National Anthem of Colombia
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox anthem
| title = {{lang|es|italic=no|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia}}
| english_title = National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia
| image = Himno Nacional de Colombia.pdf{{!}}border
| image_size =
| caption = Front page of the sheet music to the National Anthem of Colombia
| prefix = National
| country = {{COL}}
| author = Rafael Núñez
| lyrics_date = 1850, 1883
| composer = Oreste Sindici
| music_date = 1887
| adopted = {{start date|1920|10|28|df=y}}
| until =
| sound = File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg
| sound_title = ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible! by the US Navy Band (two choruses and one verse)
}}{{Culture of Colombia}}
The National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia{{efn|{{langx|es|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia}}, {{IPA|es|ˌimno nasjoˈnal de la reˌpuβlika ðe koˈlombja|pron}}}} is the official name of the national anthem of Colombia. It was originally written as a poem in 1850 by future President Rafael Núñez as an ode to celebrate the independence of Cartagena. The music was composed by Italian-born opera musician Oreste Síndici, at the request of Bogotan{{cite web | url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/co.htm | title=Colombia | publisher=nationalanthems.info | access-date=2020-04-03 }} actor José Domingo Torres, during the presidency of Núñez, and with lyrics refined by Núñez himself, it was presented to the public for the first time on 11 November 1887. The song became very popular and was quickly adopted, albeit spontaneously, as the national anthem of Colombia.
It was made official through Law 33 of 18 October 1920. Colombian musician {{Interlanguage link|José Rozo Contreras|lt=|es}} reviewed the scores and prepared the transcriptions for symphonic band, which was adopted as an official version by decree 1963 of 4 July 1946. The anthem has been performed in various versions, been the subject of attempted reforms and been widely performed in the arts.
The lyrics of the anthem are composed of a chorus and eleven stanzas, though it is usually sung chorus–first verse–chorus.
History
= Background =
In 1819, the contradanzas "{{Interlanguage link|La vencedora|lt=|es}}" and "{{Interlanguage link|La libertadora|lt=|es}}" were performed to celebrate the triumph of the patriots in the Battle of Boyacá.{{Cite web|date=|title=Símbolos patrios de Colombia|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli93.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104223853/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/poli/poli93.htm|archive-date=2011-11-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Biblioteca Luis-Ángel Arango}} After the independence of Colombia in 1810 and the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1831, numerous songs were written in honour of the liberator Simón Bolívar. One of the first antecedents of the national anthem was presented on 20 July 1836, when the Spanish Francisco Villalba, who had arrived in Colombia with a theatre company, composed a patriotic song for New Granada.{{Cite book|last=Aguilera|first=Miguel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFZYAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia del himno nacional de Colombia|date=1958|publisher=Imp. Nacional|pages=3–4|language=es}} The song became very popular and was considered the first patriotic anthem in the country.{{Cite web|title=El Romanticismo musical colombiano|url=http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110644/http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|publisher=Audiovisual Investigation Group. National University of Colombia, Medellín}} The verses of the chorus were as follows:
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!English translation |
| style="vertical-align:top;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;"
| Que, formando una nueva nación,{{efn|Occasionally written {{lang|es|que formando una sola nación}} ("which, forming a single nation,").{{Cite book|last=Ferrer|first=Alvaro Paredes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cv9rAAAAMAAJ|title=La muerte de la nación|date=1996|publisher=Castillo|isbn=978-958-9499-07-8|language=es|page=244}}{{Cite book|last=Arboleda|first=Gustavo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5QCAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia contemporanea de Colombia: (desde la disolución de la antiqua república de ese nombre hasta la época presente)|date=1918|publisher=Arboleda & Valencia|language=es|page=165}}}} Hoy levanta ya el templo sagrado De las leyes, la paz y la unión.}} | Which, forming a new nation, Today already raises the sacred temple Of laws, peace and union. |
File:Batalla de Boyaca de Martin Tovar y Tovar.jpg
In 1847, English composer and painter Henry Price, founder of the Philharmonic Society, put music to some verses written by Santiago Pérez in an anthem called "{{Lang|es|Canción nacional|italic=no}}" ("National Song"), which was not widely accepted, due to its simplicity.{{Cite web|date=|title=Nuestro Himno|url=http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/article-139482.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175416/http://www.colombiaaprende.edu.co/html/productos/1685/article-139482.html|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Colombia aprende}} Henry Price was the father of Jorge Wilson Price, who, after living in New York City, returned to Bogotá in 1855 to dedicate himself to translating compositions and founding the National Academy of Music of Colombia in 1882,{{Cite web|date=|title=Colombian music pioneer|url=http://www.simonbeattie.co.uk/book/7/price-jorge-wilson-las-bases-cientificas-de-la-musica-|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021062655/http://www.simonbeattie.co.uk/book/7/price-jorge-wilson-las-bases-cientificas-de-la-musica-|archive-date=2011-10-21|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.simonbeattie.co.uk}} inviting the young Italian composer Oreste Síndici as an adviser and professor of the academy. In 1910, the National Academy of Music would become the National Conservatory of Colombia.{{Cite web|title=El Romanticismo musical colombiano|url=http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110644/http://www.interdis.unalmed.edu.co/curso/EL%20ROMANTICISMO%20MUSICAL%20COLOMBIANO.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|publisher=Audiovisual Investigation Group. National University of Colombia, Medellín}}
In 1849, José Caicedo Rojas wrote a poem, and José Joaquín Guarín composed the melody of an anthem called "{{Lang|es|Oda al 20 de julio|italic=no}}" ("Ode to 20 July"), which was set to music in the key of E flat for four voices and orchestra.{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}} Its premiere was held at the {{Interlanguage link|Colonial Museum (Bogotá)|lt=Museum of Colonial Art|es}}, but due to its complexity, it did not convince the public either. In 1883, Dutch violinist Carlos Von Oecken set music to a poem written by {{Interlanguage link|Lino de Pombo|lt=|es}} in 1852.{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}}
