V. K. Krishna Menon

{{Infobox officeholder

| name = V. K. Krishna Menon

| caption = Menon, {{circa|1950s}}

| blank1 = Source

| data1 = [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1262.htm Parliament of India]

| office = Union Minister for Defence

| term_start = 17 April 1957

| term_end = 31 October 1962

| primeminister = Jawaharlal Nehru

| predecessor = Kailash Nath Katju

| successor = Yashwantrao Chavan

| office1 =

| term_start1 =

| term_end1 =

| president1 =

| primeminister1 =

| predecessor1 =

| successor1 =

| office2 = Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha

| constituency2 = Mumbai North

| term_start2 = 1957

| term_end2 = 1967

| predecessor2 = Vithal Balkrishna Gandhi

| successor2 = Constituency Abolished

| constituency3 = Midnapore (1969{{endash}}71) Trivandrum (1971{{emdash}}74)

| term_start3 = 1969

| term_end3 = 1974

| predecessor3 = Sachindra Nath Maity

| successor3 = M. N. Govindan Nair

| office6 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha

| constituency6 = Madras State (1953{{endash}}56)
Kerala (1956{{emdash}}57)

| term_start6 = 1953

| term_end6 = 1957

| predecessor6 =

| successor6 =

| office8 = Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom

| primeminister8 = Jawaharlal Nehru

| term_start8 = 1947

| term_end8 = 1952

| predecessor8 = Position established

| successor8 =

| birth_name = Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon

| birth_date = {{birth date|1896|5|3|df=y}}

| birth_place = Thalassery, Kannur district, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Kerala)

| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1974|10|6|1896|5|3}}

| death_place = Delhi, India

| party = Indian National Congress

| otherparty = India League and the Indian Independence Movement

| alma_mater = Presidency College (BA)
Madras Law College
London School of Economics (BSc, MSc)
University College London (MA)
Middle Temple (Barrister-at-Law)

| awards = See awards section

| image = V. K. Krishna Menon (cropped).jpg

| parents = Komath Krishna Kurup (father)

Lakshmi Kutty Amma (mother)

}}

{{Indian name|Krishna Menon|Vengalil Krishnan}}Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon (3 May 1896 – 6 October 1974) was an Indian academic, politician, and statesman described as the second most powerful man in India{{Cite web|url=http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318032815/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/~kandathi/vkkm1962.pdf|url-status=dead|title=The 1962 Election in North Bombay|archivedate=18 March 2012}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQM4AAAAIAAJ&q=vengalil&pg=PR6 |title=The Nayars today – Christopher John Fuller – Google Books |date=30 December 1976 |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780521290913|last1=Fuller |first1=C. J. |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} after the first Prime Minister of India, Jawaharlal Nehru, with whom he shared an intimate friendship,Michael Brecher, and Janice Gross Stein, eds., India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world (Praeger, 1968). Before, during, and after India's independence, until his political collapse in 1962, Menon stood at the forefront of India's foreign relations, acknowledged domestically and internationally as India's de facto foreign minister and foreign policy architect, and acted as Nehru's personal plenipotentiary, capable of speaking with Nehru's voice and authority. Pre-1947, Menon led and represented the India League and broader Indian independence movement in London, advocating Indian independence before both the British parliament and public; towards the end of the 1940s, he became a dominant figure in Indo-British matters, even selecting the last British Viceroy of India, Earl Mountbatten of Burma, with whom he had long been friends.Ramesh, J. (2019). Chequered Brilliance. India: Penguin Books India PVT, Limited.

Post-independence, he was a central figure in early Cold War international diplomacy, facilitating resolutions in situations as diverse as the Suez Crisis, Korean War, invasion of Hungary, Cyprus, Indochina, Taiwan, and the Chinese capture of American airmen, all while publicly advocating the anti-colonial ethos of what he would eventually name the Non-Aligned Movement,{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/why-ditch-the-non-aligned-movement/article21687929.ece1|title=Why ditch the non-aligned movement?|date=16 September 2016 |publisher=Business Line}}{{cite web |url=https://www.theprint.in/india/governance/v-k-krishna-menon-the-evil-genius-behind-the-non-aligned-movement/130391/|title=V.K. Krishna Menon, the 'evil genius' behind the non-aligned movement|publisher=The Print}} earning him such sobriquets in the West as "India's Rasputin" and "Mephistopheles in a Savile Row Suit", by those who feared the magnitude of his influence over Nehru and the Indian government, and his commitment to neutralism between the United States and Soviet Union. During his heyday, he variously served as High Commissioner to the United Kingdom, Ambassador to the United Nations, Minister without Portfolio, and Defense Minister.

Noted for his eloquence, brilliance and forceful and highly abrasive personality, Menon inspired widespread adulation as well as angry detraction in both India and the West. To his supporters, he was an unapologetic champion of India in the face of Western imperialism, who famously "taught the white man his place".[http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm Vasant Nevrekar: Krishna Menon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135905/http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm |date=3 September 2014 }}. Colaco.net. To his Western detractors, he was "Nehru's evil genius".[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?234157 'Nehru's Evil Genius' {{!}} Sunil Khilnani]. Outlookindia.com. US president Dwight Eisenhower characterised him as a "menace ... governed by an ambition to prove himself the master international manipulator and politician of the age", but Indian President K.R. Narayanan eulogised him as a truly great man.

He was described by some as the second most powerful man in India, in consequence of which he frequently acted as Nehru's plenipotentiary as well.{{cite journal |last1=Franckel |first1=Francine |title=When Nehru Looked East: Origins of India-US Suspicion and India-China Rivalry |date=2020 |pages=243–278 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}

Domestically, he wrote the first draft of the Preamble to the Constitution of India,{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/krishna-menon-drafted-constitutions-preamble/article30601379.ece/|title=Krishna Menon drafted Constitution's preamble|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2020 }}{{cite web |url=https://carnegieindia.org/2020/02/14/many-lives-of-v.k.-krishna-menon-event-7274|title=The Many Lives of V.K. Krishna Menon|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace}} conceptualized and created the Constituent Assembly of India, and worked closely with Nehru, Mountbatten, Sardar Patel, and V.P. Menon to work out the mechanics of Indian independence. Later, as Defence Minister, Menon aggressively created and accelerated India's domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems, establishing the Sainik Schools, the Defence Research and Development Organization, or DRDO, space agency INCOSPAR, later ISRO, and numerous other educational and research institutions, while accelerating and professionalizing the National Cadet Corps and similar entities.

