Neuquén

The name of the city comes from the Neuquén River, which in Mapuche language means "water that has strength".{{cite web |last1=Oreja |first1=Pablo Fermín |title=¿Son los neuquinos "atrevidos, arrogantes y audaces"?, Por Pablo Fermín Oreja08-01-04 |url=http://www1.rionegro.com.ar/arch200401/08/o08j03.php |website=Rio Negro |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208123148/http://www.rionegro.com.ar/arch200401/08/o08j03.php |archive-date=8 February 2005 |language=es |date=8 January 2004}} This name was already used since 1884 for the federal territory. Since 1902, it was used for the railway station of the town, which at that time was a hamlet called Confluencia. The name of the town was officially chosen in 1904, when it was declared the capital of the territory.{{cite web |title=Neuquén, nombre en uso antes de la fundación 24-08-03 |url=http://www1.rionegro.com.ar/arch200308/s24j19.html |website=Rio Negro |access-date=4 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014151255/http://www1.rionegro.com.ar/arch200308/s24j19.html |archive-date=14 October 2003 |language=es |date=24 August 2003 |url-status=live}} It is the only Argentine city that has a palindrome name, that is a word which reads the same backward as forward.{{cite news |title=Qué es un palíndromo y porqué se festeja su día este martes 22 de febrero - Tiempo Argentino |url=https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/informacion-general/que-es-un-palindromo-y-porque-se-festeja-su-dia-este-martes-22-de-febrero/ |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=Tiempo Argentino |date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222180829/https://www.tiempoar.com.ar/informacion-general/que-es-un-palindromo-y-porque-se-festeja-su-dia-este-martes-22-de-febrero/ |archive-date=22 February 2022 |language=es}}

Neuquén is both an important agricultural center, surrounded by fertile lands irrigated by the waters of the Limay and Neuquén rivers in an otherwise arid province, and a petrochemical industrial center that receives oil extracted from different points of the province. It belongs economically and geographically to the Alto Valle region that produces apples, pears, and other fruits.

With the discovery of the Vaca Muerta oil fields west of the city (the third largest shale gas and oil reserves in the world),{{citation needed|date=May 2014}} it has begun to experience a boom in real estate and construction. It is expected that over the next few years the city will experience unprecedented growth as it is the only significant city in the region. It has an airport, shopping centers, office space and institutions to become the center of the operations not only of the oil and gas companies, but also their suppliers.

National Route 22 (RN22) is the main road linking Neuquén with the rest of Argentina. Since 2021{{cite web |title=Gutiérrez firmó el traspaso de la multitrocha de la ex ruta 22 a la órbita local |url=https://www.neuqueninforma.gob.ar/gutierrez-firmo-el-traspaso-de-la-multitrocha-de-la-ex-ruta-22-a-la-orbita-local/ |website=Neuquén Informa |date=26 January 2021 |access-date=2023-01-10}} it runs in eastern-western direction north of the city center through the Parque Industrial area, mostly as a four-lane motorway, linking the city with the Atlantic coast at Bahía Blanca to the East and Temuco (Chile), San Carlos de Bariloche and Zapala to the West and South-West. The former RN22, now called Avenida General Mosconi, a wide fast-transit avenue, runs in east-western direction through the southern part of the city center and divides the city into two halves.

The Presidente Perón Airport is {{convert|8|km|abbr=off|sigfig=1}} west of the city center near the boundary to Plottier and serves regular flights to Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Salta, Mendoza, Comodoro Rivadavia and San Martín de los Andes.

The Tren del Valle commuter rail service links Neuquén with neighbouring Cipolletti and Plottier. Freight trains run to Bahía Blanca and Zapala.

Local transport consists of 30 bus lines, connecting most areas of the city, including Plottier and Las Perlas. The network is run by bus companies Ko-Ko and Empresa Tigre Iguazú.{{cite web|url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/sociedad/nuevos-colectivos-en-neuquen-como-funcionara-la-aplicacion-y-donde-se-sumaran-las-nuevas-lineas-2683741/|title=Así son los nuevos colectivos en Neuquén: cómo funcionará la app y dónde se sumarán líneas|website=Diario Río Negro|date=6 January 2023 |access-date=2023-01-10}} Additionally, several suburban lines connect the city with other cities and towns in the wider metro area, like Cipolletti, Centenario, Senillosa, General Roca and Villa Regina.