Decree 256 of 12 April 1881 called for a competition to select the national anthem. The jurors for this contest were politician José María Quijano, poet Rafael Pombo and musician Carlos Schloss. In the reviews published in different newspapers, it was stated that none of the anthems performed aroused enthusiasm in the spirit of the jury and that for this reason the competition was declared void.{{Cite web|date=|title=1. Símbolos patrios {{!}} Red de Centros Educativos|url=http://redced-co.relpe.org/node/135|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016160405/http://redced-co.relpe.org/node/135|archive-date=2012-10-16|access-date=2022-01-13|website=redced-co.relpe.org}}
On 1 July 1883, the government of the Sovereign State of Cundinamarca organised a competition to select the anthem on the occasion of the centennial of the birth of the Liberator (Bolívar), on 24 July. The first prize was obtained by Daniel Figueroa, who composed an anthem with lyrics from various poems that premiered at the Plaza de Bolívar with a choir of 2,000 children.{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional de Colombia - Club Lancita - Ejercito Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017084947/http://www.clublancita.mil.co/?idcategoria=201686|archive-date=2012-10-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=www.clublancita.mil.co}} The second prize was obtained by Cayetano Fajardo. For its part, the jury noted that none of the awarded anthems were classified as national anthems but rather patriotic songs.{{Cite magazine|last=Urdaneta|first=Alberto|date=August 1883|title=El centenario del Libertador en Bogotá|magazine=Papel Periódico Ilustrado|url=https://babel.banrepcultural.org/digital/collection/p17054coll26/id/380/|access-date=2022-01-13|page=29|language=en|issue=50}}
= Composition =
File:Oreste Sindici.jpg, {{Circa|1870}}]]
In 1887, theatre director José Domingo Torres, who was used to enlivening the national holidays, sought out Síndici to ask him to write a song on the occasion of the celebration of the independence of Cartagena,{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia|url=http://pwp.etb.net.co/fdrojas/Himno.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123233/http://pwp.etb.net.co/fdrojas/Himno.htm|archive-date=2012-10-25|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Paisajes colombianos y su folclor}} which was the first Colombian city to declare independence from the Spanish, on 11 November 1811.{{Cite web|title=Independencia de Cartagena: ¿qué pasó el 11 de noviembre de 1811?|url=https://www.canalinstitucional.tv/independencia-de-cartagena-11-de-noviembre|access-date=2022-01-15|website=RTVC|language=es}} For the song, Domingo Torres asked him to score a poem called {{Lang|es|Himno Patriótico|italic=}} ("Patriotic Hymn"), written by President of the Republic Rafael Núñez, in honour of Cartagena, which was composed to be declared publicly during the celebration of 11 November 1850 and published in the newspaper La Democracia, when Núñez was still secretary of government of the Province of Cartagena.{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Poesía Patriótica del siglo XIX|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/noviembre2010/poesia.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Credencial Historia, edición 2510|language=es}} After this first publication, the poem was adapted, improved and published by Núñez himself in the magazine Hebdomadaria number 3 and 4, July 1883.{{Cite book|last=Rodríguez|first=Gabriel Andrés Eljaiek|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTKuSHJFTi0C&pg=PA86|title=La tras escena del museo: nación y objetos en el Museo Nacional de Colombia|date=2006|publisher=Pontificia Universidad Javeriana|isbn=978-958-683-858-0|language=es}}{{rp|86}} A previous musicalisation of the same poem by Núñez, performed by maestros Delgado and Fortich, at the request of José Domingo Torres himself, which was performed at the Plaza de Bolívar on 20 July 1880, failed to gain acceptance among the audience present.
File:Rafael Núñez 1.jpg, {{Circa|1885}}]]
The following is the original poem by Rafael Núñez from 1850:
| cellpadding="6"
!{{big|{{lang|es|Himno patriótico}}}} !{{big|Patriotic Anthem}} |
| style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap;"
| Mañana brilla el sol Salud al gran suceso De nuestra redención. Cayeron las cadenas de La libertad sublime Derrama en todo el orbe Su bendecida luz. La humanidad entera Que esclavizada gime Comprende las doctrinas Del que murió en la cruz. ¡Independencia! grita El pueblo americano Aniéganse en su sangre Los hijos de Colón; Pero este gran principio: «El pueblo es soberano» Resuena más vibrante Que el eco del cañón.}} | Tomorrow the sun shines Hail to the great event Of our redemption. The chains fell, of Sublime liberty It spills all over the world Its blessed light. The whole of humanity That moans enslaved Understands the doctrines Independence! shouts The American people Are bathed in their blood The children of Columbus; But this great principle: "The people are sovereign" Resonates more vibrant Than the echo of the cannon. |
Initially, Síndici refused to compose the song, despite Torres's insistence. He finally managed to convince himself, through his wife Justina Jannaut.{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905132804/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Presidencia de la República de Colombia}} Prior to that, Síndici had demanded that José Domingo Torres look for the author of the poem so that he would adjust the verses according to the necessary arrangement for a melody and give them a national connotation.{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del Himno Nacional|url=http://academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/TEMAS_DE_HISTORIA/ANTONIO_CACUA.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Facademiadehistoria.org%2FGACETA%2FTEMAS_DE_HISTORIA%2FANTONIO_CACUA.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archive-date=2011-02-24|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Academia Colombiana de Historia}}
For the composition of the anthem, Síndici retired to his Hacienda "{{Lang|es|El Prado|italic=no}}" ("The Meadow") in Nilo, Cundinamarca, carrying a Dolt Graziano Tubi harmonium. The original score in the key of E-flat major and four-beat measure (tempo di marcia) is currently kept in the National Museum of Colombia. The pre-premiere of the melody took place under a tamarind tree in the main park of the Cundinamarca municipality on 24 July 1887, after Sunday mass.{{Cite web|date=2004-05-01|title=La historia del armonio de Síndici|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1507142|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}}
