Munster Irish

The north and west of Dingle Peninsula ({{langx|ga|Corca Dhuibhne}}) are today the only place in Munster where Irish has survived as the daily spoken language of most of the community although the language is spoken on a daily basis by a minority in other official Gaeltachtaí in Munster.

Historically, the Irish language was spoken throughout Munster and Munster Irish had some influence on those parts of Connacht and Leinster bordering it such as Kilkenny, Wexford and south Galway and the Aran Islands.

Munster Irish played an important role in the Gaelic revival of the early 20th century. The noted author Peadar Ua Laoghaire wrote in Munster dialect and stated that he wrote his novel Séadna to show younger people what he viewed as good Irish:

{{blockquote|{{lang|ga|Ag machtnamh dom air sin do thuigeas am' aigne ná raibh aon rud i n-aon chor againn, i bhfuirm leabhair, le cur i láimh aon leinbh chun na Gaeluinne do mhúineadh dhó. As mo mhachtnamh do shocaruigheas ar leabhar fé leith do sgrí' d'ár n-aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a bhéadh glan ós na lochtaibh a bhí i bhformhór cainte na bhfilí; leabhar go mbéadh an chaint ann oireamhnach do'n aos óg, leabhar go mbéadh caint ann a thaithnfadh leis an aos óg. Siné an machtnamh a chuir fhéachaint orm "Séadna" do sgrí'. Do thaithn an leabhar le gach aoinne, óg agus aosta. Do léigheadh é dos na seandaoine agus do thaithn sé leó. D'airigheadar, rud nár airigheadar riamh go dtí san, a gcaint féin ag teacht amach a' leabhar chúcha. Do thaithn sé leis na daoinibh óga mar bhí cosmhalacht mhór idir Ghaeluinn an leabhair sin agus an Béarla a bhí 'n-a mbéalaibh féin.}}{{sfn|Ua Laoghaire|1915|page=215}}}}

Peig Sayers was illiterate, but her autobiography, Peig, is also in Munster dialect and rapidly became a key text. Other influential Munster works are the autobiographies Fiche Blian ag Fás by Muiris Ó Súilleabháin and An tOileánach by Tomás Ó Criomhthain.

Munster Irish differs from Ulster and Connacht Irish in a number of respects. Some words and phrases used in Munster Irish are not used in the other varieties, such as:

• {{lang|ga|in aon chor}} (Clear Island, Corca Dhuibhne, West Muskerry, Waterford) or {{lang|ga|ar aon chor}} (Clear Island, West Carbery, Waterford) "at any rate" (other dialects {{lang|ga|ar chor ar bith}} (Connacht) and {{lang|ga|ar scor ar bith}} (Ulster)
• {{lang|ga|fé, fí}} "under" (standard {{lang|ga|faoi}})
• {{lang|ga|Gaelainn}} "Irish language" (Cork and Kerry), {{lang|ga|Gaeilinn}} (Waterford) (standard {{lang|ga|Gaeilge}})
• {{lang|ga|ná}} "that...not" and {{lang|ga|nách}} "that is not" as the copular form (both {{lang|ga|nach}} in the standard)
• {{lang|ga|leis}} "also" (Connacht {{lang|ga|freisin}}, Ulster {{lang|ga|fosta}})
• {{lang|ga|anso}} or {{lang|ga|atso}} "here" and {{lang|ga|ansan}} or {{lang|ga|atsan}} "there" instead of standard {{lang|ga|anseo}} and {{lang|ga|ansin}}, respectively
• In both demonstrative pronouns and adjectives speakers of Munster Irish differentiate between {{lang|ga|seo}} "this" and {{lang|ga|sin}} "that" following a palatalised consonant or front vowel and {{lang|ga|so}} "this" and {{lang|ga|san}} "that" following a velarised consonant or back vowel in final position: {{lang|ga|an bóthar so}} "this road", {{lang|ga|an bhó san}} "that cow", {{lang|ga|an chairt sin}} "that cart", {{lang|ga|an claí seo}} "this fence"
• the use of {{lang|ga|thá}} instead of {{lang|ga|tá}} in the extreme west of Corca Dhuibhne and in Gaeltacht na nDéise.
• the preposition {{lang|ga|chuig}} "to, towards", common in Connacht Irish and Ulster Irish where it developed as a back formation from the 3rd person singular preposition chuige "towards him" is not used in Munster. The form chun (from Classical Irish do chum), also found in the West and North, is used in preference.
• Munster Irish uses a fuller range of "looking" verbs, while these in Connacht and Ulster are restricted: {{lang|ga|féachaint}} "looking", "watching", {{lang|ga|breithniú}} "carefully observing", {{lang|ga|amharc}} "look, watch", glinniúint "gazing, staring", sealladh "looking" etc.
• the historic dative form {{lang|ga|tigh}} "house", as in Scots and Manx Gaelic, is now used as the nominative form (Standard {{lang|ga|teach}})
• Munster retains the historic form of the personal pronoun {{lang|ga|sinn}} "us" which has largely been replaced with {{lang|ga|muid}} (or {{lang|ga|muinn}} in parts of Ulster) in most situations in Connacht and Ulster.
• Corca Dhuibhne and Gaeltacht na nDéise use the independent form {{lang|ga|cím}} (earlier {{lang|ga|do-chím, ad-chím}}, classical also {{lang|ghc|do-chiú, ad-chiú}}) "I see" as well as the dependent form ficim / feicim (classical {{lang|ghc|-faicim}}), while Muskerry and Clear Island use the forms chím (independent) and ficim.
• The adverbial forms {{lang|ga|chuige}}, {{lang|ga|a chuige}} in Corca Dhuibhne and {{lang|ga|a chuigint}} "at all" in Gaeltacht na nDéise are sometimes used in addition to {{lang|ga|in aon chor}} or {{lang|ga|ar aon chor}}
• The adjective {{lang|ga|cuibheasach}} {{IPA|/kiːsəx/}} is used adverbially in phrases such as {{lang|ga|cuibheasach beag}} "rather small", "fairly small", {{lang|ga|cuibheasach mór}} "quite large". Connacht uses {{lang|ga|sách}} and Ulster {{lang|ga|íontach}}
• {{lang|ga|Faic}}, {{lang|ga|pioc}}, puinn and tada in West Munster, {{lang|ga|dada}} in Gaeltacht na nDéise, {{lang|ga|ní dúrt pioc}} "I said nothing at all", {{lang|ga|níl faic dá bharr agam}} "I have gained nothing by it"
• The interjections {{lang|ga|ambaiste}}, {{lang|ga|ambaist}}, {{lang|ga|ambasa}}, {{lang|ga|ambaic}} "Indeed!", "My word!", "My God!" in West Munster and {{lang|ga|amaite}}, {{lang|ga|amaite fhéinig}} in Gaeltacht na nDéise (ambaiste = dom bhaisteadh "by my baptism", am basa = dom basaibh "by my palms", ambaic = dom baic "by my heeding"; amaite = dom aite "my oddness")
• {{lang|ga|obann}} "sudden" instead of {{lang|ga|tobann}} in the other major dialects
• {{lang|ga|práta}} "potato", {{lang|ga|fata}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|préata}} in Ulster
• {{lang|ga|oiriúnach}} "suitable", {{lang|ga|feiliúnach}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|fóirsteanach}} in Ulster
• {{lang|ga|nóimint}}, {{lang|ga|nóimit}}, {{lang|ga|nóimeat}}, {{lang|ga|neomint}}, {{lang|ga|neomat}}. {{lang|ga|nóiméad}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|bomaite}} in Donegal
• Munster differentiates between {{lang|ga|ach go háirithe}} "anyway", "anyhow" and {{lang|ga|go háirithe}} "particularly", "especially"
• {{lang|ga|gallúnach}} "soap", {{lang|ga|gallaoireach}} in Connacht and {{lang|ga|sópa}} in Ulster
• {{lang|ga|deifir}} is "difference" in Munster, and is a Latin loan: {{lang|ga|níl aon deifir eatarthu}} "there is no difference between them"; the Gaelic word deifir "hurry" is retained in the other dialects (c.f. Scottish Gaelic {{lang|gd|diofar}} "difference")
• {{lang|ga|deabhadh}} or {{lang|ga|deithneas}} "hurry" whereas the other major dialects use {{lang|ga|deifir}}

