Neo-Marxism

Neo-Marxism developed as a result of social and political problems that traditional Marxist theory was unable to sufficiently address.{{Cite web |last=Althusser |first=Louis |author-link=Louis Althusser |date=15 December 2017 |title=The Crisis of Marxism (1977) |url=https://viewpointmag.com/2017/12/15/crisis-marxism-1977/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Viewpoint Magazine |language=en-US}}

Following World War I, some neo-Marxists dissented and later formed the Frankfurt School. The Frankfurt School never identified themselves as neo-Marxists. Toward the end of the 20th century, neo-Marxism and other Marxist theories became anathema in democratic and capitalistic Western cultures, where the term attained negative connotations during the Red Scare. For this reason, social theorists of the same ideology since that time have tended to disassociate themselves from the term neo-Marxism.{{Cite book |title=Crime, Criminality & Social Revolution |last=Yates |first=Shaun |publisher=Clok |year=2014 |location=UK |pages=44}}

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• Theodor W. Adorno{{cite news |title=A little help from my neo-Marxist philosopher: was Adorno the fifth Beatle? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/shortcuts/2019/sep/10/a-little-help-from-my-neo-marxist-philosopher-adorno-fifth-beatle-according-olavo-carvalho |work=The Guardian |date=10 September 2019}}
• Louis Althusser{{Cite web |title=Althusser and the Renewal of Marxist Social Theory |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft3n39n8x3&chunk.id=d0e39&toc.id=&brand=ucpress |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=publishing.cdlib.org}}
• Samir Amin{{Cite journal |last=Folson |first=Kweku G. |date=1985 |title=Samir Amin as a Neo-Marxist |jstor=24495941 |journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=112–136}}
• Michael Apple{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Douglas |title=Michael Apple, Social Theory, Critical Transcendence, and the New Sociology: An Essay |journal=In Education |date=9 January 2013 |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.37119/ojs2011.v17i2.79|doi-access=free }}
• Étienne Balibar{{Cite web |date=19 April 2023 |title=Balibar Étienne |url=https://ifdt.bg.ac.rs/index.php/dt_team/balibar-etienne/?lang=en |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory |language=en-US}}
• Walter Benjamin{{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Samuel |title=The Headquarters of Neo-Marxism |url=https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/03/23/frankfurt-school-headquarters-neo-marxism/}}
• Tithi Bhattacharya{{Cite web |title=Tithi Bhattacharya |url=http://www.tithibhattacharya.net/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Tithi Bhattacharya |language=en-US}}
• James O'Connor{{Cite journal |last=Johnston |first=Paul |date=1985 |title=Review of Accumulation Crisis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41035351 |journal=Berkeley Journal of Sociology |volume=30 |pages=213–223 |jstor=41035351 |issn=0067-5830}}
• G. A. Cohen{{cite book |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602116.003.0003 |chapter=G. A. Cohen's Neo-Marxist Critique of Rawls |title=Republic of Equals |year=2016 |last1=Thomas |first1=Alan |pages=68–94 |isbn=978-0-19-060211-6}}
• Robert W. Cox{{cite journal |last1=Moolakkattu |first1=John S. |title=Robert W. Cox and Critical Theory of International Relations |journal=International Studies |date=October 2009 |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=439–456 |doi=10.1177/002088171004600404 |s2cid=143270526}}
• Guy Debord{{Cite book |last=Ritzer |first=George |url=https://sk.sagepub.com/reference/socialtheory/n72.xml |title=Encyclopedia of Social Theory |date=2005 |publisher=Sage Publishing |isbn=978-0-7619-2611-5 |location=Thousand Oaks, California |doi=10.4135/9781412952552 |oclc=162126827 }}{{Cite thesis |last=Wamp |first=Bailey |date=1 May 2015 |title=Spectacle, Consumer Capitalism, and the Hyperreality of the Mediated American Jury Trial: the French Perspective on O.J. Simpson, Casey Anthony, and Dominique Strauss-Kahn |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/3418 |publisher=University of Tennessee |type=Masters}}
• Costas Douzinas{{Cite journal |last=Stauffer |first=Jill |date=2001 |title=Review of The End of Human Rights |jstor=3657993 |journal=Journal of Law and Society |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=459–463}}