The national anthem was premiered on 11 November 1887 during the celebration of the independence of Cartagena with a choir of children from three primary schools, students of Síndici.{{Cite web|title=Historia del himno nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.todacolombia.com/himnocolombia.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Toda Colombia}} This first interpretation of the anthem was performed at the {{Lang|es|Teatro de Variedades|italic=no}} (Theatre of Varieties) of the public school of Santa Clara,{{Cite book|last1=Sanclemente|first1=Carlos|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtQlngAACAAJ|title=Los símbolos patrios|last2=Prada|first2=Antonio Cacua|date=1999|publisher=Academia Colombiana de Historia|isbn=978-958-95765-2-6|pages=113|language=es}} which was located in the current {{Lang|es|carrera octava|italic=no}} (Eighth Avenue), on the site of the {{Interlanguage link|Church of Santa Clara, Bogotá|lt=Church of Santa Clara|es|Museo Iglesia de Santa Clara}}, adjacent to the Convent and to the {{Interlanguage link|National Astronomical Observatory of Colombia|lt=Astronomical Observatory|es|Observatorio Astronómico Nacional de Colombia}}, in the jurisdiction of the Bogotá Cathedral neighbourhood. Included within the programme of celebrations of that date was the laying of the first stone of the Municipal Theatre of Bogotá in this same place;{{Cite book|last=Escobar|first=José Ignacio Perdomo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzRzAAAAMAAJ|title=Historia de la música en Colombia|date=1963|publisher=Editorial ABC|pages=168|language=es}} the theatre was inaugurated in 1890 and operated there until its demolition and transfer to the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Theater in 1952.{{Cite web|date=|title=Historia del teatro|url=http://www.teatrojorgeeliecer.gov.co/historia.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905144447/http://www.teatrojorgeeliecer.gov.co/historia.php|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Teatro Jorge Eliécer Gaitán}}
President Núñez learnt of the impact of the melody and invited Oreste Síndici to present it officially. To that end, Minister of Government Felipe Fermín Paul was commissioned to organise a presentation of the anthem on 6 December of the same year at 9 p.m. in the grade room of the Palacio de San Carlos, currently located in the {{Interlanguage link|Colonial Museum (Bogotá)|lt=Museum of Colonial Art|es|Museo de Arte Colonial de Bogotá}}. The anthem was sung by a choir of 25 voices in the presence of the main civil, ecclesiastical and military authorities of the country. In the invitation to the event, the song was already announced as the "National Anthem".{{Cite web|date=|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905132804/http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/historia/himno_1.htm|archive-date=2011-09-05|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Presidencia de la República de Colombia}}
= Distribution =
The song quickly became well known, and several editions were published throughout the country in the following years. In 1890, the anthem was performed in Rome, Mexico, Lima, Caracas and Curaçao. The first phonographic recording was made at the Columbia Phonograph Company studios in New York City in July 1910,{{Cite web|date=2010-07-17|title=Al maestro Ochoa le hace falta un club de fans|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/BancoConocimiento/A/al_maestro_ochoa_le_hace_falta_un_club_de_fans/al_maestro_ochoa_le_hace_falta_un_club_de_fans.asp|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Colombiano|language=es-ES}} performed by the musical group {{Lang|es|La Lira Antioqueña|italic=no}} (The Antioquian Lyre) to celebrate the first centenary of the independence of Colombia.{{Cite web|last=González White|first=Bernardo|date=2008-05-26|title=El Himno Nacional|url=http://www.elmundo.com/portal/pagina.general.impresion.php?idx=85524|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Medellín: El Mundo|language=es}} The national anthem appears referenced as such in various publications of the time, prior to its official adoption. Thus, an essay by Manuel María Fajardo from 1908, the patriotic primer by Camilo Villegas y González from 1910, a text of selected poems by Lisímaco Palau from 1912 and a hymn book by Ernesto Murillo from 1917 already cite the song composed by Oreste Síndici as the national anthem of Colombia.{{Cite book|last=Hermano Justo Ramón|title=En torno al Himno Nacional en el sesquicentenario de Núñez|year=1976|pages=8|language=es}} The lyrics and sheet music of the anthem were also included in the centennial urn that was closed on 31 October 1911 and that was opened during the celebration of the {{Interlanguage link|Bicentennial of Colombia|lt=|es|Bicentenario de Colombia}}, on 20 July 2010.{{Cite web|last=|date=2010-07-20|title=Los secretos de la urna centenaria|url=https://www.semana.com/wikileaks/articulo/los-secretos-urna-centenaria/119529-3/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Semana|language=es}}
For the adoption of the national anthem, the representative to the Chamber for the department of Nariño, Sergio Burbano, presented the bill on 9 August 1920. The plan was approved in the debate of the public instruction commission and later by the plenary session of the Congress of the Republic, making it official by Law 33 of 18 October 1920, which was sanctioned by President Marco Fidel Suárez.{{Cite book|last=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qMwAAAAIAAJ|title=Leyes expedidas por el Congreso Nacional en su legislatura de 1920|date=1940|publisher=Imprenta Nacional|pages=40|language=es}} In this law, an expert opinion was also requested to recognise the artistic property rights of the heirs of Oreste Síndici.{{Cite web|date=|title=Ley 33 de 1920|url=http://www.cntv.org.co/cntv_bop/basedoc/ley/1920/ley_0033_1920.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314115926/http://www.cntv.org.co/cntv_bop/basedoc/ley/1920/ley_0033_1920.html|archive-date=2012-03-14|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}
During the border conflict with Peru (1932–1934), the soldiers who defended national sovereignty sang a refrain in the trumpet introduction when entering the battle front, in accordance with the warlike moment that the nation was experiencing. This transitory stanza stood as the following:
This introduction was taught to students in primary schools in the 1930s, according to historian José Antonio Amaya,{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2009-03-01|title=Buscan meter al general Santander en el Himno|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-3340627|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}} and it was still being taught in the 1960s. The final line is very similar to a line in the national anthem of Cuba that goes, "¡Que morir por la patria es vivir!"