The phonemic inventory of Munster Irish (based on the accent of West Muskerry in western Cork) is as shown in the following chart (based on {{Harvnb|Ó Cuív|1944}}; see International Phonetic Alphabet for an explanation of the symbols). Symbols appearing in the upper half of each row are velarized (traditionally called "broad" consonants) while those in the bottom half are palatalized ("slender"). The consonant {{IPA|/h/}} is neither broad or slender.

The vowels of Munster Irish are as shown on the following chart. These positions are only approximate, as vowels are strongly influenced by the palatalization and velarization of surrounding consonants.

File:Munster Irish vowel chart.svg

In addition, Munster has the diphthongs {{IPA|/iə, ia, uə, əi, ai, au, ou/}}.

Some characteristics of Munster that distinguish it from the other dialects are:

• The fricative {{IPA|[βˠ]}} is found in syllable-onset position. (Connacht and Ulster have {{IPA|[w]}} here.) For example, {{lang|ga|bhog}} "moved" is pronounced {{IPA|[βˠɔɡ]}} as opposed to {{IPA|[wɔɡ]}} elsewhere.
• The diphthongs {{IPA|/əi/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}}, and {{IPA|/ia/}} occur in Munster, but not in the other dialects.
• Word-internal clusters of obstruent + sonorant, {{IPA|[m]}} + {{IPA|[n/r]}}, and stop + fricative are broken up by an epenthetic {{IPA|[ə]}}, except that plosive + liquid remains in the onset of a stressed syllable. For example, {{lang|ga|eaglais}} "church" is pronounced {{IPA|[ˈɑɡəl̪ˠɪʃ]}}, but {{lang|ga|Aibreán}} "April" is {{IPA|[aˈbrɑːn̪ˠ]}} (as if spelled Abrán).
• Orthographic short a is diphthongized (rather than lengthened) before word-final m and the Old Irish tense sonorants spelled nn, ll (e.g. {{lang|ga|ceann}} {{IPA|[kʲaun̪ˠ]}} "head").
• Word-final {{IPA|/j/}} is realized as {{IPA|[ɟ]}}, e.g. {{lang|ga|marcaigh}} "horsemen" {{IPA|[ˈmˠɑɾˠkəɟ]}}.
• Stress is attracted to noninitial heavy syllables: {{lang|ga|corcán}} {{IPA|[kəɾˠˈkɑːn̪ˠ]}} "pot", {{lang|ga|mealbhóg}} {{IPA|[mʲal̪ˠəˈβˠoːɡ]}} "satchel". Stress is also attracted to {{IPA|[ax, ɑx]}} in the second syllable when the vowel in the initial syllable is short: {{lang|ga|coileach}} {{IPA|[kəˈlʲax]}} "rooster", {{lang|ga|beannacht}} {{IPA|[bʲəˈn̪ˠɑxt̪ˠ]}} "blessing", {{lang|ga|bacacha}} {{IPA|[bˠəˈkɑxə]}} "lame" (pl.).
• In some varieties, long {{IPA|/ɑː/}} is rounded to {{IPA|[ɒː]}}. {{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

Irish verbs are characterized by having a mixture of analytic forms (where information about person is provided by a pronoun) and synthetic forms (where information about number is provided in an ending on the verb) in their conjugation. Munster Irish has preserved nearly all of the synthetic forms, except for the second-person plural forms in the present and future:

Some irregular verbs have different forms in Munster than in the standard (see Dependent and independent verb forms for the independent/dependent distinction):

Past tense verbs can take the particle {{lang|ga|do}} in Munster Irish, even when they begin with consonants. In the standard language, the particle is used only before vowels. For example, Munster {{lang|ga|do bhris sé}} or {{lang|ga|bhris sé}} "he broke" (standard only {{lang|ga|bhris sé}}).