From Indian independence until late 1962, he was internationally and domestically viewed as India's de facto Foreign Minister and foreign policy director, as well as a roving plenipotentiary speaking with Nehru's voice and authority, a frequent source of consternation to Indian diplomats as established as Nehru's own sister, Vijayalakshmi Pandit, who found herself instantly sidelined whenever Menon engaged at the United Nations.

As a young man, Menon served as founding editor of the Pelican imprint of Penguin Books.{{Cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/penguin-books|title=Penguin Books {{!}} Making Britain|website=www.open.ac.uk|access-date=2017-11-04}} He led the overseas wing of the Indian independence movement, launching the India League in London, aggressively campaigning within the United Kingdom to win public support for Indian independence, and rallying the support of world powers such as the Soviet Union. In the immediate wake of independence, Menon emerged as engineer of and spokesman for India's foreign policy, and, more generally, architect of the non-aligned movement. He headed India's diplomatic missions to the United Kingdom and the United Nations, and distinguished himself in diplomatic matters including the Suez crisis. In 1957, Menon had set the record for the longest speech (8 hours) before the U.N. Security Council while defending India's rights to the disputed territory of Kashmir, in the process earning widespread popularity and the sobriquet "Hero of Kashmir".

Returning to India, he was repeatedly elected to both houses of the Indian parliament from constituencies as varied as Mumbai, Bengal, and Trivandrum in his native state of Kerala. He served as a minister without portfolio and later as Minister of Defence, overseeing the modernization of the Indian military and development of the Indian military-industrial infrastructure, and spearheading the Indian annexation of Goa. He resigned in the wake of the Sino-Indian War, following allegations of India's military unpreparedness, but remained counselor to Nehru, member of parliament and elder statesman until his death.Brecher, and Stein, eds., India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world (1968).

Early life

= Family =

Menon was born into an aristocratic Nair family at Thiruvangad, Thalassery, later moving to Panniyankara in Kozhikode, Kerala, where the Vengalil family had a tharavad house. He was named after his father Adv [Vakkeel] Komath Krishna Kurup one of the leading criminal advocates of Thalassery and Calicut Bar, only son of reigning Raja, Orlathiri Udaya Varma Raja of Kadathanad kingdom and Smt. Komath Sreedevi kettilamma kurup, one of the richest men of Kerala at that time who maintained Komath Nalukettu, Sree Thazhe Komath Bhagavathi Temple in Ayanchery and also maintained vast estates in Ayanchery and Kuttiyadi regions of Vatakara{{Cite web |title=V K Krishna Menon Biography - Birth date, Achievements, Career, Family, Awards |url=https://www.samanyagyan.com/eng/biography-v-k-krishna-menon |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=SamanyaGyan |language=en-IN}}

= Education =

Menon had his early education in Ayanchery and Thalassery and later pursude his higher education at the Zamorin's College, Kozhikode. In 1918, he graduated from Presidency College, Chennai, with a B.A. in History and Economics.{{cite web |date=11 July 2017 |title=Krishna Menon |url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/krishna-menon |website=open.ac.uk |publisher=Open University}} While studying in the Madras Law College, he was involved in Theosophy and was associated with Annie Besant and the Home Rule Movement. He was a member of the "Brothers of Service", founded by Annie Besant who helped him travel to England in 1924.

=Life and activities in England=

Menon studied at London School of Economics, securing Bachelor of Science in economics and Master of Science in economics from University of London. Later, he studied at University College London and in 1930, he was awarded an M.A. in Industrial Psychology with first class honours from University of London, for a thesis entitled An Experimental Study of the Mental Processes Involved in Reasoning. In 1934, he secured a MSc in Political Science with first class honours from the London School of Economics, for a thesis titled English Political Thought in the Seventeenth Century.

In 1934, he continued to study law and was called to the bar at Middle Temple, marking the end of his formal education at the age of 37. As a barrister, Menon represented poor lascas pro bono, and, Udham Singh, in his trial for the killing of Michael O'Dwyer in vengeance for the Amritsar Massacre.

During the 1930s, Menon worked as an editor for The Bodley Head and its Twentieth Century Library (1932-1935), for Selwyn & Blount and its Topical Books series,[https://www.publishinghistory.com/topical-books-selwyn-and-blount.html Topical Books (Selwyn & Blount)], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 25 March 2025. and then, from 1937, for Penguin Books and its founder Sir Allen Lane.{{cite book|last=Hartley|first=John|title=A Short History of Cultural Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvzOEFPekY8C&pg=PA22|access-date=18 September 2012|year=2003|publisher=SAGE|isbn=9780761950288|pages=22–}}{{Cite book|title=Penguin Special: The Life and Times of Allen Lane|last=Lewis|first=Jeremy|publisher=Penguin Books|year=2006|isbn=0141015969|location=London|pages=Multiple}}Sairam Krishnan, [https://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking], scroll.in. Retrieved 14 July 2023.[https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/bodley-head Bodley Head], Making Britain: Discover how South Asians shaped the nation, 1870–1950, open.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2023. Menon was the editor of the educational series Pelican Books since its inception.{{Cite web |title=Penguin Books {{!}} Making Britain |url=https://www5.open.ac.uk/research-projects/making-britain/content/penguin-books |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www5.open.ac.uk}}

==Political life in the UK==

After joining the Labour Party he was elected borough councillor of St Pancras, London, in which context he befriended Edwina Mountbatten, wife of Lord Mountbatten. Due to the patronage of the Mountbattens, in the pre-war British society,[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03086534.2010.503397 'A Serious Menace to Security’: British Intelligence, V. K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52 Paul M. McGarr] Menon was able to consolidate political alliances with Labour potentates like Clement Attlee (future prime minister), Sir Stafford Cripps (future chancellor) and Aneurin Bevan, while gaining entry to the social circles of George VI and the then-Queen Elizabeth. Additional intimates included, political and intellectual figures such as Bertrand Russell, J.B.S. Haldane, Michael Foot, E.M. Forster, and Queen Frederica of Greece. St. Pancras, later gave him the "Freedom of the Borough", the other person having received this, was George Bernard Shaw. In 1939, the Labour Party began preparations to nominate him as its candidate for the Dundee Parliamentary constituency but that fell through because of his perceived connections with the Communist Party.{{cite web|title=Communists and suspected communists|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2007/march/communists.htm|publisher=The National Archives, UK|access-date=1 November 2012}} He resigned (or was expelled, according to other sources) from the Labour Party in protest but rejoined in 1944.{{cite web|title=Krishna Menon|url=http://www8.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/krishna-menon|work=The Open University-Making Britain Database|access-date=18 September 2012}}