As time went by, different versions of the anthem appeared. In 1946, the Ministry of National Education, with the aim of unifying the criteria, appointed a commission made up of experts. As a result of this investigation, the government issued executive decree number 1963 of 4 July 1946, stating that the official scores and the transcriptions for symphony orchestra of the anthem made by Norte de Santander musician {{Interlanguage link|José Rozo Contreras|lt=|es|}} in 1933 are the most faithful to the originals written by Oreste Síndici.{{Cite web|date=|title=Gobierno oficializa el actual himno nacional|url=http://www.verbienmagazin.com/ColombiaDato.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220124554/http://www.verbienmagazin.com/ColombiaDato.html|archive-date=2010-02-20|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ver Bien Magazín}} Since then, this version has been officially adopted. During the government of Belisario Betancur, San Andrés residents were authorised to sing a version of the anthem in English and indigenous peoples to sing the version in their own languages.{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=El Himno Nacional|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/revistas/credencial/julio2001/elhimno.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Biblioteca Luis-Ángel Arango|language=es}}
Decree 3558 of 9 November 1949, which approves the "Garrison Service Regulations", is the first protocol norm that establishes the occasions on which the anthem must be sung.{{Cite web|title=Decreto 3558 de 1949|url=https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1531213|access-date=2022-01-13|website=SUIN-Juriscol}} Law 12 of 29 February 1984 ratified in its article 4 the validity of the national anthem of Colombia.{{Cite web|last=Congreso de Colombia|date=1984-02-29|title=Ley 12 de 1984|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1173|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Bogotá: Alcaldía de Bogotá}}
Law 198 of 17 July 1995, which legislates national symbols, made it mandatory to broadcast them on all radio and television stations in the country at both 6:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. (with the latter medium, on a varied schedule for those deprived of clear signal and not applicable to national cable TV channels), as well as during public addresses by the President of the Republic and other official events.{{Cite web|date=|title=Ley 198 de 1995|url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/1995/ley_0198_1995.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120115435/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley/1995/ley_0198_1995.html|archive-date=2012-01-20|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}}
Lyrics
The national anthem is made up of an Alexandrine chorus and eleven stanzas in {{Interlanguage link|Heptasyllabic|lt=heptasyllabic|es|Heptasílabo}} {{Interlanguage link|Octavilla|lt=octavillas|es|Octavilla (poesía)}}; but throughout its execution, only the chorus and the first verse are usually performed.{{Cite book|title=Colombia: Consultor temático|publisher=Grupo Editorial Planeta|year=1992|pages=266|language=es|issue=2}} The stanzas are a recount of historical events and philosophical reflections on the independence of Colombia and other Latin American countries. Stanzas I and III can be described as evocative, stanzas II, V, and XI heroic, stanzas VI and VII epic, stanzas IV and VIII elegiac, and stanzas IX and X synthetic.{{Cite book|last=Quintana R|first=Evangelista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bqRYzgEACAAJ|title=Símbolos de la nacionalidad colombiana|date=1954|publisher=Asociación Nacional de Profesores|pages=231–233|language=es}} The music has a tonality of E flat major and 4/4 time (tempo di marcia).{{Cite web|last1=López|first1=Marulanda|last2=Carlos|first2=Juan|date=2007|title=Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/digitalizados/himno_nacional_os_coro_pge.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185528/http://www.bibliotecanacional.gov.co/recursos_user/digitalizados/himno_nacional_os_coro_pge.pdf|archive-date=2015-09-23|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Centro de Documentación Musical - Biblioteca Nacional de Colombia - Ministerio de Cultura}}
{{Colombian culture}}
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!Spanish original{{Cite web |title=Himno Nacional |url=http://historico.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno.htm |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=Presidencia de la República de Colombia}} !IPA transcription{{efn|See Help:IPA/Spanish, Spanish phonology and Colombian Spanish.}} !English translation |
