Nasal palatal approximant

{{Infobox IPA

| ipa symbol = j̃

| x-sampa = j~

}}

The nasal palatal approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some oral languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|j̃}}, that is, a j with a tilde. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j~, and in the Americanist phonetic notation it is {{angbr IPA|ỹ}}.

The nasal palatal approximant is sometimes called a nasal yod; {{IPA|[j̃]}} and {{IPA|[w̃]}} may be called nasal glides.

Features

Features of the nasal palatal approximant:

It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, in this case in addition to through the mouth.

Occurrence

{{IPA|[j̃]}}, written {{angbr|ny}}, is a common realization of {{IPA|/j/}} before nasal vowels in many languages of West Africa that do not have a phonemic distinction between voiced nasal and oral stops, such as Yoruba, Ewe and Bini languages.

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Nheengatu \|{{lang\|yrl\|nheẽ}} \|[{{IPA\|j̃ẽʔẽ}}] \|'to speak' \|Influenced Brazilian Portuguese {{angbr\|nh}} sound. Sometimes written with {{angbr\|ñ}}
colspan="2" \| Hindustani{{Harvcoltxt\|Canepari\|2005\|p=335}}	{{lang\|hi\|संयम}} / {{Transliteration\|hi\|sanyama}}	{{IPA\|[səj̃jəm]}}	'patience'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|n}} before {{IPAblink\|j}}. See Hindustani phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{Harvcoltxt\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 681}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[j̃ũ]}}	'brave'	Possible word-initial realization of {{IPA\|/j/}} before a nasal vowel.{{Harvcoltxt\|Jolkesky\|2009\|p=681}}
colspan="2" \| Lombard	{{lang\|lmo\|bisògn de}}	{{IPA\|[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]}}	'need for (something)'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
colspan="2" \| Louisiana Creole{{cite book\|title=The survey of pidgin and creole languages \|volume=2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages\|last1=Klingler\|first1=Thomas A.\|last2=Neumann-Holzschuh\|first2=Ingrid\|date=2013\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-967770-2\|editor1=Susanne Maria Michaelis\|chapter=Louisiana Creole\|editor2=Philippe Maurer\|editor3=Martin Haspelmath\|editor4=Magnus Huber\|chapter-url=http://apics-online.info/surveys/53}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃]}}	'bleed'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}}
colspan="2" \| Polish{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussman\|2007}}	{{lang\|pl\|państwo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]}}	'state, country'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} before fricatives. See Polish phonology
rowspan="3" \| Portuguese	Brazilian{{Harvcoltxt\|Perini\|2002\|p=?}}	{{lang\|pt\|sonho}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsõj̃ʊ]}}	'dream'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ̟\|ɲ}} between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original {{IPA\|/ɲ/}} sound.[https://johnlipski.github.io/vinho.pdf Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels]{{Harvcoltxt\|Mattos e Silva\|1991\|p=73}} See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Vigário\|2003\|p=77}}	{{lang\|pt\|cães}}	{{IPA\|[kɐ̃j̃s]}}	'dogs'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|j}} after nasal vowels.
Some dialects	{{lang\|pt\|me ame!}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]}}	'love me!'	Non-syllabic allophone of {{IPAslink\|i}} between nasal sounds.
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{Harvcoltxt\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} after nasal vowels.
rowspan="2" \| Spanish \|Zwolle-Ebarb{{Harvcoltxt\|Stark\|1980\|p=170}} \|{{Lang\|es\|año}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈãj̃o]}} \|'year' \|Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech{{cite journal \|last1=Lipski \|first1=John M. \|date=1989 \|title=Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis \|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/yeismo.pdf \|journal=Probus \|volume=1 \|issue=2 \|doi=10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211 \|s2cid=170139844}} \|{{lang\|es\|niños}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈnij̃os]}} \|'kids' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɲ/}}. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
colspan="2" \|Sakha \|{{lang\|sah\|айыы}} \|[{{IPA\|aȷ̃ɯː}}] \|'sin, transgression' \|/ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.{{Cite web \|title=Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet \|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yakut.htm \|access-date=2024-08-01 \|website=www.omniglot.com}}

Notes

References

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|chapter=Hindi

|title=A Handbook of Pronunciation

|publisher=Lincom Europa

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}}

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|title= The Phonology of Polish

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|isbn=978-0-19-926747-7

}}

{{citation

|last=Jolkesky

|first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery

|year=2009

|title=Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble

|journal=Anais do SETA

|volume=3

|pages=675–685

|place=Campinas

|publisher=Editora do IEL-UNICAMP

|url=http://www.iel.unicamp.br/revista/index.php/seta/article/view/557/474

}}

{{citation

|last=Mattos e Silva

|first=Rosa

|year=1991

|title=O Português arcaico – fonologia

|publisher=Contexto

}}

{{Citation

|last=Perini

|first=Mário Alberto

|author-link =Mário A. Perini

|year=2002

|title=Modern Portuguese (A Reference Grammar)

|place=New Haven

|publisher=Yale University Press

|isbn=978-0-300-09155-7

}}

{{cite journal

|last1=Stark

|first1=Louisa R.

|title=Notes on a Dialect of Spanish Spoken in Northern Louisiana

|journal=Anthropological Linguistics

|date=1980

|volume=22

|issue=4

|pages=163–176

|issn=0003-5483

|jstor=30027771

|language=es

}}

{{Citation

|last1=Valenzuela

|first1=Pilar M.