==India League and the independence movement==

In 1928, Menon founded India League to demand total independence of India from the British rule.{{cite book | title=V.K. Krishna Menon Remembered | publisher=Indian Society of International Law | year=2005 | isbn=978-81-7827-133-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2iFuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-03-20 | page=4}} He worked as a journalist and as president of the India League from 1928 to 1947. In 1930s, Menon along with other contributors had created a 554-page report on the situation in India. The report was banned in India.{{cite book | last=Rana | first=K.S. | title=Churchill and India: Manipulation or Betrayal? | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2022 |page=65| isbn=978-1-000-72827-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGWFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT65}} Menon worked to help Nehru succeed Mahatma Gandhi as the moral leader and executive of the Indian independence movement, and to support Nehru's accession as the first Prime Minister of an independent India. As Secretary, he built the India League into the Indian lobby in the British Parliament, and turned British sentiment towards the cause of Indian independence.Chakravarty, Suhash. "[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/menon.html 100 People Who Shaped India: V K Krishna Menon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042436/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/menon.html |date=24 September 2015 }}". India Today. 2000. Retrieved 23 March 2012. In 1931, Mahatma Gandhi praised the efforts of the Indian League for its "hurricane propaganda on the danger to world peace of a rebellious India in bondage".{{cite book | last1=Kiran | first1=R.N. | last2=Mahadevan | first2=K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century | publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7646-145-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ| pages=5–6}}

He also took interest in the Colonial Seamen's Association from which he met Chris Braithwaite and Surat Alley.The origins of the policy of non-alignment were evident in Menon, where he condemned Britain and Germany, although he marched several times in anti-Nazi demonstrations. When asked whether India would prefer to be ruled by the British or the Germans, Menon replied that "[one] might as well ask a fish if it prefers to be fried in butter or margarine".{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936506,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930083615/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,936506,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=30 September 2007 | magazine=Time | title=Foreign News: The Great I Am | date=18 October 1954}}

Roles in post-independence India

File:Prince Norodom Sihanouk, V.K. Krishna Menon and Andrei Gromyako.jpg and Andrei Gromyko, Foreign Minister of the Soviet Union.]]

=High Commissioner to the United Kingdom=

After India gained independence in 1947, Menon was appointed High Commissioner of India to the United Kingdom, a post in which he remained until 1952. Menon's distrust of the West extended to the United Kingdom, and his opposition to British political manoeuvres led MI5 to deem him a "serious menace to security". From 1929 onwards, Menon had been kept under surveillance, with a warrant to intercept his correspondence being issued in December 1933, identifying him as an "important worker in the Indian revolutionary movement".[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/releases/2007/march/communists.htm Communists and suspected communists]. The National Archives. Clandestine surveillance intensified following Menon's 1946 meeting in Paris with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov, and Indian independence.{{cite web|url=http://indrus.in/articles/2011/04/21/saga_of_india-russia_diplomatic_ties_12430.html |title=Saga of India-Russia diplomatic ties | Russia & India Report |publisher=Indrus.in |access-date=11 July 2012}} In 2007, hundreds of pages of MI5 files documenting their coverage of Menon were released, including transcripts of phone conversations and intercepted correspondences with other statesmen and Nehru himself.{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/Krishna-Menon-a-sick-man-say-MI5-documents/articleshow/1716301.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517110647/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-03/rest-of-world/27888109_1_krishna-menon-indian-high-commissioner-documents | url-status=live | archive-date=17 May 2013 | work=The Times of India | title=Krishna Menon a sick man, say MI5 documents | date=3 March 2007}}

==Advance Payment for Gaeity Theatre==

In what some people say was a diabolical swindle by him, Krishna Menon paid advance of 10,000 pounds in July 1950 to a private company floated in 1949 to buy Gaeity Theatre, London.https://x.com/IamTheStory__/status/1789538307417719006/photo/1 On why would govt. of India may need this theatre, nobody knows. The adventurer Cleminson was involved in this also like other corruption scandals of Krishna Menon. Loss to Govt of India was Rs. 2,28,000.

=Jeep Scandal=

During his tenure as the high commissioner, Menon was accused of being involved in the jeep scandal case, it was the first alleged case of corruption in independent India. In 1948, Menon had ignored protocols and signed a Rs 8 million contract for the purchase of army jeeps with a foreign firm for the Indo-Pakistani war of 1947–1948.{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263904 |title=On Your Marks |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=11 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515162644/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263904 |archive-date=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423021518/http://www.hindu.com/2011/04/18/stories/2011041851921100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 April 2011 |work=The Hindu |title=Opinion / Readers' Editor : Online : Media support crusade against corruption |access-date=11 July 2012}} The deal was later rescinded by the Indian deputy High Commissioner in London due to the failure of the completion of the order.{{cite book | last=Ray | first=J.K. | title=India's Foreign Relations, 1947-2007 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=South Asian History and Culture | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-19714-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJYCgVkIwAwC&pg=PT63 | pages=63–64}} The investigation into the matter was closed in 1955 after nothing was found against anybody including Menon.{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | series=Builders of modern India | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giFuAAAAMAAJ| page=93}}{{cite book | last=Kapoor | first=R.S. | title=More Equal Than Others: A Study of the Indian Left | publisher=Vision Books | year=2000 | isbn=978-81-7094-381-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OJUFAQAAIAAJ | page=155}}

=India's representative to the United Nations=

File:Jawaharlal Nehru and V.K. Krishna Menon at the United Nations, New York.jpg Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru with V. K. Krishna Menon (age 60) in United Nations in December 1956.]]