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| ¡O, gloria inmarcesible! ¡O, júbilo inmortal! En surcos de dolores, 𝄆 el bien germina ya. 𝄇 ¡O, gloria inmarcesible! ¡O, júbilo inmortal! En surcos de dolores, el bien germina ya. I Cesó la horrible noche. La libertad sublime derrama las auroras de su invencible luz. La humanidad entera, que entre cadenas gime, comprende las palabras del que murió en La Cruz. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} II "¡Independencia!", grita el mundo americano. Se baña en sangre de héroes la tierra de Colón. Pero este gran principio; "El rey no es soberano"{{efn|Some versions give {{lang|es|"El pueblo es soberano"}} ("People are sovereign").}} resuena, y los que sufren bendicen su pasión. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} III Del Orinoco el cauce se colma de despojos, de sangre y llanto un río se mira allí correr. En Bárbula no saben las almas ni los ojos, si admiración o espanto sentir o padecer. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} IV A orillas del Caribe, hambriento un pueblo lucha, horrores prefiriendo a pérfida salud. ¡Oh, sí!, de Cartagena la abnegación es mucha, y escombros de la muerte desprecia su virtud. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} V De Boyacá en los campos, el genio de la gloria, con cada espiga un héroe invicto coronó. Soldados sin coraza ganaron la victoria; su varonil aliento de escudo les sirvió. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} VI Bolívar cruza el Ande que riegan dos océanos, espadas cual centellas fulguran en Junín. Centauros indomables descienden a los llanos, y empieza a presentirse, de la epopeya el fin. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} VII La trompa victoriosa en Ayacucho truena, que en cada triunfo crece su formidable son. En su expansivo empuje la libertad se estrena, del cielo americano formando un pabellón. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} VIII La virgen sus cabellos arranca en agonía y de su amor viuda los cuelga del ciprés. Lamenta su esperanza que cubre loza fría, pero glorioso orgullo circunda su alba tez. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} IX La patria así se forma, termópilas brotando; constelación de cíclopes su noche iluminó. La flor estremecida mortal el viento hallando, debajo los laureles seguridad buscó. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} X Mas no es completa gloria vencer en la batalla, que el brazo que combate lo anima la verdad. La independencia sola el gran clamor no acalla; si el sol alumbra a todos, justicia es libertad. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}} XI Del hombre los derechos Nariño predicando, el alma de la lucha profético enseñó. Ricaurte en San Mateo, en átomos volando, "Deber antes que vida," con llamas escribió. {{yesitalic|{{small|Coro}}}}}} | [o ˈɡloɾja immaɾseˈsible] [o ˈhubilo immoɾˈtal] [en ˈsuɾkos de doˈloɾes] 𝄆 [el ˈbjen heɾˈmina ˈʝa] 𝄇 [o ˈɡloɾja immaɾseˈsible] [o ˈhubilo immoɾˈtal] [en ˈsuɾkos de doˈloɾes] [el ˈbjen heɾˈmina ˈʝa] 1 [seˈso la oˈrible ˈnot͡ʃe] [la libeɾˈtad suˈblime] [deˈrama las auˈɾoɾas] [de su imbenˈsible ˈlus] [la umaniˈdad enˈteɾa] [ke ˈentɾe kaˈdenas ˈhime] [komˈpɾende las paˈlabɾas] [del ke muˈɾjo en la ˈkɾus] {{small|[ˈkoɾo]}} | Oh, unwithering glory! Oh, immortal jubilance! In furrows of pain, 𝄆 goodness now germinates. 𝄇 Oh, unwithering glory! Oh, immortal jubilance! In furrows of pain, goodness now germinates. I The horrible night has ceased. Sublime Liberty spills the auroras of her invincible light. The entirety of humanity that groans within chains, comprehend the words {{small|Chorus}} II "Independence!" shouts the American world; The land of Columbus. Is bathed in heroes' blood. But this great doctrine; "The king is not sovereign", resounds, and those who suffer bless their passion. {{small|Chorus}} III The bed of the Orinoco Is heaped with plunder, Of blood and tears a river is seen to flow there. In Bárbula know neither souls nor eyes, whether admiration to feel or fear to suffer. {{small|Chorus}} IV On the shores of the Caribbean, a famished people fight, preferring horror to fickle health. O, aye! from Cartagena heavy is the hardship, and death's rubble disdains her virtue {{small|Chorus}} V From Boyacá in the fields, the genius of glory, from every sprig a hero was crowned undefeated. Soldiers without armor won the victory; their virile spirit served them as a shield. {{small|Chorus}} VI bathed by two oceans, swords as though sparks flash in Junín. Indomitable centaurs descend to the plains, and a premonition begins to be felt, of the epic's end. {{small|Chorus}} VII The victorious trumpet in Ayacucho loudly thunders, as in every triumph grows its formidable sound. In its expansive thrust Liberty is first felt, from the American sky forming a pavilion. {{small|Chorus}} VIII In agony, the Virgin Tears out her hair, and bereft of her love, leaves it to hang on a cypress. Regretting her hope covered by a cold headstone, but glorious pride hallows her fair skin. {{small|Chorus}} IX Thus the motherland is formed, Thermopylaes bursting forth; a constellation of cyclops the night did brighten. The trembling flower finding the wind mortal, underneath the laurels safety sought. {{small|Chorus}} X But it's not complete glory to defeat in battle, the arm that fights is encouraged by truth. For independence alone The great clamour doesn't silence; if the sun shines on everyone, justice is liberty. {{small|Chorus}} XI Nariño's preaching, the soul of struggle was prophetically taught. in atoms flying, "Duty before life," with flames he wrote. {{small|Chorus}} |
Protocol
File:59 - Carthagène - Décembre 2008.JPG
The rules of protocol for singing and listening to the national anthem of Colombia are regulated in articles 10 and 11 of decree 1967 of 15 August 1991.{{Cite web|date=|title=Decreto 1967 de 1991|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130657/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}} The national anthem is authorised to be played at official functions that have a patriotic character, when raising and lowering the flag of Colombia, when honouring the Blessed Sacrament and at educational events and sports competitions. It is also authorised to sing it with or without musical accompaniment by the general public.