• Paulo Freire{{cite journal |last1=Bowers |first1=C. A. |title=The Problem of Individualism and Community in Neo-Marxist Educational Thought |journal=Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education |date=January 1984 |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=365–390 |doi=10.1177/016146818408500307 |s2cid=141113071}}{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-94-6300-166-3_2 |chapter=Just What the Hell is a Neo-Marxist Anyway? |title=Leaders in Critical Pedagogy |year=2015 |last1=Au |first1=Wayne |pages=17–35 |isbn=978-94-6300-166-3}}{{Cite web |title=Marxian Perspectives on Educational Philosophy: From Classical Marxism to Critical Pedagogy by Douglas Kellner |url=https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/marxed.htm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=pages.gseis.ucla.edu}}
• Erich Fromm{{Cite journal |last=Kaushik |first=Asha |date=1978 |title=The Neo-Marxist Framework of Erich Fromm |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854841 |journal=Indian Journal of Political Science |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=202–209 |jstor=41854841 |issn=0019-5510}}
• Norman Geras{{Cite journal |last1=Ritzer |first1=George |last2=Schubert |first2=J. Daniel |date=1991 |title=The Changing Nature of Neo-Marxist Theory: A Metatheoretical Analysis |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1389516 |journal=Sociological Perspectives |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=359–375 |doi=10.2307/1389516 |jstor=1389516 |s2cid=146959219 |issn=0731-1214|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite web |title=Literature of Revolution |url=https://www.versobooks.com/products/1185-literature-of-revolution |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Verso Books |language=en}}
• Antonio Gramsci{{Cite journal |last=Salamini |first=Leonardo |date=1975 |title=The Specificity of Marxist Sociology in Gramsci's Theory |jstor=4105536 |journal=The Sociological Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=65–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1533-8525.1975.tb02139.x}}
• Stuart Hall{{Cite web |title='Selected Writings on Marxism' by Stuart Hall reviewed by Christian Lotz |url=https://marxandphilosophy.org.uk/reviews/20099_selected-writings-on-marxism-by-stuart-hall-reviewed-by-christian-lotz/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=marxandphilosophy.org.uk |language=en-GB}}
• David Harvey{{cite journal |last1=Rankin |first1=William |title=How the visual is spatial: Contemporary spatial history, neo-Marxism, and the ghost of Braudel |journal=History and Theory |date=September 2020 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=311–342 |doi=10.1111/hith.12162 |s2cid=225219007}}
• Max Horkheimer{{Cite web |title=The Frankfurt School |url=https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/fs.htm |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=pages.gseis.ucla.edu}}
• C. L. R. James{{cite journal |last1=Cha-Jua |first1=Sundiata |title=C.L.R. James, Blackness, and the Making of a Neo-Marxist Diasporan Historiography |journal=Nature, Society & Thought |date=1998 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=53–89 |url=http://imid.uk/docs/nst111a.pdf#page=53}}
• Fredric Jameson{{Cite journal |last=Schulenberg |first=Ulf |date=2001 |title=Fredric Jameson's American Neo-Marxism and the Dialectics of Totality and Difference |jstor=41157649 |journal=Amerikastudien / American Studies |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=281–299}}{{Cite web |title=Fredric Jameson, biography by Douglas Kellner |url=https://pages.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/kellner/papers/JamesonJH.htm |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=pages.gseis.ucla.edu}}
• Bob Jessop{{Cite journal |last=Jessop |first=Bob |date=July 2001 |title=Bringing the State Back In (Yet Again): Reviews, Revisions, Rejections, and Redirections |journal=International Review of Sociology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=149–173 |doi=10.1080/713674035 |s2cid=144308378}}
• Henri Lefebvre{{Cite web |title=Lefebvre, Henri (1901–91) - Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/biographical/lefebvre-henri-1901-91/v-1 |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www.rep.routledge.com |language=en}}