While the Río Negro and Río Limay are navigable, there are no port facilities in Neuquén and nearby cities. There was some commercial navigation in the Alto Valle area in the first half of the 20th century, but it has been abandoned since then.{{cite web|website=Diario Río Negro|url=https://www.rionegro.com.ar/navegacion-por-el-rio-negro-cuando-su-cauce-era-una-ruta-GY6076228/|title=Navegación por el río Negro, cuando su cauce era una ruta|date=30 November 2018 |access-date=2023-01-10}}

{{further|Puelmapu}}

{{more references|section|date=July 2020}}

The first inhabitants of the area were very mobile and moved according to the seasons of the year, climatic conditions, and the abundance of food and game. Around the 16th century the people living in different areas of the province began to be assimilated by the Mapuche people.Historia del Neuquén, Pangera Editora, 2001, page 27. One of the most important trails used by the Mapuches passed through the area of the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén rivers.

In the 17th century European explorers arrived in the area of the confluence.

In 1604, Hernando Arias de Saavedra decided to explore the trails to Patagonia. With the support of the ranchers of Buenos Aires, Santa Fe, and Corrientes, he departed from Buenos Aires and passed through the mountains of the Sierra de la Ventana. He reached what is now the city of Neuquén and continued on, possibly passing through what is today Auca Mahuida.

In 1782, departing from Carmen de Patagones, Basilio Villarino traveled upstream on the Río Negro. On 23 January 1783, he arrived at the confluence of the Limay and Neuquén Rivers, camping on an island.Neuquén: Historia y leyendas, InterPatagonia. He then followed the Limay to the confluence of the Collón Curá, then from there to the Chimehuin River.Naves y navegantes por Choele Choel, Rio Negro Online, H. Pérez Morando.

In 1885, the lands of what was at that time called Confluencia (i.e., "confluence," referring to the two rivers) were auctioned to a few people. Shortly after the Conquest of the Desert campaign conducted by the military over Patagonia, the Tehuelche and Pehuenche tribes that inhabited the province of Neuquén were either killed or pushed out of these lands.

Since there was no defined border with Chile, the Argentine government reached an agreement with the British-owned Buenos Aires Great Southern Railway company that was constructing a railway network, mainly in Buenos Aires Province, to build an extension to the town in exchange for lands, in order to populate it. In 1899, the railroad reached Cipolletti in Río Negro province, and three years later, after the construction of the bridge, arrived at Neuquén.

Neuquén was officially founded on 12 September 1904, and the capital of the territory was transferred from Chos Malal to the young town. The name "Neuquén" derives from the Mapudungun word nehuenken, meaning drafty, which the native people used in reference to this river.

By 1930, the town had only 5,000 inhabitants. In the 1960s, it acquired a new importance when oil deposits were found in the province by the state company YPF. The 1970s and 1980s saw massive demographic growth, accompanied by improvements such as the creation of the National University of Comahue in 1971.

In 2020, Sister Mónica Astorga Cremona, a Carmelite nun, founded Costa Limay Sustainable Complex for Transgender Women in Neuquén, the first permanent housing program in the world for transgender people.{{cite web | url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/13270/pope-sends-message-of-support-to-nun-working-with-trans-people | title=Pope sends message of support to nun working with trans people }}

Neuquén has an arid climate (Köppen BWk).{{cite journal | author=Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | url=http://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf | issn = 1027-5606| doi-access=free }} Precipitation is low, averaging {{convert|200|mm|in|0}} per year, which is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year.{{cite web |url= http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/neuquen/n-2.asp |language= es |title= Provincia de Neuquén–Clima Y Metéorologia |publisher= Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina) |access-date= 6 October 2015 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150220015016/http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/neuquen/N-2.asp |archive-date= 20 February 2015 |df= dmy-all }} The mean annual temperature is between {{convert|14|and|15|C|F}}. During December and January, the mean temperature in these months is about {{convert|23|C|F}} while in July, it reaches below {{convert|6|C|F}}. Being located far away from any major bodies of water, the thermal amplitude is high along with a large diurnal range, which indicates continental characteristics of the climate of the city.

Winds are moderately strong throughout the year, which favors evapotranspiration. Most of the wind comes from the west and the southwest, both of which occur 40–50% of the time. Summers tend to be windier than winters with average wind speeds ranging from a low of {{convert|8|km/h|abbr=on}} in July to a high of {{convert|16|km/h|abbr=on}} in December. Mean daily sunshine hours range from a high of 11 hours/day in January to a low of 3 hours/day in June.