When listening to the national anthem, those present must stop their activities and stand up, and the men must uncover their heads. All people should release their arms and adopt a posture of respect and veneration. Riders, drivers and passengers of the vehicles must alight and proceed accordingly.{{Cite web|date=|title=Decreto 1967 de 1991|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130657/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=1524|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Congreso de Colombia}} The national anthem is never applauded.{{Cite book|last=Cacua Prada|first=Antonio|date=1987|title=Síndici o la música de la libertad|url=http://editorial.ucentral.edu.co/editorialuc/index.php/editorialuc/catalog/book/34|access-date=2022-01-13|page=|publisher=Ediciones Universidad Central |language=es}}{{Rp|page=325}}
By decree 91 of 21 January 1942, only Colombian patriotic anthems are allowed to be sung in the country's educational institutions, with the exception of special ceremonies in honour of friendly countries that are held on campus.{{Cite web|title=Decreto 91 de 1942|url=http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/articles-102848_archivo_pdf.pdf|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Educación Nacional}} In accordance with decree 1722 of 16 July 1942, all schools must begin their tasks on the first Monday of each month with a brief but solemn act during which the flag is raised to the chords of the national anthem, sung by the whole community.{{Cite web|title=Decreto 1722 de 1942|url=http://www.mineducacion.gov.co/1621/articles-102874_archivo_pdf.pdf|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Educación Nacional}} According to the Protocol Manual of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, for the presentation of the credentials of a new ambassador, the performance of the national anthem is assigned to the Band of Musicians of the Presidential Guard Battalion.{{Cite web|title=Manual del Protocolo|url=http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/lecturas/Manual_Protocolo_Republica_de_Colombia.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917162842/http://www.mexicodiplomatico.org/lecturas/Manual_Protocolo_Republica_de_Colombia.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-17|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores}}
= Verses =
The anthem should be played chorus-verse-chorus. Although the first verse is usually sung between choruses, any of the eleven verses may be used. This is how it is customarily performed in all public, political, and other important events both public and private.
However, it is not uncommon for only the chorus and verse to be played without repeating the chorus. This is usually the case when brevity is sought. Official 6:00 am and 6:00 pm radio broadcasts of the national anthem invariably use the shorter format. The shorter anthem is also used at international events such as the Olympic Games or World Cup.
In ceremonies of the Colombian Artillery, the last verse is used instead of the first verse.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The Colombian Cavalry traditionally uses the sixth verse, while the fourth verse is used by the Colombian Navy.
Attempted reforms
File:Santander by Acevedo Bernal.jpg]]
On 25 September 1997, a citizen filed a lawsuit of unconstitutionality against ten of the eleven stanzas of the national anthem and inexorability of the regulations that officially adopted it because, according to the plaintiff, the lyrics constitute an apology for violence and religious discrimination and encourage class struggle.{{Cite web|title=Una demanda inusual|url=http://www.elementosdejuicio.com/edianterioresrr.php?id=244&PHPSESSID=0ec1380fe8a876c49b5e66ba42bfd5be|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132831/http://www.elementosdejuicio.com/edianterioresrr.php?id=244&PHPSESSID=0ec1380fe8a876c49b5e66ba42bfd5be|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Elementos de juicio}} The constitutional court, through ruling C-469, declared Law 33 of 1920, which adopted the national anthem, enforceable.{{Cite web|title=Sentencia C-469 de 1997|url=http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1997/C-469-97.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Corte Constitucional}} Responding to the aforementioned demand, the Constitutional Court indicated in the judgment:{{Cite web|title=Sentencia C-469 de 1997|url=http://www.corteconstitucional.gov.co/relatoria/1997/C-469-97.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Corte Constitucional}}
{{blockquote|"The national anthem is a poetic-musical composition whose point is to honour historical figures and events that contributed to the emergence of the Colombian nation. Its lyrical inspiration, typical of the time of its composition, does not adopt a normative content of an abstract nature that forces its realisation by the social conglomerate. Materially, it does not create, extinguish or modify objective and general legal situations; its scope is not properly legal and, therefore, does not go beyond the philosophical, historical and patriotic meaning expressed in its stanzas. The anthem, as a national symbol, has been part of the Nation's cultural heritage for more than a century, a heritage that, moreover, enjoys the protection of the State. It does not in itself have binding force as a norm of positive law. No one is forced, then, by its stanzas, and to pretend otherwise is to fall into the absurd."}}
A 2008 bill proposed that citizens be ordered to take a firm stance with their heads held high and their right hands over their hearts when listening to the national anthem.{{Cite web|title=Tributo al Himno Nacional|url=http://www.senado.gov.co/portalsenado/attachments/647_PL_090_08_S_TRIBUTO_AL_HIMNO_NACIONAL.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108164739/http://190.26.211.100/portalsenado/attachments/647_PL_090_08_S_TRIBUTO_AL_HIMNO_NACIONAL.pdf|archive-date=2014-11-08|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Senado de la República}} The plan was inspired by the gesture that former president Álvaro Uribe usually adopts when singing the national anthem.{{Cite web|title=Senado estudia adopción de gesto de Álvaro Uribe al escuchar Himno Nacional|url=https://www.radiosantafe.com/2008/08/11/senado-estudia-adopcion-de-gesto-de-alvaro-uribe-al-escuchar-himno-nacional/|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Radio Santa Fe|date=11 August 2008 }}
Another bill that was processed in the Colombian Congress was that presented by Senator {{Interlanguage link|Carlos Emiro Barriga|lt=|es|}} of the Second Commission of the Senate of the Republic on 30 April 2009, in which he proposed a change to the last lines of the sixth stanza as follows:
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!English translation |
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| y Santander encabeza de la epopeya el fin."}} | and Santander heads the end of the epic. |