The initial mutations of Munster Irish are generally the same as in the standard language and the other dialects. Some Munster speakers, however, use {{IPA|/ɾʲ/}} as the lenition equivalent of {{IPA|/ɾˠ/}} in at least some cases, as in {{lang|ga|a rí}} {{IPA|/ə ɾʲiː/}} "O king!" {{Harvcol|Sjoestedt|1931|p=46}}, {{lang|ga|do rug}} {{IPA|/d̪ˠə ɾʲʊɡ/}} "gave birth" {{Harvcol|Ó Cuív|1944|p=122}}, {{lang|ga|ní raghaid}} {{IPA|/nʲiː ɾʲəidʲ/}} "they will not go" {{Harvcol|Breatnach|1947|p=143}}.

One significant syntactic difference between Munster and other dialects is that in Munster (excepting Gaeltacht na nDéise), {{lang|ga|go}} ("that") is used instead of {{lang|ga|a}} as the indirect relative particle:

• {{lang|ga|an fear go bhfuil a dheirfiúr san ospidéal}} "the man whose sister is in the hospital" (standard an fear a bhfuil...)

Another difference is seen in the copula. {{lang|ga|Fear is ea mé}} is used in addition to {{lang|ga|Is fear mé}}.

{{Expand section|date=June 2022}}

Some notable Irish singers who sing songs in the Munster Irish dialect include Nioclás Tóibín, Elizabeth Cronin, Labhrás Ó Cadhla, Muireann Nic Amhlaoibh, Seán de hÓra, Diarmuid Ó Súilleabháin, Seosaimhín Ní Bheaglaoich and Máire Ní Chéilleachair.

Four of the most notable Irish writers as Gaeilge (in Irish) hail from the Munster Gaeltacht: Tomás Ó Criomhthain whose most well-known book is the autobiographical An tOileáineach (The Islandman). Peig and Machnamh Seanamhná (An Old Woman's Reflections) by Peig Sayers was a fixture on the secondary school Irish syllabus for several decades. The other two authors are Muiris Ó Súilleabháin with Fiche Bliain ag Fás (Twenty Years A-Growing) and Eilís Ní Shuilleabháin's Letters from the Great Blasket.

{{reflist|2}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite book|last=Breatnach|first=Risteard B.|year=1947|title=The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|location=Dublin|isbn=0-901282-50-2}}

• {{cite book|last=De Bhial|first=Tomás|year=1984|title=An Cabhsa|language=Irish|location=Baile Átha Cliath|publisher=An Gúm}}
• {{cite book|last1=Dillon|first1=Myles|author-link1=Myles Dillon|last2=Ó Cróinín|first2=Donnacha|author-link2=Donncha Ó Cróinín|year=1961|title=Teach Yourself Irish|location=London|publisher=English Universities Press}}

• {{cite book|last=Mac Clúin|first=Seóirse|year=1922|title=Réilthíní Óir|language=Irish|publisher=Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=3077|volume=1}}
• {{cite book|last=Mac Clúin|first=Seóirse|author-mask=2|year=1922|title=Réilthíní Óir|language=Irish|publisher=Comhlucht Oideachais na h-Éirean|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=3078|volume=2}}

• {{cite book|last=Nic Phaidin|first=Caoilfhionn|editor-last=de Bhaldraithe|editor-first=Tomás|year=1987|title=Cnuasach Focal Ó Uíbh Ráthach|language=Irish|series=Deascán Foclóireachta|volume=6|location=Dublin|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|isbn=978-0-90-171457-2}}
• {{cite conference|last1=Nikolaev|first1=Dmitry|last2=Kukhto|first2=Anton|date=September 2016|title=An update on the phonology of Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne|location=Cardiff University|conference=Celtic Linguistics Conference|doi=10.13140/RG.2.2.11371.34088}}

