Neste Renewable Diesel

Neste Renewable Diesel is produced in a patented vegetable oil refining process. Chemically, it entails direct catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (hydrogenolysis) of plant oils, which are triglycerides, into the corresponding alkanes and propane. The glycerol chain of the triglyceride is hydrogenated to the corresponding C3 alkane, propane — there is no glycerol sidestream. This process removes oxygen from the oil; the diesel is not an oxygenate like traditional transesterified FAME biodiesel. Catalytic isomerization into branched alkanes is then done to adjust the cloud point in order to meet winter operability requirements. As it is chemically identical to ideal conventional diesel, it requires no modification or special precautions for the engine.{{Cite web|url=http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2006-06-27+28_symposium/presentations/CalHodge_handout_NESTE_OIL.PDF|title=NExBTL Renewable Synthetic Diesel|website=climatechange.ca.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418133813/http://www.climatechange.ca.gov/events/2006-06-27+28_symposium/presentations/CalHodge_handout_NESTE_OIL.PDF|archive-date=2010-04-18}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nesteoil.com/binary.asp?GUID=09FBFA64-E84C-4A7D-8D3C-4A45B726E2F0|title=Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO) as a Renewable Diesel Fuel|publisher=SAE International|type=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809083307/http://www.nesteoil.com/binary.asp?GUID=09FBFA64-E84C-4A7D-8D3C-4A45B726E2F0|archive-date=2011-08-09|accessdate=2010-05-10}}

Two refineries in Porvoo, Finland were brought on stream in 2007 and 2009, each with a capacity of 0.2 million tons per year.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1260;11736;12851 |title=Neste Oil's second renewable diesel plant commissioned at Porvoo - Neste Oil Com |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225222751/http://nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1260;11736;12851 |archive-date=2013-02-25 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,537,2397,2235 |title=Capacities of Neste Oil's refineries - Neste Oil Com |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514104457/http://nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,537,2397,2235 |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=dead }} Two larger refineries, with annual production of 0.8 million tons both, were brought on stream in Singapore and Rotterdam in 2010 and 2011, respectively.[http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1261;7440;9494 Neste Oil to build a NExBTL Renewable Diesel plant in Singapore - Neste Oil Com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130619041806/http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1261;7440;9494 |date=2013-06-19 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1261;16768;18120|title=Neste Oil starts up Europe's largest renewable diesel plant in Rotterdam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620084515/http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1261;16768;18120|archive-date=2013-06-20|url-status=dead|accessdate=2016-06-01}}

Neste has estimated that the use of NExBTL diesel cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 40 to 90 percent in comparison to fossil based diesel.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,11991,12243,15658|title=Flexible mix of raw materials|date=2015-05-09|website=nesteoil.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819195940/http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,11991,12243,15658|archive-date=2013-08-19}}

Due to the chemistry of the process, the renewable diesel is pure alkane and contains no aromatics, oxygen (although oxygen would have promoted cleaner combustion{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/00102200290021353 | volume=174 | issue=9 | title=Effects of oxygenate additives on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(pahs) and soot formation | journal=Combustion Science and Technology | pages=1–19| year=2002 | last1=Inal | first1=Fikret | last2=Senkan | first2=Selim M. | citeseerx=10.1.1.524.1105 | s2cid=56015797 }}) or sulfur.{{Dead link|date=March 2018}}

The cloud point (or gel point) can be adjusted down to −40 °C (−40 °F){{Cite web|url=http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2011/T2604.pdf|title=Optimized usage of NExBTL renewable diesel fuel|date=2011|website=vtt.fi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090428/http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/tiedotteet/2011/T2604.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-19|url-status=live}} during the manufacturing process, compared to petrodiesel's cloud point of −30 °C (−22 °F),{{Not in refs|date=March 2018}} which could improve the cloud point of diesel when blended. The cloud point is the temperature when the wax precipitates out of the fuel in the form of small wax crystals, making the fuel cloudy and more difficult to move within the fuel lines and systems of vehicles. The lower the cloud point of a particular fuel is, the more suitable it is in colder environments.{{Cite web |url=http://www.filtercouncil.org/techdata/faqs/faqdieselfuel.htm |title=Frequently Asked Questions Heavy Duty - Diesel Fuel Filtration |access-date=2007-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227132514/http://www.filtercouncil.org/techdata/faqs/faqdieselfuel.htm |archive-date=2008-02-27 |url-status=dead }}

A mix of palm oil, rapeseed oil, and waste fat from the food industry can be used. Initially, palm oil was the principal (90%) feedstock, although its share was reduced to 53% by 2013 and to less than 20% by 2017.{{Cite news|url=https://www.is.fi/taloussanomat/art-2000005395171.html|title=Nesteen Lievonen: Polttoaineiden kysyntä kasvaa, vaikka autokanta sähköistyy|date=2017-10-04|work=Ilta-Sanomat|access-date=2018-03-18|language=fi-FI|quote=Aluksi uusiutuvaa dieseliä valmistettiin 95-prosenttisesti palmuöljystä, mutta nyt sen osuus on laskenut alle 20 prosenttiin.}}