In 1949, Menon accepted the command of the Indian delegation to the United Nations, a position he held until 1962. He headed India's diplomatic missions to the United Kingdom and the United Nations, and established himself in diplomatic matters including the Suez crisis. He engineered solutions to complex international political issues, including a peace plan for Korea, a ceasefire in Indo-China, the deadlocked disarmament talks, and the French withdrawal from the UN over Algeria.

Earlier, he led the overseas wing of the Indian independence movement, launching the India League in London in 1928, rallying within the United Kingdom to win public support for Indian independence, and of world powers such as the Soviet Union.

==Diplomacy and non-alignment==

During this period, Menon was a spokesman for Nehru's foreign policy, dubbed non-alignment in 1952,{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2pFvh9crtEC&q=krishna+menon+coined+non+alignment&pg=PA75 |title=Afghanistan in world politics: (a ... – Mohammad Khalid Ma'aroof – Google Books |date= 1 January 1987|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9788121200974|last1=Ma'Aroof |first1=Mohammad Khalid |publisher=Gian Publishing House }} charting a third course between the US and the Soviet Union. Menon was critical of the United States, and expressed sympathies with Soviet policies, earning the ire of many Indians by voting against a UN resolution calling for the USSR to withdraw troops from Hungary,{{cite magazine|date=29 April 1957|title=India: The Favourite|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,821101,00.html}} although he reversed his stance three weeks later under pressure from New Delhi.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214113342/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,808644,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2008 | magazine=Time | title=United Nations: Who Must Obey? | date=3 December 1956}}

In 1966, Indira Gandhi had consulted Menon for drafting Vietnam plan which called for international effort to rehabilitate Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia and criticised the United States for its role in the Vietnam War.{{cite book | last=Gupte | first=P. | title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi | publisher=Penguin Group | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-14-306826-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOmK1lPWq80C&pg=PA292 | page=292}}

==China and the United Nations==

Menon also supported the admission of China to the United Nations, which earned him the enmity of many American statesmen, including Senator William F. Knowland. In 1955, Menon intervened in the case of several American airmen who had been held by China, meeting with Chinese premier Zhou Enlai before flying to Washington to confer with and counsel American President Dwight Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, at the request of British Prime Minister Anthony Eden.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1NTOMsMx74C&q=menon+eisenhower+krishna&pg=PA89 |title=The Eden-Eisenhower correspondence ... – Anthony Eden (Earl of Avon), Dwight David Eisenhower, Peter G. Boyle – Google Books |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780807829356|year=2005|last1=Boyle |first1=Peter G. |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press }}{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1893&dat=19550611&id=YndFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NccMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1519,916076|title=The Southeast Missourian – Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com}}

==Nuclear disarmament==

Menon was an opponent of nuclear weapons, and partnered with many in his quest against their proliferation.

==Suez Crisis==

During the Suez Crisis, Menon attempted to persuade Gamal Nasser to compromise with the West, and facilitated moving Western powers towards an awareness that Nasser might prove willing to compromise.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPU0u3iC88C&q=krishna+menon+suez&pg=PA280 |title=Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the ... – Keith Kyle – Google Books |date= 15 February 2011|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9781848855335|last1=Kyle |first1=Keith |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }} During the emergency conference on Suez convened in London, Menon, invited by British Prime Minister Anthony Eden, offered a counterproposal to John Foster Dulles' plan for resolution, in which Egypt would be allowed to retain control of the Suez Canal.

While known for his alignment with the British Labour party and its Commonwealth analogues, by the 1950s, world diplomats referred to Menon's allies, comprising Eden, British foreign minister Selwyn Lloyd, Canadian foreign minister and future premier Lester Pearson, Australian foreign minister and future governor-general Richard Casey, [https://books.google.com/books?id=OirSz3Wtaa0C&dq=selwyn+lloyd+menon+cabal&pg=PA700 particularly to the fury of US Secretary of State Dean Acheson.] Menon's proposal was estimated by US diplomats to have more support than the Dulles plan, and was viewed as an attempt to hybridise the Dulles plan with Egypt's claims. The Dulles plan passed, with Menon voting against, alongside Russia, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Menon, however, softened his opposition in the final hours, leaving Soviet Foreign Minister Dmitri Shepilov in contraposition.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214123910/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,824331,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 December 2008 | magazine=Time | title=SUEZ: Putting the Question | date=3 September 1956}}

==Speech on Kashmir==

{{Quote box

|quote = Why is that we have never heard voices in connection with the freedom of people under the suppression and tyranny of Pakistani authorities on the other side of the cease-fire line? Why is it that we have not heard here that in ten years these people have not seen a ballot paper? With what voice can either the Security Council or anyone coming before it demand a plebiscite for a people on our side who exercise franchise, who have freedom of speech, who function under a hundred local bodies?

|source =-- Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the United Nations Security Council, The Hindu.Excerpt from Menon's marathon 1957 address to the United Nations Security Council, The Hindu.

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On 23 January 1957 Menon delivered an eight-hour speech defending India's stand on Kashmir. To date, the speech is the longest delivered in the United Nations,{{Cite web|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-un-speech|title=Longest UN speech|website=Guinness World Records}} covering five hours of the 762nd meeting on 23 January, and two hours and forty-eight minutes on the 24th,{{cite web |url=http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-02-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316211935/http://www.ier.ro/documente/rjea_vol7_no3/RJEA_Vol7_No3_Can_Self_Determination_Solve_the_Kashmir_Dispute.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} concluding with Menon's collapse on the Security Council floor. Between the two parts, Menon collapsed from exhaustion and had to be hospitalized.{{Cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/09/25/the-top-10-craziest-things-ever-said-during-a-u-n-speech/|title=The Top 10 Craziest Things Ever Said During a U.N. Speech|first=Joshua|last=Keating|date=25 September 2009 }}

During the filibuster, Nehru went onto consolidate Indian power in Kashmir. Menon's defence of Indian sovereignty in Kashmir enlarged his base of support in India, and led to the Indian press dubbing him the "Hero of Kashmir".{{cite journal|last=Bhandari|first=Romesh|title=Krishna Menon – His Contributions and Vision|journal=Think India Quarterly|date=April 2002|volume=5|issue=2|url=http://www.thinkindiaquarterly.org/ArticleDetails.aspx?ArticleId=307&Id=36|access-date=24 September 2012}}

=Minister of Defence=

Krishna Menon became a member of the Rajya Sabha in 1953 from Madras. In 1956, he joined the Union Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio and was made Minister of Defence in April 1957, after winning the North Mumbai seat to the Lok Sabha.

