form a party. Therefore, the leadership, including Muhammadiyah's chairman, Amien Rais, founded the National Mandate Party. Although gaining large support from Muhammadiyah members, this party has no official relationship with Muhammadiyah. The leader of Muhammadiyah said the members of his organisation are free to align themselves with political parties of their choosing, provided such parties have shared values with Muhammadiyah.{{cite web|url=http://www.indonesiamatters.com/386/muhammadiyah-makes-overtures-to-islamists/ |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Muhammadiyah Makes Overtures to Islamists |publisher=Indonesia Matters }}

In 2008, with 29 million members, Muhammadiyah was the second-largest Muslim organization in Indonesia, after Nahdlatul Ulama.

Doctrine

Muhammadiyah follows the Athari school of Sunni Islam, accepting only taking naqli (scripturalist) and rejecting all aqli (rationalist) tendencies. It emphasizes the authority of the Qur'an and the Hadiths as supreme Islamic law that serves as the legitimate basis of the interpretation of religious belief and practices. This is contrasted with traditional practices where shariah law is invested in religious schools by ulema. The main focus of the Muhammadiyah movement is to heighten people's sense of moral responsibility, purifying their faith to true Islam. Theologically, Muhammadiyyah adheres to doctrines of Salafiyya; calling for directly returning to the Qur'an and Sunnah and the understanding of the Imams of the Salaf (early generations), including the eponyms of the four Sunni Madh'habs (legal schools). It advocates for a purification of faith from various local customs which they consider to be superstitious, heretical and forms of shirk (polytheism). Muhammadiyya directly traces its scholarly heritage to the teachings of Muhammad Rashid Rida (d. 1935 C.E / 1354 A.H), Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (d. 1792 / 1206 A.H), and the medieval theologians Ahmad Ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1328 C.E / 728 A.H) and Ibn Qayyim (d. 1350 / 751 A.H).{{Cite web|last=Abu Fayadh|first=Faisal|date=23 July 2021|title=Ustadz Adi Hidayat: Kita Semua Salafi|trans-title=Ustadz Adi Hidayat: We are all Salafis|url=https://retizen.republika.co.id/posts/12342/ustadz-adi-hidayat-kita-semua-salafi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723064140/https://retizen.republika.co.id/posts/12342/ustadz-adi-hidayat-kita-semua-salafi|archive-date=23 July 2021|website=Retizen}}{{Cite web|date=3 November 2017|title=Muhammadiyah Itu Golongan Ahlus Sunnah was Salafiyyah|trans-title=Muhammadiyah The Ahlus Sunnah was Salafiyyah|url=https://pwmu.co/40369/11/03/muhammadiyah-itu-golongan-ahlus-sunnah-salafiyyah/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018045958/https://pwmu.co/40369/11/03/muhammadiyah-itu-golongan-ahlus-sunnah-salafiyyah/|archive-date=18 October 2021|website=Pwmu}}{{Cite journal|last=Muhtaroom|first=Ali|title=The Study of Indonesian Moslem Responses on Salafy- Shia Transnational Islamic Education Institution, Shiashia |date=August 2017|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318894800|journal=Ilmia Islam Futuria|volume=17|issue=1|pages=73–95|doi=10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1645 |quote="the development ofSalafi in Indonesia has inspired the emergence of anumber of organizations reformers of modern Islam in Indonesia. Organizationssuchas Muhammadiyah, Al-Irsyad,shared similar intentions to purify faith with the call back to the Quran and Sunnah, and leave many traditional customs that are claimed to be contaminated by heresy,tahayyul, and superstition... For Muhammadiyah, the purification of faith and the return to the Quran and Sunnah is an obligation... Muhammadiyah doctrine theology agrees with salafi, namely puritanist by going back to Al-Quran and As-Sunnah..."|via=Research Gate|doi-access=free}}