• Andreas Malm{{Cite web |title=Ecology & Marxism: Andreas Malm {{!}} Historical Materialism |url=https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/reading-guides/ecology-marxism-andreas-malm |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www.historicalmaterialism.org}}
• Herbert Marcuse{{cite journal |last1=Stevenson |first1=Nick |title=Herbert Marcuse as a Critical Intellectual: The New Left and Alternative Socialist Futures |journal=Rethinking Marxism |date=2 January 2022 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=81–98 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2022.2026753 |s2cid=247475409|doi-access=free }}
• China Miéville{{cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Carl |title=Speculative fiction and international law: The Marxism of China Miéville |journal=Socialism and Democracy |date=November 2006 |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1080/08854300600950228 |s2cid=144434833}}
• Ralph Miliband{{Cite journal |last=Solo |first=Robert |date=1978 |title=The Neo-Marxist Theory of the State |jstor=4224747 |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=829–842 |doi=10.1080/00213624.1978.11503580}}
• Erik Olin Wright
• Leo Panitch{{Cite journal |last=Warskett |first=Rosemary |date=2021 |title=Tribute to Leo Panitch, Organic Intellectual (1945–2021) |jstor=27098979 |journal=Labour / Le Travail |volume=88 |pages=116–127}}
• Adam Przeworski{{Cite journal |last=Przeworski |first=Adam |date=December 1985 |title=Marxism and Rational Choice |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/003232928501400401 |journal=Politics & Society |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=379–409 |doi=10.1177/003232928501400401 |s2cid=154674006 |issn=0032-3292|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Kieve |first=Ronald A. |date=1986 |title=From Necessary Illusion to Rational Choice?: A Critique of Neo-Marxist Rational-Choice Theory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/657211 |journal=Theory and Society |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=557–582 |doi=10.1007/BF00159268 |jstor=657211 |s2cid=147610792 |issn=0304-2421|url-access=subscription }}
• Nicos Poulantzas{{cite journal |last1=Neilson |first1=David |title=In-itself for-itself: Towards second-generation neo-Marxist class theory |journal=Capital & Class |date=June 2018 |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=273–295 |doi=10.1177/0309816817723299 |s2cid=149081168}}
• Moishe Postone{{Cite web |title=Moishe Postone (1942-2018) {{!}} Historical Materialism |url=https://www.historicalmaterialism.org/blog/moishe-postone-1942-2018 |access-date=2023-05-21 |website=www.historicalmaterialism.org|date=25 April 2018 }}
• Jean-Paul Sartre{{cite book |doi=10.4135/9781412952552 |title=Encyclopedia of Social Theory |year=2005 |last1=Ritzer |first1=George |isbn=978-0-7619-2611-5}}{{page needed|date=May 2023}}
• Nick Srnicek{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=Los Angeles Review of Books |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/on-algorithmic-communism/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}
• Paul Sweezy{{Cite web |title=Monopoly capitalism and neo-Marxism |url=https://www.nationalaffairs.com/public_interest/detail/monopoly-capitalism-and-neo-marxism |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=www.nationalaffairs.com}}
• Immanuel Wallerstein{{Cite web |title=Chapter 8: Marxism And Neo-Marxism {{!}} Online Resources |url=https://study.sagepub.com/haynes3e/student-resources/weblinks/chapter-8-marxism-and-neo-marxism |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=study.sagepub.com}}
• Raymond Williams{{Cite web |title=Neo-Marxism and the British New Left |first=James D. |last=Young |date=1967 |url=https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/young/1967/neo-marxism.htm |access-date=17 May 2023 |via=Marxists Internet Archive}}{{Cite web |last=bloomsbury.com |title=Raymond Williams and Education |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/raymond-williams-and-education-9781350185395/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |website=Bloomsbury |language=en}}{{Cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Raymond |title=Notes on British Marxism since 1945 |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/i100/articles/raymond-williams-notes-on-british-marxism-since-1945 |magazine=New Left Review}}
• Ellen Meiksins Wood

