Yogyakarta Sultanate

The sultanate is located on the southern coast of the island of Java. In the south, it is bordered by the Indian Ocean, with land surrounded by the province of Central Java. The area is 3,133 km², while the population in 2010 was about 3.5 million people. The special district of Yogyakarta, along with Jakarta, has the largest population density among the provinces of Indonesia.{{Cite web|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/indonesia-population/|title=Indonesia Population 2019|website=worldpopulationreview.com|access-date=6 January 2020}}

Not far from the city of Yogyakarta is the volcano Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonesia which has erupted regularly since 1548, resulting in great damage to the population of the district. In October–November 2010, there was a strong volcanic eruption, forcing about a 100,000 people to temporarily leave their homes.{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/home/update-indonesia-volcano-death-toll-soars-past-100-many-children-dead/405050|title=Indonesia Volcano death rolls soars past 100}}{{Cite web|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101026-indonesia-mount-merapi-volcano-eruption-world-science-pictures-photos/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029024701/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/photogalleries/101026-indonesia-mount-merapi-volcano-eruption-world-science-pictures-photos|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2010|title=Pictures: Indonesia's Mount Merapi Volcano Erupts|date=28 October 2010|website=National Geographic News|access-date=24 July 2019}}

After the death of Sultan Agung in 1645, the Sultanate of Mataram went into decline due to a power struggle within the sultanate itself.{{Cite book |last=Ooi |first=Keat Gin |author-link=Keat Gin Ooi |title=Southeast Asia.[Volume two, H-Q]. [Volume one, A-G] : a historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor |publisher=Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=1576077705}} The Dutch East India Company also exploited the power struggle to increase its control. At the peak of the conflict, the Mataram Sultanate was split into two based on the Treaty of Giyanti of 13 February 1755: Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.[http://www.sejarahnusantara.com/daerah-istimewa/sejarah-kesultanan-ngayogyakarta-hadiningrat-tahun-1755-1950-dan-pembentukan-daerah-otonomi-khusus-yogyakarta-tahun-1950-10043.htm Sejarah Kesultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat, Tahun 1755–1950, dan Pembentukan Daerah Otonomi Khusus Yogyakarta Tahun 1950], sejarahnusantara.com{{cite book |author1=Sabdacarakatama |title=Sejarah Keraton Yogyakarta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ3cb1OcHA4C&q=sejarah+keraton+yogyakarta&pg=PA222 |access-date=22 February 2015 |year=2009 |publisher=Penerbit Narasi |isbn=9789791681049 }}

The Giyanti Treaty mentioned Pangeran Mangkubumi as Sultan of Yogyakarta with the title of

{{Blockquote|text={{lang|jv-Java|ꦔꦂꦱꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦱꦩ꧀ꦥꦺꦪꦤ꧀ꦢꦊꦩ꧀ꦲꦶꦁꦏꦁꦱꦶꦤꦸꦮꦸꦤꦏꦁꦗꦼꦁꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦲꦩꦼꦁꦏꦸꦨꦸꦮꦤꦱꦺꦤꦥꦠꦶꦲꦶꦁꦔꦭꦒꦔꦧ꧀ꦢꦸꦭ꧀ꦫꦏ꦳꧀ꦩꦤ꧀ꦱꦪꦶꦢꦶꦤ꧀ꦥꦤꦠꦒꦩꦏ꦳ꦭꦶꦥ꦳ꦠꦸꦭ꧀ꦭꦃ}}

{{Lang|jv|Ngarsa Dalem Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kangjeng Sultan Hamengkubuwana Senopati-ing-Ngalaga Ngabdulrakhman Sayyidin Panatagama Khalifatullah{{efn|Correct order of the title according to 2012 Indonesian Act No. 13 on the Uniqueness of Special Region of Yogyakarta, Article 1 No. 4{{cite wikisource|wslink=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2012|year=2012|publisher=Republik Indonesia|wslanguage=id}}}}}}|sign=|source=}}

Which translates as{{cite book |author=Indonesia Departemen Luar Negeri Direktorat |title=Documenta diplomatica |date=1968 |publisher=Departemen Luar Negeri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_UA8AAAAMAAJ&q=%22his+highness+sri+sultan%22 |access-date=17 September 2018 |language=id}}{{cite book |title=Overseas Trading |date=1971 |publisher=Department of Commerce and Agriculture. |location=Australia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlbyAAAAMAAJ&q=%22his+highness+sri+sultan%22 |accessdate=17 September 2018 |language=en}}

{{Blockquote|text=His Highness the Sultan, Commander in the Battlefield, Servant of the Most Gracious, Cleric and Caliph that Safeguards the Religion{{efn|Khalifatullah literally means Caliph of Allah}}|sign=|source=}}

As the result of further colonial intervention within the ruling family of the former Mataram Sultanate, the area which today is the Special Region of Yogyakarta was divided into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Kasultanan Yogyakarta) and the Principality of Pakualam (Kadipaten Pakualaman).