Muhammadiyah strongly opposes syncretism, where Islam had coalesced with animism (spirit worship) and with Hindu-Buddhist elements that were spread among communities from the pre-Islamic period. Muhammadiyah opposes the tradition of Sufism that allows a Sufi leader (shaykh) to be the formal authority over Muslims. As of 2006, the organization was said to have "veered sharply toward a more conservative brand of Islam" under the leadership of Din Syamsuddin the head of the Indonesian Ulema Council.[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/opinion/in-indonesia-islam-loves-democracy.html?_r=0 In Indonesia, Islam loves democracy]| Michael Vatikiotis | New York Times |6 February 6, 2006 However, some factions of Muhammadiyyah tend to espouse the modernist movement of Muhammad Abduh rather than the Salafi doctrines of Rashīd Rîdá; which has been described as "rigid and conservative".{{Cite book|last=NASHIR, M. Si|first=DR. H. HAIDAR|title=MUHAMMADIYAH: A REFORM MOVEMENT|publisher=Muhammadiyah University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-602-361-013-6|location=Jl. A Yani Pabelan Tromol Pos 1 Kartasura Surakarta 57102, Jawa Tengah – Indonesia|pages=94}} Muhammadiyah refused to condemn LGBT people, because it believes that publicly condemning people affiliated with those identities and orientations would not help them "return to normalcy".{{cite web | url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/amp/news/2016/03/11/national-scene-muhammadiyah-takes-soft-approach-lgbt.html | title=National scene: Muhammadiyah takes soft approach on LGBT - the Jakarta Post }}

Activities

File:MuhammadiyahHQ.jpg|thumb|200px]]

File:Smk pelayaran muhammadiyah tuban.jpg, East Java]]

File:Rs pku muhammadiyah mayong.jpg, Central Java]]

Muhammadiyah was noted as a Muslim reformists organization. Its main activities are religious practice and education. It has built modern Islamic schools, differing from traditional pesantren. Some of its schools are also open to non-Muslims.{{cite web|url=http://www.usindo.org/Briefs/2006/Muhammadiyah%20on%20Health%2004-06-06.htm |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=USINDO Roundtable With the Muhammadiyah and Aisyiyah Delegation |publisher=The US-Indonesian Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813131301/http://www.usindo.org/Briefs/2006/Muhammadiyah%20on%20Health%2004-06-06.htm |archive-date=August 13, 2006 }} In 2006 there were around 5,754 schools owned by Muhammadiyah.{{cite web|url=http://www.tribun-timur.com/view.php?id=30329&jenis=Kota |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927185234/http://www.tribun-timur.com/view.php?id=30329&jenis=Kota |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Muhammadiyah urged Governot to Set Model School |publisher=Tribun Timur }}{{Failed verification|date=August 2024}}

It also functioned as a charitable organization involved in health care. In 2016, it owned several hundred non-profit medical clinics and hospitals across Indonesia. In 2006, it was active in campaigning about the danger of bird flu in Indonesia.{{cite web |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=13950 |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Muhammadiyah to help campaign on danger of avian flu |publisher=Antara }}{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

= Universities =

File:Universitas Muhammadiyah.jpg, Riau]]

File:Universiti Muhammadiyah Malaysia.jpg

As of 2024, Muhammadiyah has 89 universities which are spread out in several provinces of Indonesia, such as:

= Media =

Muhammadiyah published their own magazine called Suara Muhammadiyah (English: The Voice of Muhammadiyah). Initiated by Ahmad Dahlan himself, it was first published in 1915, making it one of the oldest publications in Indonesia.{{Cite web |date=2020-04-02 |title=Tentang Suara Muhammadiyah - Suara Muhammadiyah |url=https://web.suaramuhammadiyah.id/tentang-suara-muhammadiyah/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=web.suaramuhammadiyah.id |language=id}} Its contents consist of information on the doctrine of the movement and reporting on Muhammadiyah's activities.

Organization

File:Muhammadiyah Demonstration in Head Office 01.jpg

The national headquarters was originally in Yogyakarta. However, by 1970 the committees dealing with education, economics, health and social welfare had been relocated to the national capital, Jakarta.{{Cite web|url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/id/content-49-det-profil.html|title=Profil Muhammadiyah}}

Muhammadiyah is supported by several autonomous organizations:{{cite web|url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192732/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=31 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-09-27 |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Autonomous Organizations |publisher=Muhammadiyah }}

The central committee structure consists of five advisors, a chairman with several deputies, a vice chairman, a secretary general with some deputies, and a treasurer with some deputies.{{cite web |url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324173729/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=63&Itemid=27 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-03-24 |access-date=2006-08-10 |title=Central Organization |publisher=Muhammadiyah }}