• {{cite book|last=Ó Buachalla|first=Breandán|year=2003|title=An Teanga Bheo: Gaeilge Chléire|location=Dublin|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann|isbn=0-946452-98-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Buachalla|first=Breandán|year=2017|author-mask=2|title=Cnuasach Chléire|location=Dublin|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|isbn=978-1-85-500234-0}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cuív|first=Brian|year=1944|title=The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|location=Dublin|isbn=0-901282-52-9}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó hAirt|first=Diarmaid|editor-last=de Bhaldraithe|editor-first=Tomás|year=1988|title=Díolaim Dhéiseach|language=Irish|series=Deascán Foclóireachta|volume=7|location=Dublin|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|isbn=978-0-90-171476-3}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó hÓgáin|first=Éamonn|year=1984|title=Díolaim Focal (A) ó Chorca Dhuibhne|series=Deascán Foclóireachta|volume=3|location=Dublin|publisher=Royal Irish Academy|isbn=978-0-90-171430-5}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Diarmuid|year=1995|title=An Teanga Bheo: Corca Dhuibhne|publisher=Institúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann|isbn=0-946452-82-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Diarmuid|year=2000|title=Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne|language=Irish|location=Dublin|publisher=Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann|series=Tuarascáil Taighde|volume=26|isbn=0-946452-97-0}}

• {{cite book|last=Sjoestedt|first=Marie-Louise|year=1931|title=Phonétique d'un parler irlandais de Kerry|publisher=Librairie Ernest Leroux|location=Paris|language=fr}}

• {{cite book|last=Wagner|first=Heinrich|year=1966|title=Linguistic Atlas and Survey of Irish Dialects|volume=II: The Dialects of Munster|location=Dublin|publisher=Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies|isbn=0-901282-46-4}}
• {{cite thesis|type=PhD|last=Ward|first=Alan|year=1974|title=The Grammatical Structure of Munster Irish|publisher=University of Dublin|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/20623019/The-Grammatical-Structure-of-Munster-Irish}}

{{refend|2}}

{{refbegin|2}}

• {{cite book|last=Breatnach|first=Nioclás|year=1998|title=Ar Bóthar Dom|publisher=Coláiste na Rinne|location=Rinn Ó gCuanach}} [folklore, Ring]

• {{cite book|editor-last1=de Mórdha|editor-first1=Mícheál|year=1998|title=Bláithín = Flower|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=1|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|last=de Róiste|first=Proinsias|editor-last1=Ó hÓgáin|editor-first1=Dáithí|year=2001|title=Binsín Luachra: gearrscéalta agus seanchas|publisher=An Clóchomhar|location=Dublin}} [short stories, folklore, Limerick]

• {{cite book|editor-last1=Gunn|editor-first1=Marion|year=1990|title=Céad Fáilte go Cléire|publisher=An Clóchomhar|location=Dublin}} [folklore, Cape Clear Island]

• {{cite book|last=Mac an tSíthigh|first=Domhnall|year=2000|title=An Baile i bhFad Siar|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Dingle Peninsula]
• {{cite book|last=Mac Síthigh|first=Domhnall|year=2004|title=Fan inti|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Dingle Peninsula]

• {{cite book|last1=Ní Chéileachair|first1=Síle|last2=Ó Céileachair|first2=Donncha|year=1955|title=Bullaí Mhártain|publisher=Sáirséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}} [Coolea]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|year=1998|title=Tomás Ó Criomhthain, 1855-1937|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=2|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=1999|title=Peig Sayers, scéalaí, 1873-1958|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=3|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=2000|title=Seoirse Mac Tomáis : 1903-1987|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=4|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=2000|title=Muiris Ó Súilleabháin 1904-1950|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=5|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=2001|title=Oideachas agus Oiliúint ar an mBlascaod Mór|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=6|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=2004|title=Fómhar na Mara|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=7|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Chéilleachair|editor-first1=Máire|editor-mask=2|year=2005|title=Tréigean an Oileáin|series=Ceiliúradh an Bhlascaoid|volume=8|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Ní Fhaoláin|editor-first1=Áine Máire|year=1995|title=Scéalta agus Seanchas Phádraig Uí Ghrífín|series=Dán agus Tallann|volume=4|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}} [Kerry]
• {{cite book|last=Ní Ghuithín|first=Máire|year=1986|title=Bean an Oileáin|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry/Blasket Islands]
• {{cite book|last=Ní Mhioncháin|first=Máiréad|editor-last1=Verling|editor-first1=Máirtín|others=collected by Tadhg Ó Murchú|year=1999|title=Béarrach Mná ag Caint|publisher=Cló Iar-Chonnachta|location=Inverin|isbn=1-902420 05-5}}
• {{cite book|last=Ní Shúilleabháin|first=Eibhlín|editor-last1=Ní Longsigh|editor-first1=Máiréad|others=illustrated by Tomáisín Ó Cíobháin|year=2000|title=Cín Lae Eibhlín Ní Shúilleabháin|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}} [Kerry/Blasket Islands]

