Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army

The group was formed on 12 March 1989, after the local head of the local Communist Party of Burma, Pheung Kya-shin (also spelt Peng Jia Sheng or Phone Kyar Shin), dissatisfied with the communist government, broke away and formed the MNDAA.South, Ashley (2008). Ethnic politics in Burma: states of conflict. Taylor & Francis. p. 140. {{ISBN|978-0-203-89519-1}}. Along with his brother, Peng Jiafu, they became the new unit in Kokang.Rotberg, Robert (1998). Burma: prospects for a democratic future. Brookings Institution Press. p. 169. The strength of the army is between 1,500 and 2,000 men.

The rebels soon became the first group to agree to a ceasefire with the government troops. As the first group in the Shan State area to sign a ceasefire, the Burmese central government referred to the Kokang region controlled by the MNDAA as "Shan State Special Region 1" ({{zh|s=缅甸掸邦第一特区}}; {{langx|my|မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ ရှမ်းပြည်နယ်အထူးဒေသ (၁)}}). After the ceasefire, the area underwent an economic boom, with both the MNDAA and regional Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) troops profiting from increased opium harvests and heroin-refining.Skidmore, Monique; Wilson, Trevor (2007). Myanmar: the state, community and the environment. ANU E Press. p. 69. The area also produces methamphetamine.Shanty, Frank; Mishra, Patit Paban (2007). Organized crime: from trafficking to terrorism. ABC-CLIO. p. 70. The MNDAA and other paramilitary groups control the cultivation areas, making them an easy target for drug trafficking and organised crime groups. The Peace Myanmar Group allegedly launders and reinvests MNDAA's drug profits into the legal economy.{{cite book |title=A Failing Grade: Burma's Drug Eradication Efforts |publisher=Alternative ASEAN Network on Burma |date=2004 |isbn=978-9749243343 |url=http://www.altsean.org/Docs/PDF%20Format/Special%20Reports/Failing%20Grade.pdf |access-date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032310/http://www.altsean.org/Docs/PDF%20Format/Special%20Reports/Failing%20Grade.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}

{{Main article|2009 Kokang incident}}

In August 2009, the Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army became involved in a violent conflict with the Myanmar Armed Forces. This was the largest outbreak of fighting between ethnic armies and government troops since the signing of the ceasefire 20 years earlier.{{cite news|last1=Johnston|first1=Tim|title=China Urges Burma to Bridle Ethnic Militia Uprising at Border|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/28/AR2009082803764.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=29 August 2009|access-date=3 December 2017|archive-date=15 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915145855/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/28/AR2009082803764.html|url-status=live}}

As a result of the conflict, the MNDAA lost control of Kokang, and as many as 30,000 refugees fled to Yunnan province in neighbouring China.{{cite news|last1=Mullen|first1=Jethro|last2=Mobasherat|first2=Mitra|title=Myanmar says Kokang rebels killed 47 of its soldiers|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/12/asia/myanmar-violence/|work=CNN|access-date=19 February 2015|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411203823/http://edition.cnn.com/2015/02/12/asia/myanmar-violence/|url-status=live}} The Kokang area became the Kokang Self-Administered Zone on 20 August 2010, however, it was recognized as illegal by MNDAA.{{cite web | publisher=网易新闻 |author= 果敢资讯网 | url=https://www.163.com/dy/article/II5231D60515M9K0.html | script-title=zh:缅甸掸邦第一特区军事管制委员会对敌伪人员的通令（汉/缅） | date=31 October 2023 | accessdate=14 January 2024|language=zh}}{{cite news | url = https://www.163.com/dy/article/IIV1BB1D0515M9K0.html | script-title=zh:（评论）缅伪政权统治果敢的十宗罪|publisher= 网易新闻 |author= 果敢资讯网 | date=7 November 2023 | accessdate=14 January 2024 }}

{{Main article|2015 Kokang offensive}}

On 9 February 2015 the MNDAA tried to retake the area, clashing with Burmese government forces in Laukkai. The skirmishes left a total of 47 Government soldiers dead and 73 wounded. After several months of intense conflict, Kokang insurgents had failed to capture Laukkai. Following the incident, the government of China was accused of giving military assistance to the ethnic Kokang soldiers.{{Cite web |url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/kokang-02132015185129.html |title=Myanmar Kokang Rebels Deny Receiving Chinese Weapons |access-date=16 February 2015 |archive-date=11 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511065757/http://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/kokang-02132015185129.html |url-status=live }}

