Nancy Cunard

{{short description|English writer, heiress and political activist (1896–1965)}}

{{Infobox writer

|name = Nancy Cunard

| birth_name = Nancy Clara Cunard

| image = Nancy Cunard (um 1928).jpg

| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1896|03|10}}

| birth_place = London, England

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1965|03|17|1896|03|10}}

| death_place = Paris, France

| occupation =Writer
Political activist

| nationality = British

| genre =Poetry

| spouse = {{marriage|Sydney Fairbairn|1916|1925|reason=div}}

| relatives = Sir Bache Cunard (father)
Maud Cunard (mother)

}}

Nancy Clara Cunard (10 March 1896 – 17 March 1965) was a British writer, heiress and political activist. She was born into the British upper class, and devoted much of her life to fighting racism and fascism. She became a muse to some of the 20th century's most distinguished writers and artists, including Wyndham Lewis, Aldous Huxley, Tristan Tzara, Ezra Pound and Louis Aragon—who were among her lovers—as well as Ernest Hemingway, James Joyce, Constantin Brâncuși, Langston Hughes, Man Ray and William Carlos Williams. MI5 documents reveal that she was involved with Indian diplomat, orator, and statesman V. K. Krishna Menon.

In later years she suffered from mental illness, and her physical health deteriorated. When she died in the Hôpital Cochin, Paris, she weighed only {{convert|26|kg|lb stlb|abbr=off}}.

1910s

Cunard's father was Sir Bache Cunard, an heir to the Cunard Line shipping businesses, interested in polo and fox hunting, and a baronet. Her mother was Maud Alice Burke, an American heiress, who adopted the first name Emerald and became a leading London society hostess. Nancy had been brought up on the family estate at Nevill Holt, Leicestershire. When her parents separated in 1911, she moved to London with her mother. Her education was at various boarding schools, including time in France and Germany.

In London, she spent a good deal of her childhood with her mother's long-time admirer, the novelist George Moore. It was even rumoured that Moore was her father, and although this has been largely dismissed, there is no question that he played an important role in her life while she was growing up. She would later write a memoir about her affection for "GM".

On 15{{nbsp}}November 1916 she married Sydney Fairbairn, a cricketer and army officer who had been wounded at Gallipoli. After a honeymoon in Devon and Cornwall, they lived in London in a house given to them by Nancy's mother as a wedding present. The couple separated in 1919 and divorced in 1925.{{sfn|Horn|2015|pages=29–30}}

At this time she was on the edge of the influential group The Coterie, associating in particular with Iris Tree.

She contributed to the anthology Wheels, edited by the Sitwells, for which she provided the title poem; it has been said that the venture was originally her project.{{citation needed|date=July 2007}}

Cunard's lover Peter Broughton-Adderley was killed in action in France less than a month before Armistice Day.{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/207/207954/207954.html |title=Player profile:Peter Broughton-Adderley |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=8 May 2011}} Many who knew her claimed that she never fully recovered from Adderley's loss.

File:Nancy Cunard.jpg

Paris

Nancy Cunard moved to Paris in 1920. There, she became involved with literary Modernism, Surrealists and Dada. Much of her published poetry dates from this period. During her early years in Paris, she was close to Michael Arlen.

In 1920 she had a near-fatal hysterectomy, for reasons that are not entirely clear. She recovered, and was then able to lead an active sexual life without the fear of pregnancy.Lois Gordon, Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist, p. 99.

A brief relationship with Aldous Huxley influenced several of his novels. She was the model for Myra Viveash in Antic Hay (1923) and for Lucy Tantamount in Point Counter Point (1928).Anne Chisholm, Nancy Cunard (New York: Penguin Books, 1981), 110–20. {{ISBN|0-14-005572-X}}.