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Some portions of Marxist feminism have used the neo-Marxist label.{{cite journal |last1=Zrenchik |first1=Kyle |last2=McDowell |first2=Teresa |title=Class and Classism in Family Therapy Praxis: A Feminist, Neo-Marxist Approach |journal=Journal of Feminist Family Therapy |date=April 2012 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=101–120 |doi=10.1080/08952833.2012.648118 |s2cid=145355235}}Almeida, Rhea. Cultural Context Model: A Liberation Based Healing Paradigm.{{page needed|date=May 2023}} This school of thought believes that the means of knowledge, culture, and pedagogy are part of a privileged epistemology. Neo-Marxist feminism relies heavily on critical theory and seeks to apply those theories in psychotherapy as the means of political and cultural change. Teresa McDowell and Rhea Almeida use these theories in a therapy method called "liberation based healing.".Mcdowell, Theresa. "Unsettling white stream pedagogy." 9th Annual Liberation Based Healing Conference. The Great White Project.McDowell, Theresa. "Valuing Ideas of Social Justice in MFT Curricula."

{{Marxian economics sidebar|variants}}

File:NewSymbolizationProjectJordanPetersonConventionLogistics.jpg club at Boise State University, held the first sustained, multi-disciplinary academic response to the Jordan Peterson phenomenon in late October 2018; notable Marxist economist Richard D. Wolff and radical theologian Peter Rollins gave the keynotes.]]

The terms "neo-Marxian", "post-Marxian", and "radical political economics" were first used to refer to a distinct tradition of economic theory in the 1970s and 1980s that stems from Marxian economic thought. Many of the leading figures were associated with the leftist Monthly Review School. The neo-Marxist approach to development economics is connected with dependency and world systems theories. In these cases, the 'exploitation' that classifies it as Marxist is an external one, rather than the normal 'internal' exploitation of classical Marxism.{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=John |title=Neo-Marxism and Underdevelopment — A sociological phantasy |journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia |date=January 1974 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=5–23 |doi=10.1080/00472337485390021}}

In industrial economics, the neo-Marxian approach stresses the monopolistic and oligarchical rather than the competitive nature of capitalism.Nitzan, Jonathan, and Shimshon Bichler. 2009. Capital as power: a study of order and creorder. Taylor & Francis. p. 50. This approach is associated with Michał Kalecki,Kalecki, Michał. 1971. "Class Struggle and the Distribution of National Income [Lucha de clases y distribución del ingreso]." Kyklos 24(1). Paul A. Baran, and Paul Sweezy.Baran, Paul A., and Paul Sweezy. 1966. Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press.

Such theorists as Samuel Bowles,{{cite journal |last1=Bowles |first1=Samuel |title=Post-Marxian economics: labour, learning and history |journal=Social Science Information |date=September 1985 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=507–528 |doi=10.1177/053901885024003005 |s2cid=143529772}}{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=Richard D. |last2=Cullenberg |first2=Stephen |title=Marxism and Post-Marxism |journal=Social Text |date=1986 |issue=15 |pages=126–135 |doi=10.2307/466496 |jstor=466496}} David Gordon, John Roemer, Herbert Gintis, Jon Elster, and Adam Przeworski have adopted the techniques of neoclassical economics, including game theory and mathematical modeling, to demonstrate Marxian concepts such as exploitation and class conflict.{{cite book |first=Barry Stewart |last=Clark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3bJHvA1H-2kC |title=Political economy: a comparative approach |publisher=ABC-CLIO |date=1998 |page=67|isbn=9780275958695 }}

The neo-Marxian approach integrated non-Marxist or "bourgeois" economics from the post-Keynesians like Joan Robinson and the neo-Ricardian school of Piero Sraffa. Polish economists Michał Kalecki, Rosa Luxemburg, Henryk Grossman, Adam Przeworski, and Oskar Lange were influential in this school, particularly in developing theories of underconsumption. While most official communist parties denounced neo-Marxian theories as "bourgeois economics", some neo-Marxians served as advisers to socialist or Third World developing governments. Neo-marxist theories were also influential in the study of Imperialism.

Big business can maintain selling prices at high levels while still competing to cut costs, advertise and market their products. However, competition is generally limited with a few large capital formations sharing various markets, with the exception of a few actual monopolies (such as the Bell System at the time). The economic surpluses that result cannot be absorbed through consumers spending more. The concentration of the surplus in the hands of the business elite must therefore be geared towards imperialistic and militaristic government tendencies, which is the easiest and surest way to utilise surplus productive capacity.

Exploitation focuses on low wage workers and groups at home, especially minorities. Average earners see the pressures in drive for production destroy their human relationships, leading to wider alienation and hostility. The whole system is largely irrational since though individuals may make rational decisions, the ultimate systemic goals are not. The system continues to function so long as Keynesian full employment policies are pursued, but there is the continued threat to stability from less-developed countries throwing off the restraints of neo-colonial domination.