The highest temperature recorded was {{convert|42.3|C|F}} on 21 January 1980 while the lowest temperature recorded was {{convert|-12.8|C|F}} on 13 June 1961.{{cite web |url = http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=782 |title = STATION Neuquén |publisher = Météoclimat |language = fr |access-date = 11 June 2015}}

{{Weather box|location = Neuquén, Argentina (1991–2020, extremes 1900–present)

|metric first = Yes

|single line = Yes

|Jan record high C = 42.3

|Feb record high C = 41.6

|Mar record high C = 40.5

|Apr record high C = 33.1

|May record high C = 31.0

|Jun record high C = 28.1

|Jul record high C = 25.6

|Aug record high C = 30.7

|Sep record high C = 34.0

|Oct record high C = 36.7

|Nov record high C = 40.8

|Dec record high C = 40.8

|year record high C = 42.3

|Jan high C = 32.1

|Feb high C = 30.6

|Mar high C = 27.4

|Apr high C = 21.8

|May high C = 16.6

|Jun high C = 13.3

|Jul high C = 13.1

|Aug high C = 16.1

|Sep high C = 19.3

|Oct high C = 22.9

|Nov high C = 27.1

|Dec high C = 30.3

|year high C = 22.6

|Jan mean C = 24.1

|Feb mean C = 22.4

|Mar mean C = 19.1

|Apr mean C = 13.7

|May mean C = 9.5

|Jun mean C = 6.8

|Jul mean C = 6.0

|Aug mean C = 8.3

|Sep mean C = 11.7

|Oct mean C = 15.5

|Nov mean C = 19.5

|Dec mean C = 22.6

|year mean C = 14.9

|Jan low C = 15.9

|Feb low C = 14.4

|Mar low C = 11.8

|Apr low C = 7.2

|May low C = 4.0

|Jun low C = 1.7

|Jul low C = 0.5

|Aug low C = 2.0

|Sep low C = 4.8

|Oct low C = 8.4

|Nov low C = 11.9

|Dec low C = 14.6

|year low C = 8.1

|Jan record low C = 2.3

|Feb record low C = 2.1

|Mar record low C = -5.3

|Apr record low C = -4.8

|May record low C = -10.5

|Jun record low C = -12.8

|Jul record low C = -11.8

|Aug record low C = -10.6

|Sep record low C = -7.0

|Oct record low C = -2.9

|Nov record low C = -0.9

|Dec record low C = -3.3

|year record low C = -12.8

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 13.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 12.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 14.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 21.9