List of leaders

class="wikitable"
NumberPhotoNameTerm StartTerm EndDeliberation PlaceDescription
|1.100pxK. H. Ahmad Dahlan1 August 191223 February 1923YogyakartaMeetings 1st Year
|2.100pxK. H. Ibrahim23 February 192313 October 1932YogyakartaMeetings 12th Year
|3.100pxK. H. Hisjam10 November 193420 May 1936YogyakartaMeetings 23rd Year
|4.100pxK. H. Mas Mansoer25 June 193725 April 1942YogyakartaMeetings 26th Year
|5.100pxKi Bagoes Hadikoesoemo24 November 19444 November 1953YogyakartaEmergency Congress
|6.100pxAhmad Rasyid Sutan Mansur4 November 195325 March 1959PurwokertoThe 32nd Congress
|7.K. H. M. Yunus Anis25 March 19593 June 1962PalembangThe 34th Congress
|8.100pxK. H. Ahmad Badawi3 June 196225 April 1968JakartaThe 35th Congress
|9.100pxK. H. Faqih Usman25 April 19683 October 1968PalembangThe 34th Congress
rowspan=2|10.rowspan=2|rowspan=2|K. H. Abdul Rozak Fachruddin3 October 196817 March 1971Fait Accompli
| 17 March 197115 December 1990MakassarThe 38th Congress
|11.100pxK. H. Ahmad Azhar Basyir15 December 199028 June 1995YogyakartaThe 42nd Congress
|12.100pxProf. Dr. H. Amien Rais28 June 199526 April 1998Banda AcehThe 43rd Congress
rowspan=2|13.rowspan=2|100pxrowspan=2|Prof. Dr. H. Ahmad Syafi'i Ma'arif26 April 199831 May 2000Tanwir & Meetings Plenary Session
| 31 May 200025 November 2005JakartaThe 44th Congress
rowspan=2|14.rowspan=2| 100pxrowspan=2| Prof. Dr. K. H. Din Syamsuddin, M.A.31 August 20058 July 2010MalangThe 45th Congress
|8 July 20106 May 2015YogyakartaThe 46th Congress
rowspan=2|15.rowspan=2| 100pxrowspan=2| Prof. Dr. K. H. Haedar Nashir, M.Si.7 May 201519 November 2022MakassarThe 47th Congress
|19 November 2022IncumbentSurakartaThe 48th Congress

See also

{{Portal|Indonesia}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Further reading

  • [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2753021.pdf Pacific Affairs, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep., 1954), pp. 255-263] Modern Islam in Indonesia: The Muhammadiyah After Independence
  • [http://mizanstore.com/detailproduct/18935-Muhammadiyah-itu-NU Ali Shodiqin, Mochammad. 2014. "Muhammadiyah itu NU!: Dokumen Fiqh yang Terlupakan".] [http://nourabooks.co.id/ Jakarta: NouraBooks.]
  • Burhani, Ahmad Najib. 2005. "Revealing the Neglected Missions: Some Comments on the Javanese Elements of Muhammadiyah Reformism." Studia Islamika, 12 (1): 101–129.
  • Burhani, Ahmad Najib. 2010. Muhammadiyah Jawa. Jakarta: Al-Wasat.
  • {{cite book|author-link1=James Peacock (anthropologist)|last=Peacock|first=J.L.|title=Purifying the Faith: The Muhammadijah Movement in Indonesian Islam|publisher=Cummings Press|year=1978}}
  • {{cite web|title=Muhammadiyah|publisher=Div. of Religion and Philosophy, St. Martin College, UK|access-date=2006-08-28|url=http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/muham.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914141232/http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/indon/muham.html|archive-date=2008-09-14}}
  • Ricklefs, M.C. 1991. A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1300. 2nd Edition, Stanford: Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|0-333-57690-X}}

External links

{{commons category}}

  • {{official|http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/}}
  • {{official|https://suaramuhammadiyah.id|name=Suara Muhammadiyah official website}}

{{Islam in Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Islamic organizations established in 1912

Category:Indonesian National Awakening

Category:Salafi groups

Category:Islamic organizations based in Indonesia

Category:1912 establishments in the Dutch East Indies