However, the EU biofuels industry has increased its use of palm oil by 365% during the years 2006–2012, from 0.4 to 1.9 million tonnes per year, and the trend is increasing.International Institute for Sustainable Development, September 2013. The EU Biofuel Policy and Palm Oil: Cutting subsidies or cutting rainforest? https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_eupalmoil.pdf{{Cite web|url=https://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_eupalmoil.pdf|title=The EU Biofuel Policy and Palm Oil: Cutting subsidies or cutting rainforest?|website=iisd.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129060540/http://www.iisd.org/gsi/sites/default/files/bf_eupalmoil.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-29|url-status=live}} Also note that categorising Palm Fatty Acid Distillate, PFAD, as waste is controversial since it can be used to make e.g. soap, candles and animal fodder. In the UK PFAD is classified as a bi-product{{Cite web|url=http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2016/Mars-2016/Fakta-om-biodrivstoff/|title=Facts on biofuels|publisher=Norwegian Environment Agency|language=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307165427/http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2016/Mars-2016/Fakta-om-biodrivstoff/|archive-date=2016-03-07|url-status=dead|access-date=2016-03-03}}ZERO & REgnskogfondet (Rainforest Foundation Norway) PFAD erroneously classified. 19. February 2016. (in Norwegian). http://blogg.zero.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Brev-Miljødirektoratet-om-PFAD-fra-ZERO-og-Regnskogfondet.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154410/http://blogg.zero.no/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Brev-Milj%C3%B8direktoratet-om-PFAD-fra-ZERO-og-Regnskogfondet.pdf |date=2016-10-08 }}{{Cite web|url=http://d5i6is0eze552.cloudfront.net/documents/Annet/Palm-Fatty-Acid-Distillate-in-biofuels.-ZERO-and-Rainforest-Foundation-N.pdf?mtime=20160302113207|title=Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) in biofuels|date=2016-02-17|publisher=ZERO and Rainforest Foundation}}). PFAD is also omitted from sustainability requirements regarding biodiversity and high carbon stock areas (HCV).Norwegian Environment Agency: Facts on biofuels. (in Norwegian) 3. March 2016. http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2016/Mars-2016/Fakta-om-biodrivstoff/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307165427/http://www.miljodirektoratet.no/no/Nyheter/Nyheter/2016/Mars-2016/Fakta-om-biodrivstoff/ |date=2016-03-07 }}{{Cite news|url=http://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/agenda-item/tuesday-may-6th/landscape-issues-marketplace-2/high-carbon-stock-hcs-approach-deforestation-practice-2/|title=The High Carbon Stock (HCS) approach: No deforestation in practice - Forests Asia|work=Forests Asia|access-date=2018-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316024201/http://www.cifor.org/forestsasia/agenda-item/tuesday-may-6th/landscape-issues-marketplace-2/high-carbon-stock-hcs-approach-deforestation-practice-2/|archive-date=2015-03-16|url-status=live|language=en-US}}

Palm oil may endanger the carbon neutrality of the fuel if forest is cleared and swamps drained to make way for palm plantations. In response to this concern, Neste has joined the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) to certify that the palm oil is produced in a carbon-neutral, environmentally responsible manner. Neste purchases most of its palm oil from IOI,{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKSGC00160620080115|title=Neste Oil S'pore plant to buy palm oil from IOI Corp|date=2008-01-15|access-date=2008-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231445/https://uk.reuters.com/article/neste-biodiesel/neste-oil-spore-plant-to-buy-palm-oil-from-ioi-corp-idUKSGC00160620080115|archive-date=2017-12-29|url-status=dead|publisher=Reuters UK}} but requires a separate production chain for the RSPO-certified palm oil, in order not to create demand for rainforest destruction.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Deforestation would release carbon to the atmosphere, and reduce the overall carbon binding capacity of the land, thus it would be counterproductive with respect to the carbon balance. In 2007, Greenpeace protested the use of palm oil, concluding the potential for deforestation remains. According to Greenpeace, increasing the production of palm oil reduces the available land area, so indirectly generates demand for rainforest destruction, even if the palm oil itself is rainforest-certified. Greenpeace noted RSPO is voluntary organization and claimed government regulation in palm oil producing countries, such as Indonesia, cannot be relied on because of political corruption. Greenpeace also claimed palm oil diesel can actually produce three to 10 times more carbon dioxide emissions than petrodiesel because of the indirect effects of clearing of swamps, forest fires and indirect generation of demand for land area.{{cite web|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/finland/fi/kampanjat/ilmasto/ei-sademetsaeae-tankkiin/kysymyksiae-ja-vastauksia-palmu|title=Kysymyksiä ja vastauksia palmuöljystä|author=Greenpeace|website=greenpeace.org|language=fi}} {{Dead link|date=March 2018}} Greenpeace demands that Neste should use domestic feedstocks such as rapeseed oil or biogas, instead. However, rapeseed is a slower-growing, cold-climate source with lesser carbon-binding potential than the oil palm, making emissions from cultivation and transport proportionally more severe.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