|May precipitation mm = 26.4

|Jun precipitation mm = 17.6

|Jul precipitation mm = 17.9

|Aug precipitation mm = 9.6

|Sep precipitation mm = 16.5

|Oct precipitation mm = 32.9

|Nov precipitation mm = 17.7

|Dec precipitation mm = 10.3

|year precipitation mm = 211.7

|Jan humidity = 38.1

|Feb humidity = 45.4

|Mar humidity = 53.6

|Apr humidity = 63.0

|May humidity = 70.2

|Jun humidity = 70.9

|Jul humidity = 68.0

|Aug humidity = 58.8

|Sep humidity = 51.1

|Oct humidity = 46.5

|Nov humidity = 39.9

|Dec humidity = 37.2

|year humidity = 53.6

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 2.2

|Feb precipitation days = 2.7

|Mar precipitation days = 2.6

|Apr precipitation days = 4.2

|May precipitation days = 5.3

|Jun precipitation days = 5.7

|Jul precipitation days = 4.4

|Aug precipitation days = 3.0

|Sep precipitation days = 3.9

|Oct precipitation days = 4.0

|Nov precipitation days = 2.8

|Dec precipitation days = 2.2

|year precipitation days = 43.1

|Jan snow days = 0.0

|Feb snow days = 0.0

|Mar snow days = 0.0

|Apr snow days = 0.0

|May snow days = 0.1

|Jun snow days = 0.5

|Jul snow days = 0.4

|Aug snow days = 0.1

|Sep snow days = 0.1

|Oct snow days = 0.2

|Nov snow days = 0.0

|Dec snow days = 0.0

|year snow days = 1.4

|Jan sun = 322.4

|Feb sun = 299.5

|Mar sun = 263.5

|Apr sun = 207.0

|May sun = 148.8

|Jun sun = 117.0

|Jul sun = 148.8

|Aug sun = 176.7

|Sep sun = 189.0

|Oct sun = 248.0

|Nov sun = 279.0

|Dec sun = 282.1

|year sun =

|Jand sun = 10.4

|Febd sun = 10.6

|Mard sun = 8.5

|Aprd sun = 6.9

|Mayd sun = 4.8

|Jund sun = 3.9

|Juld sun = 4.8

|Augd sun = 5.7

|Sepd sun = 6.3

|Octd sun = 8.0

|Novd sun = 9.3

|Decd sun = 9.1

|yeard sun = 7.4

|Jan percentsun = 69.3

|Feb percentsun = 76.3

|Mar percentsun = 66.7

|Apr percentsun = 65.0

|May percentsun = 48.3

|Jun percentsun = 42.0

|Jul percentsun = 44.3

|Aug percentsun = 55.3

|Sep percentsun = 54.0

|Oct percentsun = 63.3

|Nov percentsun = 66.0

|Dec percentsun = 60.0

|year percentsun = 59.2

|source 1 = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional{{cite web

| url = https://ssl.smn.gob.ar/dpd/observaciones/estadisticas_normales_9120.zip

| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales - período 1991-2020

| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

| language = es

| access-date = 29 April 2023}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230708235600/http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/bitstream/handle/20.500.12160/2506/estad%C3%ADsticas_climatol%C3%B3gicas_normales_1991-2020.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y

| archive-date = 8 July 2023

| url = http://repositorio.smn.gob.ar/handle/20.500.12160/2506

| title = Estadísticas Climatológicas Normales – período 1991–2020

| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

| language = es

| access-date = 8 July 2023

| year = 2023}}{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230509192820/http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/bitstream/handle/10915/78367/Archivo_de_datos_climatol%C3%B3gicos.zip?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

| archive-date = 9 May 2023

| url = http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/78367

| title = Estadística climatológica de la República Argentina Período 1991-2000

| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

| language = es

| access-date = 20 May 2023}}{{cite web

| url = https://www.smn.gob.ar/estadisticas

| title = Clima en la Argentina: Guia Climática por Neuquén Aero

| work = Caracterización: Estadísticas de largo plazo

| publisher = Servicio Meteorológico Nacional

| language = es

| accessdate = 29 April 2023}}

|source 2 = Secretaria de Mineria (percent sun 1961–1990),

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140903170053/http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/neuquen/Tablametypluvio1.asp

| archive-date = 3 September 2014

| url = http://www.mineria.gob.ar/estudios/irn/neuquen/Tablametypluvio1.asp

| language = es

| title = Provincia de Neuquen – Clima Y Meteorologia: Datos Meteorologicos Y Pluviometicos

| publisher = Secretaria de Mineria de la Nacion (Argentina)

| access-date = 31 March 2015}} Meteo climat (record highs and lows 1900–present)

|date=August 2010

}}

There are cultural spaces housed in former railroad buildings from the early 20th century, such as the Gregorio Álvarez and the Paraje Confluencia museums and the Emilio Saraco Art Gallery. The more recently-built Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, designed by Mario Roberto Alvarez, opened in 2004. The museum showcases both national and international artists. The building consists of four halls which include both the temporary and the permanent collection, as well as an auditorium and theater.

A variety of historical monuments dating from the 20th century, such as the Fotheringham Crossing Pyramid in the Sapere neighborhood, can be found throughout the city.

File:Estadio Ruca Che de Neuquén.jpg ]]

Neuquén hosted the 2001 FIBA Americas Championship, where the city's basketball fans supported Argentina's national basketball team to win the gold medal.[https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid//sid/2499/tid/0/_/2001_FIBA_Americas_Championship_for_Men/index.html 2001 Championship of the Americas for Men], Archive.FIBA.com, Retrieved 18 March 2016. All games were played in the 8,000 seat Estadio Ruca Che. At the 1995 FIBA Americas Championship, Neuquén acted as co-host.

Since 2015 Neuquén has hosted the FIM Motocross World Championship: its race track at Villa La Angostura was voted the best of the season in the two following seasons.

Neuquén is sister city, as designated by Sister Cities International with:

• Knoxville, Tennessee, United States{{cite web|title=City Directory|url=http://www.sister-cities.org/interactive-map/Neuquen,%20Argentina|work=Sister Cities International|access-date=25 March 2014}}
• Treviso, Veneto, Italy
• Valdivia, Chile{{cite web |url=http://www.munivaldivia.cl/noticias/2003/noviembre/sem4.html#neuquen |title=Esta noche se firmará acuerdo entre Neuquén y Valdivia |access-date=22 July 2009 |date=18 November 2003 |editor=Ilustre Municipalidad de Valdivia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040319220508/http://www.munivaldivia.cl/noticias/2003/noviembre/sem4.html#neuquen |archive-date=19 March 2004 |df=dmy-all }}

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Category:Capitals of Argentine provinces

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