The modification, supported by the {{Lang|es|Academia de Historia de Norte de Santander|italic=no}}, intended to include in its text General Francisco de Paula Santander as the ruler who has ruled the nation's destinies for the longest time, as president and founder of public education in the country.{{Cite web|title=Propuesta Himno|url=http://academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/136/PROPUESTA_HIMNO.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710201353/http://www.academiadehistoria.org/GACETA/136/PROPUESTA_HIMNO.html|archive-date=2009-07-10|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Academia de Historia de Norte de Santander}}
In 2016, it was proposed to add a new stanza in commemoration of the Peace Dialogues that had taken place that year.{{Cite news|last=|date=2016-07-17|title=Posible nueva estrofa en el Himno Nacional genera controversia|url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/himno-nacional-de-colombia-seria-modificado-por-el-acuerdo-de-paz-con-las-farc/482360|access-date=2022-01-13|newspaper=Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=es |author1=Semana }}
Versions
File:Cumbre de Cartagena Shakira.jpg performing the Colombian anthem a cappella at the 6th Summit of the Americas in April 2012]]
The first edition of the national anthem published by Oreste Síndici included the scores for singing and piano performances.{{Cite web|title=¿Cuál es la historia del Himno Nacional?|url=http://pamplona.eovirtual.com/himno-colombia|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220020438/http://pamplona.eovirtual.com/himno-colombia|archive-date=2016-02-20|website=Pamplona Colombia}} From then on, different transcriptions and versions appeared, until the officialisation in 1946 of the scores for symphonic band and military band published by José Rozo Contreras.{{Cite web|title=José Rozo Contreras|url=http://www.cucutanuestra.com/temas/historia/personajes/jose_rozo_contreras_.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111115325/http://www.cucutanuestra.com/temas/historia/personajes/jose_rozo_contreras_.htm|archive-date=2012-01-11|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Cúcuta Nuestra}} In addition to these scores, Rozo himself published a version for a cappella mixed choir for soprano, alto, tenor and bass voices.{{Cite book|last=Rozo Contreras|first=José|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NThZAAAAMAAJ|title=Memorias de un músico de Bochalema|date=1960|publisher=Biblioteca de Autores Nortesantandereanos|pages=138–139|language=es}}
The national anthem has been performed with an accordion and a vallenato rhythm on several occasions, notably within the framework of the Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata. Some of these performances have been made by Jorge Celedón,{{Cite web|last=ElVallenato.com|date=2004-06-16|title=Jorge Celedón, interpretará el himno nacional en el partido Once Caldas – Sao Paulo #Noticia|url=https://www.elvallenato.com/noticias/88/Jorge-Celedón,-interpretará-el-himno-nacional-en-el-partido-Once-Caldas-–-Sao-Paulo-.htm|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Vallenato|language=es}} Rafael Orozco{{Cite web|title=Desarrollo Festival 1990|url=http://www.festivalvallenato.com/html/el_festival/1990/el_festival_desarrollo_1990.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201041821/http://www.festivalvallenato.com/html/el_festival/1990/el_festival_desarrollo_1990.htm|archive-date=2010-12-01|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata}} and Silvestre Dangond.{{Cite web|title=Himno nacional por Silvestre Dangond|url=http://www.elvallenato.com/videos/videos/7381/Himno%20nacional%20de%20colombia-Silvestre%20Dangond-.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173937/http://www.elvallenato.com/videos/videos/7381/Himno%20nacional%20de%20colombia-Silvestre%20Dangond-.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Vallenato}} A version of the anthem in rock rhythm by the group Ekhymosis, of which Juanes was a member, made in 1995 for the radio station Radioacktiva generated controversy in various media.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=1995-11-02|title=El himno nacional, a ritmo rock|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-444841|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Tiempo|language=es}}
The animated series {{Interlanguage link|El siguiente programa|lt=|es|}} ("The Following Programme"), in episode 4 of the second season, created the parody the "Chibchombia National Anthem", known as the "Anthem of Corruption".
The version of the national anthem on marimba was presented in June 2009 by the secretariat of culture of Valle del Cauca with indigenous rhythms of the Colombian Pacific under the musical direction of Raúl Rosero, in the celebration of the centenary of the creation of the department of Valle del Cauca.{{Cite web|date=2009-06-04|title=A ritmo de marimba Colombia tiene nueva versión del Himno Nacional|url=http://www.valledelcauca.gov.co/publicaciones/a_ritmo_de_marimba_colombia_tiene_nueva_version_del_himno_nacional_pub|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109162357/http://www.valledelcauca.gov.co/publicaciones/a_ritmo_de_marimba_colombia_tiene_nueva_version_del_himno_nacional_pub|archive-date=2014-11-09|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Gobernación del Valle del Cauca}}
In the National Concert of the Bicentennial of Colombia in July 2010, different versions of the anthem were heard in various cities of the country, in various languages and in various styles of interpretation.{{Cite web|title=Diferentes versiones del himno nacional|url=http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231430/http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|archive-date=2013-12-02|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}} The anthem was performed in a llanera harp version with the voice of {{Interlanguage link|Cholo Valderrama|lt=Orlando "El Cholo" Valderrama|es|}} and the National Symphony Orchestra in Tame,{{Cite web|title=Tame se prepara para El Gran Concierto Nacional|url=http://www.portalaraucano.com/contenido/35|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425024857/http://www.portalaraucano.com/contenido/35|archive-date=2010-04-25|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Portal Araucano}} sung a cappella by Shakira in the city of Leticia,{{Cite web|title=Shakira entonó el himno nacional|url=http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/video-shakira-entono-el-himno-nacional|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126121909/http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/video-shakira-entono-el-himno-nacional|archive-date=2010-11-26|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Espectador}} and performed in the Wayuu, Choco and San Andrés–Providencia Creole languages, among others.{{Cite web|title=Diferentes versiones del himno nacional|url=http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231430/http://gcn.mincultura.gov.co/el-festival/himno-nacional-diferentes-versiones/|archive-date=2013-12-02|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}} Shakira performed the anthem again a cappella during the inauguration of the 6th Summit of the Americas at the Cartagena de Indias Convention Center on 14 April 2012.{{Cite web|date=2012-04-27|title=Entona Shakira Himno Nacional de Colombia|url=https://www.informador.mx/Entretenimiento/Entona-Shakira-Himno-Nacional-de-Colombia-20120414-0037.html|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Informador|language=es-MX}}