In Paris, Cunard spent much time with Eugene McCown, an American artist from the hard-drinking set whom she made her protégé. It has been suggested that she became dependent on alcohol at this time, and may have used other drugs.[http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/cunard.n.bio.html "Nancy Cunard, 1896–1965: Biographical Sketch"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108053509/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/cunard.n.bio.html |date=8 January 2007 }}, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center (University of Texas at Austin).

In 1928, the year she founded her publishing company, Hours Press, she met Henry Crowder, with whom she lived until 1933.Florian Illies, Liebe in den Zeiten des Hasses, Frankfurt am Main, 2021.

Personal style

Cunard's style, informed by her devotion to the artefacts of African culture, was startlingly unconventional. The large-scale jewellery she favoured, crafted of wood, bone and ivory, the natural materials used by native crafts people, was provocative and controversial. The bangles she wore on both arms snaking from wrist to elbow were considered outré adornments, which provoked media attention, visually compelling subject matter for photographers of the day. She was often photographed wearing her collection, those of African inspiration and neckpieces of wooden cubes, which paid homage to the concepts of Cubism.Cox, Caroline, "Vintage jewellery design: classics to collect and wear," Lark Crafts, 2010, p. 55.

At first considered the bohemian affectation of an eccentric heiress, the fashion world came to legitimize this style as avant garde, dubbing it the "barbaric look". Prestigious jewellery houses such as Boucheron created their own African-inspired cuff of gold beads. Boucheron, eschewing costly gemstones, incorporated into the finished creation green malachite and a striking purple mineral, purpurite, instead. It exhibited this high-end piece at the Exposition Coloniale in 1931.

The Hours Press

In 1927, Cunard moved into a farmhouse in La Chapelle-Réanville, Normandy. It was there in 1928 that she set up the Hours Press. Previously the small press had been called Three Mountains Press and run by William Bird, an American journalist in Paris, who had published books by its editor from 1923, Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams' The Great American Novel, Robert McAlmon and Ernest Hemingway's In Our Time. Cunard wanted to support experimental poetry and provide a higher-paying market for young writers. Her inherited wealth allowed her to take financial risks that other publishers could not. The Hours Press became known for its beautiful book designs and high-quality production.Shari Benstock, Women of the Left Bank: Paris, 1900–1940 (1986; Austin: U of Texas P, 1987) 389–90. {{ISBN|0-292-79040-6}}.

It brought out the first separately published work of Samuel Beckett, a poem called Whoroscope (1930); Bob Brown's Words; and Pound's A Draft of XXX Cantos. Cunard published old friends such as George Moore, Norman Douglas, Richard Aldington and Arthur Symons, and brought out Henry-Music, a book of poems from various authors with music by Henry Crowder, two books by Laura Riding, the Collected Poems of John Rodker, poems by Roy Campbell, Harold Acton, Brian Howard and Walter Lowenfels. Wyn Henderson had taken over day-to-day operation of the press by 1931; in the same year it published its last book, The Revaluation of Obscenity by sexologist Havelock Ellis.Benstock 393–94.

Political activism

In 1928 (after a two-year affair with Louis Aragon) Cunard began a relationship with Henry Crowder, an African-American jazz musician who was working in Paris. She became an activist in matters concerning racial politics and civil rights in the US, and visited Harlem. In 1931, she published the pamphlet Black Man and White Ladyship, an attack on racist attitudes as exemplified by Cunard's mother, whom she quoted as saying: "Is it true that my daughter knows a Negro?"Renata Morresi, [http://www.asu.edu/pipercwcenter/how2journal/archive/online_archive/v1_4_2000/current/readings/morresi.html Set Apart: Nancy Cunard], HOW2 1.4 (September 2000).