In 2017, the share of palm oil in the feedstock has been reduced to less than 20%, being replaced by reclaimed waste oils such as used frying oil, animal and fish fat, and camelina, jatropha, soy and rapeseed oil. Use of reclaimed waste oil reduces the greenhouse gas impact by 88–91%. Neste is continuing to look into new feedstock, including algae, jatropha{{cite web|url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,11991,12243,12139|title=New raw materials are researched|publisher=Nesteoil.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127010440/http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1,41,11991,12243,12139|archive-date=2010-11-27|accessdate=2010-05-10}} and microbial oil.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1260;13292;15693|title=Waste-based microbial oil set to become a raw material for renewable diesel|date=2010-09-21|website=nesteoil.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126193058/http://www.nesteoil.com/default.asp?path=1;41;540;1259;1260;13292;15693|archive-date=2010-11-26}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/4456/neste-banks-on-waste-based-microbial-oil|title=Neste banks on waste-based microbial oil|date=2010-09-29|website=biodieselmagazine.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171228232024/http://www.biodieselmagazine.com/articles/4456/neste-banks-on-waste-based-microbial-oil|archive-date=2017-12-28}}{{Needs update|date=March 2018}}

This diesel is blended with petrodiesel. A market is created because the European Union required 5.75% of transport fuels should be biofuels by 2010. The EU further decided on 18 December 2008, that by 2020, the share of energy from renewable sources in all forms of transportation be at least 10% of the final consumption of energy.{{Cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2008/doc/2008_01_climate_action/2008_0609_en.pdf|title=Promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources|website=europa.eu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234603/http://ec.europa.eu/energy/strategies/2008/doc/2008_01_climate_action/2008_0609_en.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-23}} Systems and regions without an electrical grid will be the long-term market for hydrotreated vegetable oils, as the EU prefers electrical use by factor 2.5. In the Helsinki area, the Helsinki Metropolitan Area Council and the Helsinki City Transport conducted a three-year experiment by running buses with 25% Neste Renewable Diesel at first, and then switching to 100% in 2008.YTV. YTV and HKL lead the way Biofuel reduces bus transportation emissions. http://www.ytv.fi/ENG/transport/travelling_news/lo_2007_10_03_biofuel.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212162406/http://ytv.fi/ENG/transport/travelling_news/lo_2007_10_03_biofuel.htm |date=2007-12-12 }} The trial, which was the largest field test of a biofuel produced from renewable raw materials worldwide, was a success: local emissions were decreased significantly, with particle emissions decreased by 30% and nitrogen oxide emissions by 10%, with excellent winter performance and no problems with catalytic converters.{{cite web|url=http://www.hsl.fi/en/abouthsl/news/2011/Pages/Page_20110210013111.aspx|title=Biofuel reduces local emissions efficiently|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130610160514/http://www.hsl.fi/en/abouthsl/news/2011/Pages/Page_20110210013111.aspx|archive-date=2013-06-10|url-status=dead|accessdate=2013-06-10}} Since then, Helsinki buses have run on Neste Renewable Diesel.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

As a result of its hydrocarbon nature, Neste Renewable Diesel operates without problems in current diesel vehicles in all climatic conditions. It does not have any of the drawbacks of the traditional ester type FAME biodiesel, such as cold operability, 'best before' date, engine and fuel system deposit formation, risk for microbial growth and water pick up, engine oil dilution and deterioration.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Neste Renewable Diesel can be blended into diesel fuel in any ratio, whereas the use of the traditional FAME biodiesel is limited to maximum 7% by the EN 590 standard in order to avoid technical problems in engines and vehicles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}}

Following a proposal by VDA, Daimler Trucks and Daimler Buses recommend the biofuel Neste Renewable Diesel as an admixture to petrodiesel.{{Cite web|url=http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-1096051-1-1099732-1-0-0-1096078-0-0-135-876574-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|title=Next Stop: Fuso Aero Star Eco Hybrid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204154733/http://www.daimler.com/dccom/0-5-1096051-1-1099732-1-0-0-1096078-0-0-135-876574-0-0-0-0-0-0-0.html|archive-date=2008-12-04|quote=Using biofuel admixtures in a higher dosage than the 7 percent currently used is now under discussion, and following a proposal by VDA, Daimler Trucks and Daimler Buses recommend the biofuel NExBTL as an admixture.}}

• Biomass to liquid (BtL)

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{{Palm oil}}

Category:Synthetic fuel technologies

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Category:Petroleum production

Category:Biofuels

Category:Palm oil