• {{cite book|last=Ó Caoimh|first=Séamas|editor-last1=Ó Connchúir|editor-first1=Éamon|others=edited for print by Pádraig Ó Fiannachta|year=1989|title=An Sléibhteánach|publisher=An Sagart|location=Maynooth}} [Tipperary]
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cearnaigh|first=Seán Sheáin|year=1974|title=An tOileán a Tréigeadh|publisher=Sáirséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}} [Kerry/Blasket Islands]
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cinnéide|first=Tomás|year=1996|title=Ar Seachrán|publisher=An Sagart|location=Maynooth}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Ger|editor-last1=Ó Dúshláine|editor-first1=Tadhg|year=1992|title=An Giorria san Aer|publisher=An Sagart|location=Maynooth}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|year=1991|title=Le Gealaigh|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1992|title=An Gealas i Lár na Léithe|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1992|title=An Grá faoi Cheilt|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1995|title=Desiderius a Dó|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1998|title=Ar Gach Maoilinn Tá Síocháin|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cíobháin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1999|title=Tá Solas ná hÉagann Choíche|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Seán|year=1991|title=Lá Dár Saol|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last1=Ó Criomhthain|first1=Seán|author-mask1=2|last2=Ó Criomhthain|first2=Tomás|editor-last1=Ó Fiannachta|editor-first1=Pádraig|year=1997|title=Cleití Gé ón mBlascaod Mór|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Tomás|year=1997|title=Allagar na hInise|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Tomás|author-mask=2|editor-last1=Ua Maoileoin|editor-first1=Pádraig|year=1980|title=An tOileánach|publisher=Helicon Teoranta/An Comhlacht Oideachais|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Criomhthain|first=Tomás|author-mask=2|year=1997|title=Bloghanna ón mBlascaod|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Cróinín|first=Seán|editor-last1=Ó Cróinín|editor-first1=Donncha|year=1985|title=Seanachas ó Chairbre 1|series=Scríbhinní Béaloidis|volume=13|publisher=Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann|location=University College Dublin|isbn=978-0-90-112090-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó hEoghusa|first=Tomás|year=2001|title=Solas san Fhuinneog|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Laoghaire|first=Peadar|year=|title=Eisirt|publisher=Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teoranta|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Laoghaire|first=Peadar|author-mask=2|year=|title=An Cleasaí|publisher=Longmans, Brún agus Ó Nualláin Teoranta|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Laoghaire|first=Peadar|author-mask=2|year=1999|title=Mo Scéal Féin|publisher=Cló Thalbóid|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Laoghaire|first=Peadar|author-mask=2|editor-last1=Mac Mathúna|editor-first1=Liam|others=foreword by Brian Ó Cuív|year=|title=Séadna|publisher=Carbad|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Murchú|first=Pádraig|editor-last1=Verling|editor-first1=Máirtín|year=1996|title=Gort Broc: Scéalta agus Seanchas ó Bhéarra|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|orig-date=1987|year=2017|title=A Thig Ná Tit orm|publisher=C.J. Fallon|location=Dublin|isbn=978-0-71-441212-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1988|title=Corcán na dTrí gCos|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1993|title=Dochtúir na bPiast|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=2001|title=Lilí Frainc|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1998|title=Madraí na nOcht gCos|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1999|title=Mair, a Chapaill|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=2003|title=Mura mBuafam - Suathfam|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=1990|title=Tae le Tae|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Sé|first=Maidhc Dainín|author-mask=2|year=2005|title=Idir dhá lios agus Nuadha|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Síocháin|first=Conchúr|others=collected by Ciarán Ó Síocháin and Mícheál Ó Síocháin|title=Seanchas Chléire|year=1977|publisher=Oifig an tSoláthair|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Siochfhradha|first=Pádraig|author-link=Pádraig Ó Siochfhradha|year=1913|title=Cath Fionntrágha|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=2767|language=Irish|location=Baile Átha Cliath|publisher=Connradh na Gaedhilge}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Siochfhradha|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1926|title=Seanfhocail na Muimhneach|url=http://corpas.ria.ie/index.php?fsg_function=3&fsg_id=3163|location=Corcaigh|publisher=Cló-chualacht Seandúna}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Súilleabháin|first=Muiris|year=1998|title=Fiche Bliain ag Fás|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Súilleabháin|first=Muiris|editor-last1=Uí Aimhirgín|editor-first1=Nuala|author-mask=2|year=2000|title=Ó Oileán go Cuilleán|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ó Súilleabháin|first=Páid|year=1995|title=Ag Coimeád na Síochána|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}