Menon developed India's domestic military-industrial complex and educational systems.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&q=krishna+menon+ordnance&pg=PA424 |title=Prepare or perish: a study of ... – K. V. Krishna Rao – Google Books |date= 1 March 1991|access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9788172120016|last1=Krishna Rao |first1=K. V. |publisher=Lancer Publishers }} During his reign as defence minister, India saw establishment of the Sainik Schools, the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO), and other defence and military institutions, while professionalizing the National Cadet Corps and similar entities.

Menon brought with him a degree of governmental, public, and international attention that India's military had not previously known. He suspended the seniority system within the army, replacing it with a merit-based method of promotion, and restructured much of India's military command system, eventually leading to the resignation of the Chief of the Army Staff, General K.S. Thimayya.{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2643745 | last1 = Thomas | first1 = Raju G. C. | year = 1980 | title = The Armed Services and the Indian Defense Budget | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 20 | issue = 3 | pages = 280–297 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor = 2643745}}

==Congo Crisis==

In 1960, Menon remarked on Congo crisis that freedom for African countries meant not only political independence but also the right to be able to develop economically and defend themselves from subversion from both inside and outside the country. Menon criticized the Belgians for not providing military training to the Congolese before leaving the country.{{cite book | title=India News | date=31 March 2024 | publisher=Information Service, Embassy of India | issue=v. 2-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EEqAQAAMAAJ| page=345}} In 1961, Nehru sent an Indian Army brigade of about 4,700 troops for the United Nations Operation in the Congo.{{cite book | last=Hingorani | first=R.C. | title=Nehru's Foreign Policy | publisher=Oxford & IBH Publishing Company | year=1989 | isbn=978-81-204-0431-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFluAAAAMAAJ | page=77}}

==Annexation of Portuguese India==

The annexation of Goa was linked with the 1961 elections to the Lok Sabha. Menon addressed the issue of Indian sovereignty over the Portuguese colony of Goa, in a partial reprise of his earlier defence of Kashmir. In New York, Menon met US Ambassador and two-time presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson behind closed doors,{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827194,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713185231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,827194,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=13 July 2010 | magazine=Time | title=World: MENON'S WAR | date=29 December 1961}} before meeting with President John F. Kennedy, who had expressed his reservations about Menon's anti-imperialism during the state visit of Nehru. Menon lectured Kennedy on the importance of US-Soviet compromise, before returning to India. On 17 December 1961, Menon and the Indian Army overran Goa, leading to Western condemnation. Menon dismissed the admonishments of Kennedy and Stevenson as "vestige(s) of Western imperialism". Indian annexation of Goa had subtle ramifications throughout Asia, as in the case of Indonesian president Sukarno, who refrained from invading the Portuguese colony of East Timor partially from fear of being compared to Menon.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Il5Tx5tKPM0C&q=krishna+menon+time+arrogant&pg=PA146 |title=Southeast Asia: a testament|author= George McTurnan Kahin|publisher=Routledge |page=146 |access-date=11 July 2012|isbn=9780415299763|year=2003}} The invasion also spawned a complex mass of legal issues relating to differences between eastern and western interpretations of United Nations law and jurisdiction.{{Cite web|last=Oliver|first=Covey|title=56 Am. J. Int'l L. 540 (1962) Judicial Decisions Involving Questions of International Law|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/ajil56&div=38&g_sent=1&collection=journals|website=heinonline.org}}

==The Sino-Indian War==

In 1962 China attacked India, leading to the Sino-Indian War, and a temporary reversal in India's non-aligned foreign policy. On 14 October, about 6 days before the war, Menon gave a speech in Bangalore where he announced that India would fight "to the last man, to the last gun". Menon was criticised both inside and outside parliament for his handling of the conflict. The Indian government's analysis, the Henderson Brooks–Bhagat Report remains classified. Menon believed that Pakistan – not China – is the real threat on the border.{{cite book | last=Hoffmann | first=S.A. | title=India and the China Crisis | publisher=University of California Press | series=International Crisis Behavior | year=2018 | isbn=978-0-520-30172-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bjADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA125 | access-date=2024-03-18 | page=125}} Menon was held responsible for India's lack of military preparation to repel China in the full-scale war to the extent that Indian politicians invested more effort in getting Menon removed than in actually waging war.{{cite web | title=Ghosts of black November | website=The Indian Express | date=2008-12-05 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ghosts-of-black-november/|first=Inder|last=Malhotra}} Menon had resigned on 31 October 1962 as Minister of Defence.{{cite web|last=Verghese|first=B.G.|title=50 YEARS AFTER 1962|url=http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=yearsafter&nid=3844|publisher=Subbu Forum|access-date=24 September 2012|archive-date=15 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115024830/http://southasiamonitor.org/detail.php?type=yearsafter&nid=3844|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|title=India's Krishna Menon Resigns From Cabinet After Border attack|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1301&dat=19621108&id=roVWAAAAIBAJ&pg=7185,2115936|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=7 November 1962}} Nevertheless, Menon remained a counselor to Nehru and continued to assist the Indian government with foreign policy.Brecher, and Stein, eds., India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world (1968).