|last2=Márquez Pinedo

|first2=Luis

|last3=Maddieson

|first3=Ian

|year=2001

|title=Shipibo

|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association

|volume=31

|issue=2

|pages=281–285

|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/40852342

|doi=10.1017/S0025100301002109

|doi-access=free

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{{Citation

|last=Vigário

|first=Marina

|year=2003

|title=The Prosodic Word in European Portuguese

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}}

External links

{{phoible|j̃}}

Category:Nasal consonants

Category:Palatal consonants

Category:Central consonants

Category:Voiced consonants

Category:Pulmonic consonants

class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" \| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Nheengatu \|{{lang\|yrl\|nheẽ}} \|[{{IPA\|j̃ẽʔẽ}}] \|'to speak' \|Influenced Brazilian Portuguese {{angbr\|nh}} sound. Sometimes written with {{angbr\|ñ}}
colspan="2" \| Hindustani{{Harvcoltxt\|Canepari\|2005\|p=335}}	{{lang\|hi\|संयम}} / {{Transliteration\|hi\|sanyama}}	{{IPA\|[səj̃jəm]}}	'patience'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|n}} before {{IPAblink\|j}}. See Hindustani phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{Harvcoltxt\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676, 681}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[j̃ũ]}}	'brave'	Possible word-initial realization of {{IPA\|/j/}} before a nasal vowel.{{Harvcoltxt\|Jolkesky\|2009\|p=681}}
colspan="2" \| Lombard	{{lang\|lmo\|bisògn de}}	{{IPA\|[biˈzɔj̃ d̪e]}}	'need for (something)'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} before a consonant. See Lombard phonology
colspan="2" \| Louisiana Creole{{cite book\|title=The survey of pidgin and creole languages \|volume=2: Portuguese-based, Spanish-based, and French-based languages\|last1=Klingler\|first1=Thomas A.\|last2=Neumann-Holzschuh\|first2=Ingrid\|date=2013\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|isbn=978-0-19-967770-2\|editor1=Susanne Maria Michaelis\|chapter=Louisiana Creole\|editor2=Philippe Maurer\|editor3=Martin Haspelmath\|editor4=Magnus Huber\|chapter-url=http://apics-online.info/surveys/53}}	colspan="2" align="center" \| {{IPA\|[sɛ̃j̃ɛ̃]}}	'bleed'	Intervocalic allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}}
colspan="2" \| Polish{{Harvcoltxt\|Gussman\|2007}}	{{lang\|pl\|państwo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpãj̃stfɔ]}}	'state, country'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} before fricatives. See Polish phonology
rowspan="3" \| Portuguese	Brazilian{{Harvcoltxt\|Perini\|2002\|p=?}}	{{lang\|pt\|sonho}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsõj̃ʊ]}}	'dream'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ̟\|ɲ}} between vowels, nasalizes the preceding vowel. Language's original {{IPA\|/ɲ/}} sound.[https://johnlipski.github.io/vinho.pdf Portuguese vinho: diachronic evidence for biphonemic nasal vowels]{{Harvcoltxt\|Mattos e Silva\|1991\|p=73}} See Portuguese phonology
Most dialects{{Harvcoltxt\|Vigário\|2003\|p=77}}	{{lang\|pt\|cães}}	{{IPA\|[kɐ̃j̃s]}}	'dogs'	Allophone of {{IPAslink\|j}} after nasal vowels.
Some dialects	{{lang\|pt\|me ame!}}	{{IPA\|[ˈmj̃ɐ̃mi]}}	'love me!'	Non-syllabic allophone of {{IPAslink\|i}} between nasal sounds.
colspan="2" \| Shipibo{{Harvcoltxt\|Valenzuela\|Márquez Pinedo\|Maddieson\|2001\|p=283}}	{{example needed\|date=January 2016}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/j/}} after nasal vowels.
rowspan="2" \| Spanish \|Zwolle-Ebarb{{Harvcoltxt\|Stark\|1980\|p=170}} \|{{Lang\|es\|año}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈãj̃o]}} \|'year' \|Allophone of {{IPAslink\|ɲ}} between vowels, nasalizing the preceding vowel.
Other dialects, occasional in rapid, unguarded speech{{cite journal \|last1=Lipski \|first1=John M. \|date=1989 \|title=Spanish yeísmo and the palatal resonants: Towards a unified analysis \|url=http://www.personal.psu.edu/jml34/yeismo.pdf \|journal=Probus \|volume=1 \|issue=2 \|doi=10.1515/prbs.1989.1.2.211 \|s2cid=170139844}} \|{{lang\|es\|niños}} \|{{IPA\|[ˈnij̃os]}} \|'kids' \|Allophone of {{IPA\|/ɲ/}}. Because nasality is retained and there is no potential merger with any other Spanish phonemes, this process is rarely noticed, and its geographical distribution has never been determined.
colspan="2" \|Sakha \|{{lang\|sah\|айыы}} \|[{{IPA\|aȷ̃ɯː}}] \|'sin, transgression' \|/ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography.{{Cite web \|title=Yakut (Sakha) language and alphabet \|url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/yakut.htm \|access-date=2024-08-01 \|website=www.omniglot.com}}