Paul A. Baran introduced the concept of potential economic surplus to deal with novel complexities raised by the dominance of monopoly capital, in particular the theoretical prediction that monopoly capitalism would be associated with low capacity utilization, and hence potential surplus would typically be much larger than the realized surplus. With Paul Sweezy, Baran elaborated the importance of this innovation, its consistency with Marx's labor concept of value and supplementary relation to Marx's category of surplus value.{{cite magazine |author1-link=Paul A. Baran |last1=Baran |first1=Paul A. |author2-link=Paul Sweezy |last2=Sweezy |first2=Paul |date=1 July 2012 |url=http://monthlyreview.org/2012/07/01/some-theoretical-implications |title=Some Theoretical Implications |editor-link=John Bellamy Foster |editor-first=J. B. |editor-last=Foster |magazine=Monthly Review |volume=64 |number=3 }}

According to Baran's categories:

• Actual economic surplus: "the difference between what society's actual current output and its actual current consumption." Hence, it is equal to current savings or accumulation.
• Potential economic surplus: "the difference between that output that could be produced in a given natural and technical environment with the help of employable productive resources, and what might be regarded as essential consumption".

Baran also introduced the concept of planned surplus—a category that could only be operationalized in a rationally planned socialist society. This was defined as "the difference between society's 'optimum' output available in a historically given natural and technological environment under conditions of planned 'optimal' utilization of all available productive resources, and some chosen 'optimal' volume of consumption."{{cite book |last=Baran |first=Paul A. |url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy00bararich |title=The Political Economy of Growth |publisher=Monthly Review Press |year=1957 |isbn=978-0-14-021465-9 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy00bararich/page/22 22]–23, 41–42 |url-access=registration}}

Baran used the surplus concept to analyze underdeveloped economies (or what are now more optimistically called "developing economies") in his Political Economy of Growth.

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{{colend}}

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last1=Blackledge |first1=Paul |last2=Anderson |first2=Perry |author2-link=Perry Anderson |date=2004 |title=Marxism, and the New Left |publisher=Merlin Press |isbn=978-0-85036-532-0}}
• {{cite book |last1=Holz |first1=Hans Heinz |date=1972 |title=Strömungen und Tendenzen im Neomarxismus |language=de |trans-title=Currents and tendencies in neo-Marxism |location=Munich |publisher=Carl Hanser Verlag |isbn=3-446-11650-8}}
• {{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Horst |date=1986 |title=Praxis und Hoffnung. Studien zur Philosophie und Wissenschaft gesellschaftlicher Praxis von Marx bis Bloch und Lefebvre |language=de |trans-title=Practice and hope. Studies on the philosophy and science of social practice from Marx to Bloch and Lefebvre |location=Bochum |publisher=Germinal Verlag |isbn=3-88663-509-0}}
• {{cite book |last1=von Weiss |first1=Andreas |date=1970 |title=Neomarxismus. Die Problemdiskussion im Nachfolgemarximus der Jahre 1945 bis 1970 |language=de |trans-title=Neo-Marxism. The problem discussion in the successor Marxism from 1945 to 1970 |location=Freiburg/Munich |publisher=Karl-Alber-Verlag |isbn=3-495-47212-6}}

• Willis, Kate. Theories and Practices of Development (2nd ed.). Routledge.
• Woods, Alan. "[http://www.marxist.com/reformism-or-revolution-6.htm An outline of Marxist economics]." Ch. 6 in Reformism or Revolution.

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.maranat.de/sir_03_03.html Neo-Marxism: An Attempt at Reformation]
• [http://www.liberationbasedhealing.org/ Liberation Based Healing]
• [http://www.marxisteconomics.com/ Marxist Economics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825153926/http://www.marxisteconomics.com/ |date=2009-08-25 }} Courses, Links and Information
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080512083757/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/marxian.htm Marxian Economics] ([http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/marxian.htm archive] from [http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/ Schwartz center of economic policy analysis])
• [http://www.marxists.org/subject/economy/index.htm Marxian Political Economy]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080429202643/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/neomarx.htm The Neo-Marxian Schools] ([http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/schools/neomarx.htm archive] from [http://www.economicpolicyresearch.org/ Schwartz center of economic policy analysis])
• [http://eurodos.free.fr/mime A Marxian Introduction to Modern Economics]
• [http://www.valuetheory.org/ International working group on value theory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217021215/http://www.valuetheory.org/ |date=2012-12-17 }}
• [http://sites.google.com/site/theendofthemarket/ The End of the Market] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803205113/https://sites.google.com/site/theendofthemarket/ |date=2020-08-03 }} A website containing a critical evaluation the idea of the market-clearing price which affirms Marx's theory that in capitalism profitability would decline.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620161730/http://homepage.newschool.edu/~het/schools/neomarx.htm The Neo-Marxian Schools ("Radical Political Economy")]

{{Schools of economic thought}}

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