=As a Supreme Court advocate=

Following his resignation from the cabinet ministry, Menon practiced as a Senior Advocate in the Supreme Court with a group of lawyers. He specifically focused on the Labour matters and he took them up without taking any fees. Former Supreme Court Judge V. R. Krishna Iyer remarked Menon's legal career as: "Great human causes, not petty problems, find the jurist in him. He is halting in humdrum areas but heroic in the higher values of our legalpolitical system."{{cite book | last=Menon | first=V.K.K. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat | series=Eminent parliamentarians monograph series | year=1991 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0c-PAhsJgf0C | page=13}}

Elections

=Rajya Sabha=

Menon was elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1953 from Madras.{{cite book | last=Ram | first=Janaki | title=V.K. Krishna Menon: A Personal Memoir | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSFuAAAAMAAJ | page=106}}{{cite book | last=Varkey | first=K.T. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon and India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7341-253-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21tuAAAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-03-21 | page=4}}

=1957=

In 1957, Menon sought a seat in the Lok Sabha, contesting a constituency from North Mumbai. Admired for his defence of India's sovereignty in Kashmir on the world stage, Menon was met with rapturous receptions on the campaign trail, and won in a contest against PSP candidate Alvares Peter Augustus by 47,741 votes (171,708 to 123,967).{{citation needed|date=November 2017}}

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| quote = We visited many villages. Huge crowds surged forward, blocking the streets, while Menon was drowned by the surrounding uproar, his umbrella knocked away by the bombardment of flowers and bouquets. He insisted, in spite of the heat of the day, the dust and the exhaustion, on fulfilling his programme.

| source = -- Eyewitness account of Menon's 1957 campaign, The Hindu.{{cite news|last=Lewis|first=Charles|title=Krishna Menon's campaign in Mumbai|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/11/stories/2007031100060100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314220818/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/03/11/stories/2007031100060100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2007|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 March 2007}}

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=1961=

File:Krishna Menon Time Magazine cover (1962).jpg magazine's 1962 cover portrait.[https://web.archive.org/web/20070501095833/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2007/04/29/stories/2007042900100300.htm Magazine / Columns : An unusual life]. The Hindu (29 April 2007).]]

In October 1961, Menon, the sitting Defence Minister, was challenged by the 74-year-old Acharya Kripalani, a previous president of the Indian National Congress. The race, which witnessed the direct intervention of Jawaharlal Nehru, was viewed as of importance due to the personas and influence of the two candidates. Having previously endorsed Menon's foreign policies, Kripalani attacked Menon's persona, seeking to avoid confrontation with the prestige of Nehru and the Congress Party. Menon won nearly doubling the vote total of Kripalani, and winning majorities in all six of North Mumbai's districts. The electoral results established Menon as second to Nehru in Indian politics.{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939948-2,00.html | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130204111307/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,939948-2,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 February 2013 | magazine=Time | title=India: Mandate for Menonism | date=9 March 1962}}

=1967=

In 1967, Menon was denied a seat from Mumbai by the Congress on the grounds that he was a non-Maharashtrian after Congress leadership in Delhi had succumbed to the demands of the Bombay Provincial Congress Committee.{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V. K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | series=Builders of Modern India | isbn=978-81-230-2361-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT143| pages=143–144}} This move by the committee had appalled Prime Minister Indira Gandhi who remarked that: "Here is a question of whom the party wants and whom the people want. My position among people is uncontested."{{cite book | last=Gupte | first=P. | title=Mother India: A Political Biography of Indira Gandhi | publisher=Penguin Books Limited | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8475-548-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLrgzlclZKoC&pg=PT376 | access-date=2024-03-20 | page=376}}{{cite book | last=Krishna | first=A.V. | title=India Since Independence: Making Sense Of Indian Politics | publisher=Pearson Education | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&pg=PA73| page=73}} Menon resigned from the Congress and stood for elections as an independent candidate from the North East Mumbai constituency, of which he was the sitting member of parliament. He lost to the Congress candidate, Mr. S.G. Barve, a retired ICS officer, by a margin of 13,169 votes. Mr. Barve died later that year, and his sister, Mrs. Tara Sapre, contested the by-election which ensued as the Congress candidate. Menon again stood as an independent, and lost to Mrs. Tara Sapre by a wider margin than had been the case with her brother. In both, 1967 and 1969 elections, Shiv Sena had campaigned for both of the Congress candidates.{{cite web|title=1967 electionsresults|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=24 September 2012}}{{cite news|last=Morkhandiker|first=R S|title=The Shiv Sena- An Eruption of Nationalism|url=http://www.epw.in/ejournal/show/1/_/59|access-date=24 September 2012|newspaper=Economic and Political weekly|date=21 October 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518003352/http://www.epw.in/ejournal/show/1/_/59|archive-date=18 May 2013|url-status=dead}}{{cite book | title=The Election Archives | publisher=Shiv Lal | issue=10 | year=1972 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSAvAAAAYAAJ | page=106}}

=1969=

In 1969, Menon contested a seat in the Lok Sabha from the Bengal constituency of Midnapore, running as an independent in a by-election, and defeating his Congress rival by a margin of 106,767 votes in May of that year.{{cite journal | doi = 10.2307/2642243 | last1 = Narain | first1 = Iqbal | year = 1970 | title = Democratic Politics and Political Development in India | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 88–89 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor = 2642243}}

=1971=

File:KrishnaMenon Museum.JPG, where original oil portraits of Menon, as well as personal belongings, letters, news clips, and other materials related to Menon, are kept for public display.]]

In 1971, Menon contested as an independent candidate and was elected to the Lok Sabha from Trivandrum, in his home state of Kerala.

Legacy

=Evaluations=

Menon was a significant figure of the Indian politics during his life, and has remained so even well after his death. In response to US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles' assertion that US weapons supplied to Pakistan were intended for defence against a Soviet invasion, Menon stated that "the world has yet to see an American gun that can only shoot in one direction", and that "I am yet to come across a vegetarian tiger". In London, Menon responded to novelist Brigid Brophy: "my English is better than yours. You merely picked it up: I learnt it." When criticised for the Rolls-Royces he kept as official vehicles, he replied, "I can scarcely hire a bullock-cart to call on 10 Downing Street".[https://web.archive.org/web/20140504210016/http://www.hindu.com/2001/07/22/stories/13220466.htm "Humour in politics"]. The Hindu (22 July 2001).