On 6 March 2017, MNDAA insurgents attacked police and military posts in Laukkai, resulting in the deaths of 30 people.{{cite news|title=Deadly clashes hit Kokang in Myanmar's Shan state|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/deadly-clashes-hit-kokang-myanmar-shan-state-170306143633608.html|accessdate=9 March 2017|work=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=22 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322055225/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/03/deadly-clashes-hit-kokang-myanmar-shan-state-170306143633608.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news|title=Myanmar rebel clashes in Kokang leave 30 dead|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39182713|accessdate=9 March 2017|work=BBC News|date=6 March 2017|archive-date=8 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508034034/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39182713|url-status=live}}

Clashes with the Tatmadaw resumed after the military coup, when the MNDAA, alongside its allies of the Brotherhood Alliance, the Arakan Army and Ta'ang National Liberation Army, attacked a police station south of Lashio, killing at least 14 police officers and burning the station to the ground.{{cite news|last1=Eckert|first1=Paul|title=Ethnic Army Alliance Kills 14 Myanmar Police in Dawn Raid as Death Toll Mounts in Bago|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/shan-attacks-04102021171521.html|access-date=7 May 2021|agency=Radio Free Asia|date=10 April 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507024415/https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/shan-attacks-04102021171521.html|url-status=live}} MNDAA and TNLA further launched attacks in multiple locations in Northern Shan State on 4 and 5 May 2021, inflicting heavy casualties on the Myanmar military.{{cite news|title=TNLA, MNDAA Claim to Have Killed Dozens of Myanmar Junta Troops in Shan State|url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tnla-mndaa-claim-killed-dozens-myanmar-junta-troops-shan-state.html|access-date=7 May 2021|agency=The Irrawaddy|date=5 May 2021|archive-date=6 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506234854/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tnla-mndaa-claim-killed-dozens-myanmar-junta-troops-shan-state.html|url-status=live}}

The MNDAA were involved in Operation 1027 in October 2023, launching coordinated attacks and seizing governmental military outposts ranging from Lashio to Hopang Township in northern Shan State.{{cite news |last1=Watch |first1=Dawei |title=၁၀၂၇ စစ်ဆင်ရေးအဖြစ် ရှမ်းမြောက်ပိုင်းရှိ စစ်ကောင်စီ၏ စစ်ရေးပစ်မှတ်များကိုဝင်တိုက် |url=http://www.daweiwatch.com/2023/10/27/news/66293/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |date=27 October 2023|language=my}}{{cite news |title=Ethnic rebel alliance attacks military positions across northern Myanmar. |language=en |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/27/ethnic-rebel-alliance-attacks-military-positions-across-northern-myanmar |date=27 October 2023 |work=Al Jazeera|access-date=2023-10-28}} On 28 October 2023 it was reported that Chinshwehaw had come fully under control of the MNDAA during the ongoing civil war.{{Cite web |last=Zan |first=Hein Htoo |date=2023-10-28 |title=Ethnic Alliance Report Rapid Gains From Myanmar Junta Along Chinese Border |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/ethnic-alliance-report-rapid-gains-from-myanmar-junta-along-chinese-border.html |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=The Irrawaddy |language=en-US}} On 5 January 2024, the MNDAA gained full control of Laukkai, the capital of Kokang, following a mass surrender of the last Burmese military junta forces.{{cite news | url = https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/mndaa-captures-military-command-centre-outside-laukkai-taking-full-control-of-city/ | title = MNDAA captures military command centre outside Laukkai, taking full control of city |date = January 5, 2024 | publisher = Myanmar Now }}{{cite news | url = https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmar-regime-raises-the-white-flag-in-kokang-zone-on-china-border-in-shan-state.html |title = Myanmar Regime Raises the White Flag in Kokang Zone on China Border in Shan State |date = January 5, 2024 | publisher = The Irrawaddy }} In the same day, the MNDAA claimed the "liberation" of Kokang.{{cite news | url = https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/mndaa-liberates-kokang-from-myanmar-junta.html |title = MNDAA Liberates Kokang From Myanmar Junta |date = January 6, 2024 | publisher = The Irrawaddy }} On January 11, the junta and the Brotherhood Alliance reached a ceasefire under Chinese sponsorship in northern Shan State.{{Cite web |title=Myanmar's military, ethnic armed groups agree to China-mediated truce |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/12/myanmars-military-ethnic-armed-groups-agree-to-china-mediated-truce |access-date=2024-07-04 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} On June 25, the TNLA announced that it was resuming military operations against the junta in reaction to repeated ceasefire violations and launched simultaneous attacks in coordination with local PDF groups.{{Cite news |date=25 June 2024 |title=TNLA Restarts Operation 1027 Against Myanmar Junta |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/tnla-restarts-operation-1027-against-myanmar-junta.html |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=The Irrawaddy}} The same day, the MNDAA and its allies attacked several military bases around Lashio and began surrounding the city.{{Cite news |date=3 July 2024 |title=Myanmar's MNDAA Launches Offensive to Seize Northern Shan Capital |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/myanmars-mndaa-launches-offensive-to-seize-northern-shan-capital.html |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=The Irrawaddy}} On 14 July, the group announced a four-day halt in fighting to avoid interfering with the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.{{Cite web |date=15 July 2024 |title=MNDAA Announces Four-Day Halt in Fighting in Myanmar's N. Shan |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/mndaa-announces-four-day-halt-in-fighting-in-myanmars-n-shan.html |access-date=15 July 2024 |website=The Irrawaddy}}