Representations
= Art =
The national anthem has been referenced through different artistic manifestations. In poetry, two compositions can be mentioned in honour of the national anthem that were published in the newspaper La Pluma de Cali in June 1944, which were included by educator Evangelista Quintana in his article titled {{Lang|es|La escuela pública da a Colombia su Himno Nacional}} ("The Public School Gives Colombia Its National Anthem").{{Rp|page=|pages=308–309}}
The triumphal arch erected on the Boyacá Bridge is the only monument that contains the lyrics of the national anthem.{{Cite web|title=Plan especial de protección del bien de interés cultural del Puente de Boyacá y su zona de influencia|url=http://www.contratos.gov.co/archivospuc1/2009/DA/133001000/09-15-247472/DA_PROCESO_09-15-247472_133001000_1374925.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111119/http://www.contratos.gov.co/archivospuc1/2009/DA/133001000/09-15-247472/DA_PROCESO_09-15-247472_133001000_1374925.pdf|archive-date=2013-12-24|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}} The arch was built in 1954 by teacher Luis Alberto Acuña and contains the complete notes of the anthem in the lower part, which is in the same place the Battle of Boyacá took place.{{Cite web|title=El Arco del Triunfo|url=http://www.tunja.gov.co/?idcategoria=3124&download=Y|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327170639/http://www.tunja.gov.co/?idcategoria=3124&download=Y|archive-date=2012-03-27|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Alcaldía Mayor de Tunja}}
The façade of the Alberto Castilla Music Hall of the Tolima Conservatory, located in the historic centre of Ibagué, is decorated with a stave that contains the musical notes of the national anthem.{{Cite web|title=Sala Alberto Castilla|url=http://monumentosdeibague.es.tl/SALA-ALBERTO-CASTILLA.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132904/http://monumentosdeibague.es.tl/SALA-ALBERTO-CASTILLA.htm|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Monumentos de Ibagué}} The building was built between 1932 and 1934 by architect Elí Moreno Otero and was declared a {{Interlanguage link|Bien de Interés Cultural (Colombia)|lt=Bien de Interés Cultural|es|}} (Site of Cultural Interest) by Decree 745 of 24 April 1996.{{Cite web|title=Bienes de Interés Cultural en el ámbito nacional|url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=37666#|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716235707/http://www.mincultura.gov.co/?idcategoria=37666|archive-date=2010-07-16|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}}
An artistic composition was the reason for a stamp in honour of the national anthem issued by the National Postal Administration in 1988 to mark the centenary of the melody.
= Film =
One of the first references to the national anthem in film appeared on 1 April 1937 in the film {{Lang|es|Los primeros ensayos del cine parlante nacional}} ("The First Rehearsals of the National Talking Cinema") produced by the Acevedo brothers, where the National Band, directed by José Rozo Contreras, performs an instrumental interpretation with the symphonic arrangements that were made official in 1946.{{Cite web|title=Fragmento de la película de los hermanos Acevedo|url=https://wn.com/Himno_Nacional_De_Colombia_1937|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629083538/http://wn.com/himno_nacional_de_colombia_1937|archive-date=2012-06-29|access-date=2022-01-13|website=World News|language=en}} The premiere of some first films such as Antonia Santos (1944) was accompanied by a live performance of the national anthem.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2010-07-22|title=Patria Films|url=http://www.elespectador.com/impreso/cultura/articuloimpreso-214824-patria-films|access-date=2022-01-13|website=El Espectador|language=es}}
In 2006, a controversy{{Cite web|title=El Colombian Dream|url=http://www.canalrcn.com/comunidad/laRecetaDelDia/index.php?op=info&idC=23229&idI=1&idP=100|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Canal RCN}} {{Dead link|date=January 2022|fix-attempted=y}} arose due to the song "{{Lang|es|Aquí manda el patrón|italic=no}}" ("Here the Boss Commands") that is used in the film El colombian dream, which is based on the music of the national anthem.{{Cite web|title=El Colombian Dream|url=http://www.semana.com/wf_InfoArticulo.aspx?IdArt=97740|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132942/http://www.semana.com/cultura/colombian-dream/97740-3.aspx|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Revista Semana}}
A short film produced by Rafael Enrique Galán, which was selected by the Ministry of Culture in a competition by the Cinematographic Development Fund in October 2009, was titled ¡Oh gloria inmarcesible!,{{Cite web|title=El FDC entregará 4.290 millones al cine colombiano|url=http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=27550|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120604132920/http://www.mincultura.gov.co/index.php?idcategoria=27550|archive-date=2012-06-04|access-date=2022-01-13|website=Ministerio de Cultura}} alluding to the first verse of the national anthem. The production participated in the competition within the category of making short films.{{Cite web|title=Fondo para el Desarrollo Cinematográfico|url=http://www.reddebibliotecas.org.co/sites/Bibliotecas/cinefilos/Noticias/Paginas/Entrega%20de%20estimulos%20del%20fondo%20para%20el%20desarrollo%20cinematografico.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203034303/http://www.reddebibliotecas.org.co/sites/Bibliotecas/cinefilos/Noticias/Paginas/Entrega%20de%20estimulos%20del%20fondo%20para%20el%20desarrollo%20cinematografico.aspx|archive-date=December 3, 2020|url-status=dead|website=Red de Bibliotecas de Medellín}}
Notes
{{Notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [http://nationalanthems.me/colombia-himno-nacional-de-la-republica-de-colombia-oh-gloria-inmarcesible Colombia: Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia (¡Oh gloria inmarcesible!) - Audio of the national anthem of Colombia, with information and lyrics] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20180209020658/http://www.nationalanthems.me/colombia-himno-nacional-de-la-republica-de-colombia-oh-gloria-inmarcesible/ archive link])
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20111130033656/http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/asiescolombia/himno.html "Letra official del Himno de la República de Colombia"]
{{Symbols of Colombia}}
{{National Anthems of South America}}
{{Americas topic|National anthem of}}
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