File:London - Kensington Palace Gardens - View ENE II.jpg

Indian President R. Venkataraman described him as "the epitome of a representative of the Indian State, personally abstemious but at the same time uncompromising in maintaining the prestige of his high office."{{cite book |editor1-last=Reddy |editor1-first=E.S. |editor2-last=Damodaran |editor2-first=A.K. |title=Krishna Menon at the United Nations: India and the World |date=1990 |publisher=Krishna Menon National Memorial Committee |location=New Delhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkqPAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}

His meteroic rise was resented by many senior Congress leaders. At one time some used to believe that he would become successor to Nehru.{{cite book | last=Rao | first=P.R. | title=The Great Indian Patriots | publisher=Mittal Publications | issue=v. 2 | year=1991 | isbn=978-81-7099-288-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04tDyxmNOhsC&pg=PA167| page=167}} Some of his Indian colleagues had a mixed view. Foreign Secretary Subimal Dutt commented that Menon, "did not always measure his words", while statesman K. R. Narayanan said, "India has been fortunate to have had not only a glorious heritage of culture and civilisation but a succession of great men from the Buddha to Gandhi, from Ashoka to Nehru, from Kautilya to Krishna Menon."{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V. K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting | series=Builders of Modern India | isbn=978-81-230-2361-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efcADgAAQBAJ&pg=PT148| page=148}}

Menon was reviled by Western statesmen who loathed his arrogance and anti-Western stances. American President Dwight D. Eisenhower considered Menon a "menace", governed by ambition to prove himself the international manipulator and politician of the age". Western publications referred to him as "India's Rasputin" or "Nehru's Evil Genius".{{cite book|author=Brands|title=The Specter of Neutralism: The United States and the Emergence of the Third World, 1947–1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEy9EeDHcOcC&pg=PA101|year=1989|page=101|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231071680}}Paul M. McGarr, "'India's Rasputin'?: V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964." Diplomacy & Statecraft 22.2 (2011): 239-260.

Menon's role in the development of India's military infrastructure has attracted attention of analysts and scholars with regards to the importance of Menon's vision and foresight in military development. Political figures as varied as President and Minister of Defence R. Venkataraman and Justice V.R. Krishna Iyer of the Supreme Court of India have analysed and defended Menon's role in India's rise as a military power.{{cite journal|last=Wood|first=Glyn|author2=Daniel Vaagenes |title=Indian Defense Policy: A New Phase?|journal=Asian Survey|date=July 1984|volume= 24|issue= 7|pages=721–735|jstor=2644185|doi=10.2307/2644185}}{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/12/stories/2002051200270500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030703112223/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/05/12/stories/2002051200270500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=3 July 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=A political paradigm | date=12 May 2002}} Menon is often noted as the architect of self-sufficiency in India's defence production.{{cite book | title=Southern Economist | publisher=Mrs. Susheela Subrahmanya | issue=v. 13 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d9onAAAAMAAJ | page=7}}

= Intellectual reputation =

Whether by his supporters or critics, Menon inspired adulation as well as detraction in both India and the West. To his supporters, he was an advocate of India in the face of Western imperialism, who "taught the white man his place".[http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm Vasant Nevrekar: Krishna Menon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903135905/http://www.colaco.net/1/NevrekarMenon.htm|date=3 September 2014}}. Colaco.net. According to The Tribune, "Few Indians have dominated global politics or aroused as much awe and antagonism as V. K. Krishna Menon, one of the prominent personalities of the 20th century.

As a student, his tutor, Harold Laski, described him as the "best" and "brilliant" student he had, and the only one from whom he had learnt anything. While his thesis supervisor, Charles Spearman, in reviewing his work with C.E. Beeby, judged that "by virtue of intense intellectual study, together with natural capacity, he appears to have acquired mastery of psychological science. Furthermore he has shown capacities for both original investigation and also for exposition. He has, I believe, a distinguished career before him."[https://books.google.com/books?id=MfrO3EvD6tsC&dq=fullest+extent+power+beeby&pg=PA98 Alcorn, N. (1999). To the Fullest Extent of His Powers: C.E. Beeby's Life in Education. New Zealand: Victoria University Press].

Another supervisor, John Flugel, predicted that when published Menon's dissertation "would (render him) one of the young and brilliant psychologists of this century."[https://books.google.com/books?id=GSJuAAAAMAAJ&q=krishna+menon+brilliant V.K. Krishna Menon, Man of the Century. (2000). India: B.R. Publishing Corporation]. Bertrand Russell remarked that Menon was a "particularly brilliant young man" and "an exceptionally gifted and experienced speaker and typically representative of the advanced thought of modern young India".{{cite book | last=Varkey | first=K.T. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon and India's Foreign Policy | publisher=Indian Publishers Distributors | year=2002 | isbn=978-81-7341-253-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21tuAAAAMAAJ | page=57}}

P.N. Haksar attested to the "vastness of his intellectual perception". “From a intellectual point of view, I cannot remember having met any person with a keener intellect”, commented Nehru in 1951. Shashi Tharoor, while noting his intolerance of those intellectually inferior to him and habitual rudeness, nonetheless highlighted his "brilliance and intellectual stamina' and mastery "of the extensive discourse on world affairs, human history and international politics that Menon so magisterially managed." Swedish Ambassador Alva Myrdal attributed Menon's hold over Nehru to Menon's brilliance and for being the "only genuinely intellectual foil Nehru had in his government, with whom he could discuss Marx and Mill, Dickens and Dostoevsky.

{{multiple image

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| image1 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON 1896-1974 Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here.jpg

| alt1 = Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey

| image2 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON - 30 Langdon Park Road Highgate London N6 5QG.jpg

| alt2 = V.K. KRISHNA MENON 1896–1974 Campaigner for Indian Independence lived here

| footer = Blue plaque erected in 2013 by English Heritage at 30 Langdon Park Road, Highgate, London N6 5QG, London Borough of Haringey.

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Death

Menon fell ill about three months before his death when he was in London to attend a musical event, organised for raising donations for Nehru memorial fund. He was hospitalised on 4 October following exhaustion. He died at the age of 78 due to heart attack on 6 October 1974.{{cite book | title=Indian and Foreign Review | publisher=Publications Division of the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | issue=v. 12 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mi1nAAAAMAAJ | page=10}}

Indian President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed said on his death that the country has lost an "eminent statesman and great leader". He added that:

"Menon was an intrepid fighter for the freedom of the country and carried on the struggle from England. He served free India with remarkable distinction and played a crucial role in the international forum. His mastery of the world, legal acumen and oratorical skill were always used to serve great causes."{{cite book | author=India. Ministry of Defence | title=Sainik Samachar: The Pictorial Weekly of the Armed Forces | publisher=Director of Public Relations, Ministry of Defence | issue=v. 21 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2ffAAAAMAAJ |page=4}}

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi described Menon as "unusually forceful contemporary who has left a distinctive mark on our political life". She added that:

"A volcano is extinct. Krishna Menon was a person of deep conviction, great intellectual power and passionate dedication to the country's cause. His pioneering work as spokesman of our freedom movement in Europe and as a link with radical movements of other countries is part of our nation's history. After independence he was one of the most eloquent exponents in the United Nations and other world forums, of policy of non-alignment and peaceful co-existence and our opposition to all forms of colonialism and racialism."