• {{cite book|last=Sayers|first=Peig|year=1992|title=Machnamh Seanmhná|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Sayers|first=Peig|author-mask=2|year=1936|title=Peig}}

• {{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|year=1982|title=Leoithne Aniar|publisher=Cló Dhuibhne|location=Baile an Fhirtéaraigh}}
• {{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1992|title=Malairt Beatha|publisher=Inné Teoranta|location=Dunquin}}
• {{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=2000|title=An tAthair Tadhg|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}
• {{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1999|title=Abair Leat Joe Daly|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}
• {{cite book|last=Tyers|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=2003|title=Sliabh gCua m'Óige|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}}

• {{cite book|last=Ua Ciarmhaic|first=Mícheál|year=1996|title=Iníon Keevack|publisher=An Gúm|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Ciarmhaic|first=Mícheál|author-mask=2|year=1989|title=Ríocht na dTonn|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Ciarmhaic|first=Mícheál|author-mask=2|year=2000|title=Guth ón Sceilg|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Ciarmhaic|first=Mícheál|author-mask=2|year=1986|title=An Gabhar sa Teampall|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Laoghaire|first=Peadar|year=1915|title=Mo Sgéal Féin|url=https://archive.org/details/mosgalfin00uala}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|year=1978|title=Ár Leithéidí Arís : Cnuasach de Shaothar Ilchineálach|publisher=Clódhanna Teoranta|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1968|title=Bríde Bhán|publisher=Sairséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1969|title=De Réir Uimhreacha|publisher=Muintir an Dúna|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1960|title=Na hAird ó Thuaidh|publisher=Sáirséal agus Dill|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=1983|title=Ó Thuaidh!|publisher=Sáirséal Ó Marcaigh|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Ua Maoileoin|first=Pádraig|author-mask=2|year=2001|title=An Stát versus Dugdale|publisher=Coiscéim|location=Dublin}}
• {{cite book|last=Uí Fhoghlú|first=Áine|year=2019|title=Scéalta agus Seanchas: Potatoes, Children and Seaweed|publisher=Foilseacháin Scoil Scairte|isbn=9781916178809}}
• {{cite book|editor-last1=Verling|editor-first1=Máirtín|year=2007|title=Leabhar Mhaidhc Dháith : Scéalta agus Seanchas ón Rinn|publisher=An Sagart|location=Dingle}} Gaeltacht na nDéise, Co. Waterford]

{{refend|2}}

{{wikisourcelang|fr|Description d’un parler irlandais de Kerry}}

• [http://corkirish.wordpress.com/ a blog and resources for the study of Cork Irish] {{in lang|ga}}
• [http://www.focla.ie/index.html Croidhe Cainnte Chiarraighe] {{in lang|ga}}
• [https://www.dias.ie/celt/celt-publications-2/glor-audio-archive/glor-cork/ Glór: Cork]
• [https://muiris.net/ Tigh Mhuiris: Documenting the Irish of Cléire]

{{Gaeltacht}}

{{Irish linguistics}}

{{Gaelic literature}}

{{Érainn}}

{{Eóganachta}}

{{Dalcassians}}

Category:Irish dialects

Irish