On 2 September, the SAC declared the MNDAA as a terrorist group. [https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-designates-brotherhood-alliance-members-terrorist-groups.html Myanmar Junta Designates Brotherhood Alliance Members ‘Terrorist’ Groups]. The Irrawaddy. September 4, 2024

On 18 September, the MNDAA declared that they would not form alliances with the NUG or "foreign communities opposing China and Myanmar." They further declared the ceasing of all military action against the SAC junta, except in cases of self-defense. [https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/mndaa-declares-no-military-or-political-alliance-nug-will-not-launch-offensives-mandalay-and MNDAA Declares No Military or Political Alliance with NUG, Will Not Launch Offensives in Mandalay and Taunggyi Cities] September 19, 2024. Mizzima

Citing China's foreign ministry, Reuters reported the Myanmar military and MNDAA signed a formal ceasefire agreement starting on 18 January 2025, following talks in Kunming.{{Cite web |date=20 January 2025 |title=Myanmar military, minority armed group agree ceasefire, China says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/myanmar-military-minority-armed-group-agree-ceasefire-china-says-2025-01-20/ |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=Reuters}} On 20 January, Myanmar Now reported that under China's pressure, MNDAA had "agreed to return control of the northern Shan State capital to the Myanmar military regime," and that ceasefire agreement terms may include MNDAA's withdrawal from Lashio by June. However, neither side has publicly revealed the conditions of the ceasefire deal.{{Cite web |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kokang army to withdraw from Lashio under Chinese-brokered ceasefire with Myanmar junta |url=https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/kokang-army-to-withdraw-from-lashio-under-chinese-brokered-ceasefire-with-myanmar-junta/ |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Myanmar Now |language=en-US}} The Myanmar Now article notes that commander Peng Daxun had been "summoned to China’s Yunnan Province in late October and held there indefinitely" under detention, and his "status and whereabouts are still unknown".

MNDAA has held multiple public executions. The European Union condemned the executions "in the strongest term", calling them "an inhuman and degrading punishment that represents an ultimate denial of human dignity".{{cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/sentencing-04252024165850.html|title=Video shows rebel group sentencing own fighters to death for 'abuse of power'|date=2024-04-25|work=Radio Free Asia}} The group has also been accused of forcibly recruiting migrant workers as fighters and executing deserters.{{Cite news |date=16 May 2024 |title=MNDAA Accused of Forcibly Recruiting Myanmar Migrants, Killing Deserters |url=https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/mndaa-accused-of-forcibly-recruiting-myanmar-migrants-killing-deserters.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518022503/https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/mndaa-accused-of-forcibly-recruiting-myanmar-migrants-killing-deserters.html |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=20 May 2024 |work=The Irrawaddy}}

• Shan State Army

{{Reflist|group=n}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite news |title=Myanmar clashes with rebels 'kill 47 soldiers' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-31450420 |work=BBC News |date=13 February 2015}}
• {{cite news |title=Myanmar govt forces in pursuit of Kokang ethnic army |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2015-02/12/content_19569561.htm |work=Xinhua |date=12 February 2015}}

{{Insurgent groups in Myanmar}}

Category:Ethnic armed organisations in Myanmar

Category:Kokang

Category:1989 establishments in Myanmar

Category:Organizations designated as terrorist by Myanmar