She edited the massive Negro Anthology, collecting poetry, fiction, and nonfiction primarily by African-American writers, including Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston.Gordon, as reviewed by Caroline Weber, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/books/review/weber.t.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "The Rebel Heiress"], The New York Times Book Review, 1 April 2007. 2 pages. It included writing by George Padmore and Cunard's own account of the Scottsboro Boys case. Press attention to this project in May 1932, two years before it was published, led to Cunard's receiving anonymous threats and hate mail, some of which she published in the book, expressing regret that "[others] are obscene, so this portion of American culture cannot be made public."{{citation needed|date=January 2008}}

She identified as an anarchist.{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Samuel |last2=Friedman |first2=Alan Warren |title=Beckett in Black and Red: The Translations for Nancy Cunard's Negro (1934) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5h4rYw1uKMC&pg=PR13 |year=2000 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=0-8131-2129-9 |page=13}}

Anti-fascism

In the mid-1930s Cunard took up the anti-fascist fight, writing about Mussolini's annexation of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War. She predicted, accurately, that the "events in Spain were a prelude to another world war". Her stories about the suffering of Spanish refugees became the basis for a fundraising appeal in the Manchester Guardian. Cunard herself helped deliver supplies and organize the relief effort, but poor health – caused in part by exhaustion and the conditions in the camps – forced her to return to Paris, where she stood on the streets collecting funds for the refugees. In the pages of Sylvia Pankhurst's The New Times and Ethiopia News, in a comment on how ingrained race and colonial prejudices were even among the Left, she suggested that had the Spanish Popular Front government engaged the good-will of its colonial subjects, the fascist rebellion against the republic might have strangled where it first broke out – in Spanish Morocco.{{Cite journal |last=Srivastava |first=Neelam |date=2021-10-02 |title=The intellectual as partisan: Sylvia Pankhurst and the Italian invasion of Ethiopia |journal=Postcolonial Studies |language=en |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=(448–463), 455 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2021.1985235 |s2cid=244404206 |issn=1368-8790|doi-access=free }}

In 1937 she published a series of pamphlets of war poetry, including the work of W. H. Auden, Tristan Tzara and Pablo Neruda. Later in 1937, together with Auden and Stephen Spender, she distributed a questionnaire about the war to writers in Europe. The results were published by the Left Review as Authors Take Sides on the Spanish War.Benstock, 418–422.

The questionnaire to 200 writers asked the following question: "Are you for, or against, the legal government and people of Republican Spain? Are you for, or against, Franco and Fascism? For it is impossible any longer to take no side."

There were 147 answers, of which 126 supported the Republic, including W. H. Auden, Samuel Beckett and Rebecca West.Gayle Rogers, Modernism and the New Spain: Britain, Cosmopolitan Europe, and Literary History, Oxford University Press, 2012 {{ISBN|0199914974}} (p. 147).{{cite journal|last=Stevens|first=Michael R.|date=20 July 2010|title=T. S. Eliot's Political 'Middle Way'|journal=Religion & Liberty|publisher=Acton Institute|volume=9|issue=5|pages=5–7|url=https://www.acton.org/pub/religion-liberty/volume-9-number-5/t-s-eliots-political-middle-way}}

Five writers explicitly responded in favour of Franco: they were Evelyn Waugh, Edmund Blunden, Arthur Machen, Geoffrey Moss and Eleanor Smith.Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist by Lois G. Gordon. Columbia University Press, 2007.

Among sixteen responses that Cunard, in her eventually published compendium, grouped under the sceptical heading "Neutral?" were H. G. Wells, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot and Vera Brittain.Hoskins, Katherine Bail, Today the struggle: literature and politics in England during the Spanish Civil War, University of Texas Press, 1969 (p. 19).

The most famous response was not included: it came from George Orwell, and began:

Will you please stop sending me this bloody rubbish. This is the second or third time I have had it. I am not one of your fashionable pansies like Auden or Spender, I was six months in Spain, most of the time fighting, I have a bullet hole in me at present and I am not going to write blah about defending democracy or gallant little anybody....D. J. Taylor, Orwell: The Life, 2003.