The Dutch colonial government arranged for the carrying out of autonomous self-government, arranged under a political contract. When Indonesian independence was proclaimed, the rulers, the sultan of Yogyakarta and the Prince of Pakualaman made a declaration supporting the newly founded Republic of Indonesia, and they would unite with the Republic. After the republic's independence was formally recognised internationally, the former royal realms were formally unified on 3 August 1950 into the Yogyakarta Special Region, with the sultan of Yogyakarta becoming the hereditary governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region and the Prince of Pakualaman becoming the hereditary vice governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region, formally on 30 August 2012 (article 18, paragraph 1c);{{cite web |last1=Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia |title=UU No. 13 Tahun 2012 |url=http://www.jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2012/13TAHUN2012UU.pdf |access-date=14 May 2020}} both are responsible to the president of Indonesia.{{Cite book|title=Religion and generalised trust : an empirical-theological study among university students in Indonesia|last=Hadiwitanto|first=Handi|publisher=Zürich : Lit|year=2009|isbn=9783643907127}}

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Prinsen en prinsessen in de kraton van Jogjakarta TMnr 60001477.jpg

In carrying out the local government administration, it considers three principles: decentralisation, concentration, and assistance. The provincial government carries out the responsibilities and authorities of the central government, as well as its own autonomous responsibilities and authorities. The Regional Government consists of the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region. Such construction guarantees good cooperation between the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region to achieve sound regional government administration. The Head of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has a responsibility as the Head of the Territory and is titled as a Governor.

The first governor was the late Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan of Yogyakarta, and continued Paku Alam VIII as acting governor until Hamengkubuwono X ascended in 1998.{{Cite web|url=http://yogyakartahistory.blogspot.co.id/2016/06/yogyakarta-sultanate.html?m=1|title=Yogyakarta History|website=Blogspot}} Unlike the other heads of regions in Indonesia, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the privilege or special status of not being bound to the period of position nor the requirements and way of appointment (article 25, paragraphs 1 and 2).{{cite web |last1=Kementerian Keuangan Republik Indonesia |title=UU No. 13 Tahun 2012 |url=http://www.jdih.kemenkeu.go.id/fullText/2012/13TAHUN2012UU.pdf |access-date=14 May 2020}} However, in carrying out their duties, they have the same authority and responsibilities.

On 5 May 2015, following a royal decree issued by Hamengkubuwono X, Princess Mangkubumi (previously known as Princess Pembayun) received the new name Mangkubumi Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana Langgeng ing Mataram. This denotes her as the heiress presumptive to the sultanate.{{cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/05/06/sultan-names-eldest-daughter-crown-princess.html|title=Sultan names eldest daughter Crown Princess|publisher=theJakartapost.com|date=6 May 2015|access-date=22 December 2015|author=Slamet Susanto}} The title Mangkubumi was formerly reserved for senior male princes groomed for the throne, including the reigning sultan. The decree thus admits female royalty into the line of succession for the first time since the founding of the Sultanate. According to the current sultan, this was in line with his prerogatives; his action was nonetheless criticised by more conservative male family members such as his siblings, who were thus displaced in the line of succession.{{cite news|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2015/06/12/the-sultans-coup|title=The Sultan's Coup|publisher=anu.edu.au|date=12 June 2015|access-date=22 December 2015|author=John Monfries}}

File:Kraton Yogyakarta Pagelaran.jpg]]

The principal residence of the sultan is the kraton (palace), sometimes called the keraton but otherwise known in formal terms Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Javanese script: {{Jav|ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀​ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡ​ꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀}}).

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List of sultans of Yogyakarta:

{{Portal|Indonesia|Monarchy}}

• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• Hamengkubuwono, including list of sultans
• List of monarchs of Java
• Kraton Yogyakarta

{{Notelist}}

• {{Citation | last = Brotodiningrat | first = K. P. H. | title = The Royal Palace (Karaton) of Yogyakarta: Its Architecture and Its Meaning | publisher = Karaton Museum Yogyakarta | place = Yogyakarta | year = 1975 | oclc = 12847099 | postscript = .|ref=none}}
• {{Citation | last = Dwiyanto | first = Djoko | title = Kraton Yogyakarta: Sejarah, Nasionalisme & Teladan Perjuangan | publisher = Paradigma Indonesia | place = Yogyakarta | year = 2009 | language = id | isbn = 978-979-17834-0-8 | postscript = .|ref=none}}

{{Reflist}}

{{URL|www.kratonjogja.id|Official site of Sultanate of Yogyakarta}}

{{Precolonial states in Indonesia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Coord missing|Indonesia}}

Category:Precolonial states of Indonesia

Category:Sultanates

Category:States and territories established in 1755

Category:Islamic states in Indonesia

Category:History of Java

Category:Monarchies of Asia