James Callaghan, Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs and later PM of the United Kingdom, said:

"Krishna Menon was a man of remarkable talents and personality would have shone in any circumstances and at any time but for us he was also the embodiment of the movement within Britain for India's freedom."

An all-party meeting of the members of parliament was held in Central Hall of Parliament to mourn Menon's death.{{cite book | author=Indian National Congress | title=Socialist India | publisher=Indian National Congress. All India Congress Committee. | issue=v. 10 | year=1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlOP5tT2CPMC | page=16}} On his funeral, wreaths were placed by president Ahmed, vice-president B. D. Jatti, PM Indira Gandhi and her cabinet members, MPs and also high commissioner for Britain and the Egyptian ambassador. Louis Mountbatten, Jayaprakash Narayan, J. B. Kripalani and other prominent figures also shared their condolences.{{cite book | last=Kutty | first=V.K.M. | title=V.K. Krishna Menon | publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India | series=Builders of modern India | year=1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=giFuAAAAMAAJ | pages=164–165}}

Personal life

In private, Menon abstained from tobacco, alcohol and meat, fasting for days, and forwent his luxury townhouse in Kensington Palace Gardens in favour of a single room in the Indian High Commission during his official tenure in London. As high commissioner, Menon drew the token salary of one rupee per month,[http://ukmalayalee.com/articles_process.php?authorid=208766 ukmalayalee.com]. ukmalayalee.com. later refusing a salary outright.{{Cite web |title=Sarasota Journal – Google News Archive Search |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1798&dat=19550525&id=fkQgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tIoEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1895,2773135 |website=news.google.com}} Menon dressed publicly in bespoke suits, earning him the epithet "Mephistopheles in a Savile Row suit".

Awards

In 1954, Menon was awarded with the Padma Vibhushan.{{cite book | last1=Addison | first1=H.R. | last2=Oakes | first2=C.H. | last3=Lawson | first3=W.J. | last4=Sladen | first4=D.B.W. | title=Who's who | publisher=A. & C. Black | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK4KawdOUDMC | page=1733}} In 1968, he was awarded with the Syrian Order of Merit by the Syrian President Nureddin al-Atassi.{{cite book | title=ARR: Arab Report and Record | publisher=Economic Features, Limited | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P5C5AAAAIAAJ | page=54}} In 2008 he was posthumously awarded with the Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo.{{cite book | author=Press Institute of India | title=Data India | publisher=Press Institute of India | issue=nos. 1-27 | year=2008 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTBWAAAAYAAJ | access-date=2024-03-21 | page=296}}

Commemoration

File:VK Krishna Menon 1997 stamp of India.jpg

The V. K. Krishna Menon Institute was established in 2006 to commemorate and facilitate the life, times and achievements of Menon. One of the Institute's objectives include awarding people from India and diaspora from Asia for their accomplishments in the fields of science, literature, economics, politics, diplomacy and human rights.{{Cite web| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140504224856/http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/canadian-mp-to-be-conferred-with-vk-krishna-menon-award-2012/article1-916049.aspx| url-status=dead| archive-date=4 May 2014| title= Canadian MP to be conferred with VK Krishna Menon award 2012| date=August 19, 2012|publisher=HT Media Limited|access-date=2013-11-15}} A blue plaque commemorating Menon was placed at 30 Langdon Park Road, in Highgate, London by English Heritage in 2013.{{cite web| url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/search/menon-krishna-1896-1974|title=MENON, V. K. KRISHNA (1896–1974)|publisher=English Heritage| access-date=4 May 2014}}

References

Bibliography

Abraham, Itty. "From Bandung to NAM: Non-alignment and Indian Foreign Policy, 1947–1965", Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 46#2 (2008): 195–219.
Brecher, Michael. "Elite Images and Foreign Policy Choices: Krishna Menon's View of the World." Pacific Affairs 40.1/2 (1967): 60–92. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2754622 online]
Brecher, Michael, and Janice Gross Stein. India and world politics: Krishna Menon's view of the world (Praeger, 1968).
{{cite book|author=George, T. J. S. |title=Krishna Menon: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor|url-access=registration |year=1965|publisher=Taplinger}} [https://archive.org/details/krishnamenonbiog00geor online free to borrow]
Lengyel, Krishna_Menon (1962) [https://archive.org/details/krishnamenon007141mbp online free]
McGarr, Paul M. "'A Serious Menace to Security': British Intelligence, V.K. Krishna Menon and the Indian High Commission in London, 1947–52." Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 38.3 (2010): 441–469.
McGarr, Paul M. ""India's Rasputin"?: V.K. Krishna Menon and Anglo–American Misperceptions of Indian Foreign Policymaking, 1947–1964." Diplomacy & Statecraft 22.2 (2011): 239–260.
Janaki Ram, V. K. Krishna Menon: a personal memoir (1997).
{{cite book |last1=Ramesh |first1=Jairam |title=A chequered brilliance : the many lives of V.K. Krishna Menon |date=2019 |publisher=Penguin Random House India |location=Haryana, India |isbn=9780670092321 |url=https://penguin.co.in/book/a-chequered-brilliance/}}

External links

[https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103638/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.html Vengalil Krishnan Krishna Menon]
P. N. Haksar: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080310011202/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/vkkm.txt Krishna: As I knew him]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604172107/http://www.un.int/india/ind19.htm Statements by V. K. Krishna Menon at the United Nations]
T. J. S. George: `Krishna Menon', Jonathan Cape, 1964.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20060721082616/http://www.untoldlondon.org.uk/news/ART37922.html Theft of two statues of Menon from a London park]
{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130125202202/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004032203030300.htm&date=2004/03/22/&prd=th& Neglect of Krishna Menon memorial project]}}
[http://scroll.in/article/770738/how-a-young-man-from-calicut-became-the-publisher-who-helped-change-british-thinking How a young man from Calicut became the publisher who helped change British thinking]