Several other writers also declined to contribute, including Virginia Woolf, Bertrand Russell, E. M. Forster,Although Forster sympathised with the Republican side, he did not believe in signing political

manifestos. See Jennifer Birkett and Stan Smith, Right/left/right revolving commitments: France and Britain, 1929–1950, Cambridge Scholars, 2008 {{ISBN|1847185118}} (pp. 61–2). and James Joyce.Joyce declined on the grounds that he never "got involved with politics". See Valentine Cunningham, The Penguin Book of Spanish Civil War Verse, Penguin Books, 1980 (p. 50).

During World War II, Cunard worked, to the point of physical exhaustion, as a translator in London on behalf of the French Resistance.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Later life

After the war, Cunard gave up her home at Réanville and travelled extensively. In June 1948, she travelled from TrinidadThe National Archives of the UK; Kew, Surrey, England; Board of Trade: Commercial and Statistical Department and successors: Inwards Passenger Lists.; Class: BT26; Piece: 1237.

Passenger #15 on the first page of the passenger list, passengers boarded at Trinidad. After Trinidad, the Empire Windrush picked up passengers at ports in Mexico, Jamaica and Bermuda, until finally discharging everyone at Tilbury Docks for London on 21 June 1948. to the United Kingdom, on board the {{HMT|Empire Windrush}}.Jo Stanley, [https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/the-non-conformist-heiress-who-sailed-on-the-windrush "The non-conformist heiress who sailed on the Windrush"], Morning Star, 22 June 2018. The voyage and the ship later became well known because the other passengers on board included one of the first large groups of post-war West Indian immigrants to the United Kingdom.David Kynaston, Austerity Britain 1945–1951, London: Bloomsbury, 2007, p. 276; {{ISBN|978-0-7475-9923-4}}.

In September 1948 she started renting a small house in the French village Lamothe-Fénelon in the Dordogne Valley. In later years she suffered from mental illness and poor physical health, worsened by alcoholism, poverty, and self-destructive behaviour. She was committed to a mental hospital after a fight with London police. After her release, her health declined even further, and she weighed less than 60 pounds when she was found on the street in Paris and brought to the Hôpital Cochin, where she died two days later.Benstock 423.

Her body was returned to England for cremation and the remains were sent back to the Cimetière du Père-Lachaise in Paris. Her ashes rest in urn number 9016.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

Tributes

Constantin Brâncuși's La Jeune Fille Sophistiquée (Portrait de Nancy Cunard), a polished bronze on a carved marble base (1932), sold in May 2018 for US$71 million (with fees) at Christie's New York, setting a world record auction price for the artist.{{cite news|first=Scott|last=Reyburn|newspaper=The New York Times|title=A Malevich and a Bronze by Brancusi Set Auction Highs for the Artists|date=16 May 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/15/arts/design/a-malevich-and-brancusi-set-auction-highs-for-artists.html}} 15 May 2018

According to an account of drafts of the poem "Nancy Cunard" by Mina Loy held in Yale University Library,

{{blockquote|Drafts of Loy's poem about Nancy Cunard, her friend, fellow poet, and editor of The Hours Press, provide a window on her [Loy's] creative process. The final, published version of the poem ends with lines derived from this draft's beginning and its final lines are now the poem's centre:

:The vermilion wall

:receding as a sin

:beyond your moonstone whiteness,

:Your chiffon voice.Mina Loy, [http://highway49.library.yale.edu/awia/gallery/loybarnes6.html "Nancy Cunard"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090512131615/http://highway49.library.yale.edu/awia/gallery/loybarnes6.html |date=12 May 2009 }}, n.d., "Mina Loy: Drafts of 'Nancy Cunard' ", Mina Loy Papers, Intimate Circles: American Women in the Arts: Mina Loy and Djuna Barnes, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University. Retrieved 30 January 2008.}}

