Nihoroa

{{Short description|Genus of waipatiid cetacean from the Late Paleogene}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range =
Chattian, {{fossil range|25.2|23}}

| image = Photo of Nihoroa Holotype Skull.jpg

| image_caption = Holotype skull (OU 22162)

| taxon = Nihoroa

| authority = Coste, Fordyce, and Loch 2023

| type_species = {{extinct}}Nihoroa reimaea

| type_species_authority = Ambre Coste, Robert Ewan Fordyce, and Carolina Loch, 2023

}}

Nihoroa ({{IPA|mi|ˌnihɔˈɾɔa}}) (meaning "long teeth") is an extinct genus of waipatiid odontocete cetacean from the glauconitic Otekaike Limestone in North Otago; New Zealand. The type species is N. reimaea, known from only the holotype which comprises various skull elements.{{cite journal |last1=Coste |first1=Ambre |last2=Fordyce |first2=Robert |last3=Loch |first3=Carolina |title=A new fossil dolphin with tusk-like teeth from New Zealand and an analysis of procumbent teeth in fossil cetaceans |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand |date=8 November 2023 |volume=Latest Articles |issue=Fossil vertebrates from southern Zealandia |pages=738–757 |doi=10.1080/03036758.2023.2267456 |doi-access=free |pmid=39440293 |pmc=11459815 }}

Discovery

The holotype of Nihoroa (OU 22126) was collected by R. E. Fordyce, A. Grebneff, C. Samson and G. Ferguson in late January 1992 from the top of a cliff overlooking the north-western bank of the Awamoko stream in Tokarahi. The specimen was retrieved from glauconitic Otekaike Limestone, with the sediment being a calcarenite, fine light yellow-white sand, bioclastic limestone. Nihoroa reimaea was retrieved from a stratigraphically higher location than Awamokoa tokarahi,{{cite journal |last1=Tanaka |first1=Yoshihiro |title=Awamokoa tokarahi, a new basal dolphin in the Platanistoidea (late Oligocene, New Zealand) |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |date=2 August 2016 |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=365–386 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1202339 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2016.1202339 |access-date=9 November 2023|url-access=subscription }} which was retrieved from the transitional lithology between the Kokoamu Greensand and Otekaike Limestone. The suggested age for Awamokoa tokarahi was 25.0–25.4 Ma. Foraminifera from the matrix of OU 22126 include specimens of the planktonic Globoquadrina dehiscens with a first appearance datum at the start of the Waitakian stage, indicating that OU 22126 is no older than 25.2 Ma,{{Cite book |last1=Raine |first1=James I. |last2=Beu |first2=Alan G. |last3=Boyes |first3=Andrew |last4=Campbell |first4=Hamish J. |last5=Cooper |first5=Roger A. |last6=Crampton |first6=James S. |last7=Crundwell |first7=Martin P. |last8=Hollis |first8=Christopher J. |last9=Morgans |first9=Hugh E. |chapter=A Revised Calibration of the New Zealand Geological Timescale: NZGT2015 |date=2015-09-16 |page=6 |title=International Conference and Exhibition, Melbourne, Australia 13-16 September 2015 |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/ice2015-2211449 |publisher=Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists |doi=10.1190/ice2015-2211449|chapter-url-access=subscription }} and likely closer to 24–23 Ma.

File:Annotated Figure of OU 22162.jpg

Etymology

The generic name, Nihoroa ({{IPA|mi|ˌnihɔˈɾɔa}}), is derived from the Maori words 'niho' and 'roa'. 'Niho' translates to tooth or tusk, and 'roa' translates to long. The specific name, reimaea ({{IPA|mi|ˌɾɛiˈmaea|}}), is derived from the Maori words 'rei' and maea'. 'Rei' translates to ivory, and 'Maea' refers to emerging in reference to incompletely emerged tusk-like first incisors.

Description

Nihoroa is known only from the holotype, OU 22126, which was described in 2023 by Coste, Fordyce, and Loch, (2023). The holotype measures at around {{convert|50|cm|inch|1|abbr=on|sp=us}} in length. It consists of a near-complete skull missing its left nasal, both lacrimojugals and pterygoids. Both tympanoperiotics and ossicles are present other than the right stapes; the right earbones are in place in the skull, the left was removed to allow further description. Six tusk-like teeth are in place in the rostrum and a further 16 teeth are loose. The right nasal is loose and detached from the skull. However no mandibles or postcrania were recovered.

Classification

In their phylogenetic analysis, Coste, Fordyce, and Loch, (2023) recovered Nihoroa amongst the waipatiids grade of basal odontocetes and most closely related to Nihohae, OU 22262 and Ediscetus. The following cladogram represents the phylogenetic results of a consensus tree which was obtained using the 50% majority rule in Tree analysis using New Technology (TNT). The original tree used several basal cetaceans as outgroups, however for simplicity only members of Odontoceti are shown below.