Works

Outlaws (1921), poems
Sublunary (1923), poems
Parallax (1925, Hogarth Press), poems
Poems (Two) (1925, Aquila Press), poems
Poems (1930)
Black Man and White Ladyship (1931) polemic pamphlet
Negro (1934) anthology of African literature and art, editor{{cite web | url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/294108d0-4abd-0134-e9a7-00505686a51c | title= Negro anthology, (1934) |author=Digital Collections, The New York Public Library |editor-last=Cunard |editor-first = Nancy |oclc=470515647 |access-date=February 12, 2022 |publisher=The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations}}
Authors Take Sides (1937) pamphlet, compiler
Los poetas del mundo defienden al pueblo español (1937, Paris), co-editor with Pablo Neruda
The White Man's Duty: An analysis of the colonial question in the light of the Atlantic Charter (with George Padmore) (1942)
Poems for France, La France libre, London, 1944 and Poèmes à la France, Seghers, Paris, 1947
Releve into Marquis (1944)
Grand Man: Memories of Norman Douglas (1954)
GM: Memories of George Moore (1956)
These Were the Hours: Memories of My Hours Press, Réanville and Paris, 1928–1931 (1969), autobiography
Poems of Nancy Cunard: from the Bodleian Library (2005), edited with an introduction by John Lucas.
Selected Poems (2016), edited with an introduction by Sandeep Parmar.

Notes

References

Bankes, Ariane. [https://www.news.co.uk/ "Nancy Cunard, Rebel Lover"]. The Times Literary Supplement, 7 April 2007. (Review of Gordon.)
Chisholm, Anne. Nancy Cunard: A Biography. 1979. New York: Penguin Books, 1981.
Fielding, Daphne. Those Remarkable Cunards, Emerald and Nancy (1968).
Ford, Hugh, ed. Nancy Cunard: Brave Poet, Indomitable Rebel 1896–1965 (1968).
Gordon, Lois. Nancy Cunard: Heiress, Muse, Political Idealist. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. {{ISBN|0-231-13938-1}} (10). {{ISBN|978-0-231-13938-0}} (13).
{{Cite book|title=Country House Society: the private lives of the English upper class after the First World War|last=Horn|first=Pamela|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4456-4477-6|publisher=Amberly Publishing|location=Stroud, UK}}
Loy, Mina. "Nancy Cunard". 103 in The Lost Lunar Baedeker: Poems. Selected and ed. Roger L. Conover. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1996.
Lyden, Jackie. [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12070489 "Nancy Cunard: Rebellious Heiress, Inspired Life"]. Interview of Lois Gordon and featured excerpts from her biography of Cunard (includes NPR Media Player link). All Things Considered. National Public Radio. 21 July 2007. Accessed 30 January 2008.
Mackrell, Judith. Flappers: Six Women of a Dangerous Generation. 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-330-52952-5}}
Weber, Caroline. [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/01/books/review/weber.t.html?_r=1&oref=slogin "The Rebel Heiress"]. The New York Times Book Review, 1 April 2007. 2 pages. (Review of Gordon.)
Weiss, Andrea. Paris Was a Woman: Portraits from the Left Bank (2001).

External links

[http://www.spartacus-educational.com/Wcunard.htm Nancy Cunard] – Biography on SchoolNet at Spartacus Educational. Accessed 30 January 2008.
[http://www.bookride.com/2008/03/henry-crowder-nancy-cunard-henry-music.html Henry Crowder and Nancy Cunard]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724165458/http://www.pemward.co.uk/page_1155473499796.html Nancy Cunard on Josephine Baker]
[http://research.hrc.utexas.edu:8080/hrcxtf/view?docId=ead/00031.xml&query=nancy%20cunard&query-join=and/ Nancy Cunard's Collection] at the [http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/ Harry Ransom Center] at the University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 30 January 2008.
[http://archives.lib.siu.edu/index.php?p=core%2Fsearch&q=%22nancy+cunard%22&content=1 Nancy Cunard correspondence and other archival material] at Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Special Collections Research Center
{{Librivox author |id=12784}}