North American NA-64 Yale

Ordered as a follow-on to the NA-57 as a two-seat advanced trainer, the NA-64 P-2/NAA-64 P-2 represented a major structural improvement, with a longer all-metal fuselage replacing the fabric covered fuselage of the NA-57. As well as metal skin replacing the fabric on the fuselage, the fin was changed from having a corrugated skin to being a smooth stressed skin structure and was moved slightly aft, lengthening the rear fuselage while the engine was moved forward to maintain the center of gravity. The rudder was also changed from the rounded shape used previously to one with a roughly triangular shape with the broadest part being at the bottom to improve handling at high angles of attack. In one respect however, it was a step backwards from its immediate predecessor, the BT-14, with which it is often confused, in that the earlier straight wings were used with the result that in RCAF service, when compared to the later and more powerful Harvard II it was flown alongside, it had different handling characteristics and lower performance.Fletcher, 1990, p.37

File:French North American NAA-64 trainer in Morocco after WW2.jpg

The NA-64 P-2 was built for the French Armée de l'Air and Aéronavale in 1939–1940, which ordered 200 and 30 respectively. Of these, 111 had been delivered before France surrendered to the Germans after the Battle of France.Hagedorn, 1997, p.48 In France, the NA-64, like the NA-57 before it, was known as the North,Fletcher, 1990, p.36 and was designated as NAA-64 P-2 (abbreviated from North American Aviation modèle 64 perfectionnement, 2 places (North American Aviation model 64 advanced trainer, 2 seats)) but were sometimes attached to reconnaissance units. A small number escaped the Germans to be used by the Vichy French Air Force. Two examples in North Africa survived into the postwar years, having been operated alongside NA-57s, the last only being retired in 1949.

File:North American NA-64 Yale ExCC.jpg.]]

The remaining 119 undelivered aircraft were bought up by the British Purchasing Commission and transferred to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan between August and September 1940, and all were operational by NovemberFletcher, 1990, p.38 The type was named the Yale Mk.IAs there was no Yale Mk.II, the Mk.I part of the designation was rarely used. following British naming practice of naming trainers after education institutions and US-supplied aircraft after American locations, in this case, Yale University, and were used initially as intermediate pilot trainers taking pilots from the de Havilland Tiger Moth and Fleet Finch to the much faster and more complex North American Harvard, until this category was dispensed with as being unnecessary. They were then relegated for use as airborne wireless radio trainers, along with the contemporary Fleet Fort intermediate trainer in 1943.Fletcher, 1990, p.42Fletcher, 1990, p.45 Prior to service entry, the throttle and engine mixture controls were modified from the system used by the French whereby the throttle was pulled back to increase power, and the mixture control pulled back to lean out the mixture, to the system used on the Harvard. The Yale appeared in the movie Captains of the Clouds. The RCAF sold all surviving examples off as scrap in 1946 but over 30 survive today as a result of a large number of them being bought surplus by a single farmer, with about 15 currently in airworthy condition.

The NAA-64s captured from the French were used by the German Luftwaffe for all types of flight training, from basic flying to advanced fighter tactics. Dive bomber schools and target tug units and even combat squadrons all used the NAA-64, as they were designated by the Luftwaffe, from the tail markings of the French examples. At least one was used by the Zirkus Rosarius to familiarize German aircrew with the handling of American aircraft before they evaluated captured aircraft.

File:North American NA-64 Yale Canada - Air Force 3416, CNC4 Guelph Airpark, ON, Canada PP1383118077.jpg]]

;{{flag|Canada|1921}}

• Royal Canadian Air Force
• No.1 Service Flying Training School (No. 1 SFTS) BordenFletcher, 1990, p.40
• No.2 Service Flying Training School (No. 2 SFTS) Uplands
• No.6 Service Flying Training School (No. 6 SFTS) Dunnville
• No.14 Service Flying Training School (No. 14 SFTS) AylmerFletcher, 1990, p.172
• No.1 Training Command (1TC) Toronto, ONFletcher, 1990, p.170
• No.3 Training Command (3TC) MontrealFletcher, 1990, p.171
• No.4 Training Command (4TC) Regina
• No.1 Flying Instructor School (1FIS) Trenton
• No.1 Wireless School (1WS) Winnipeg, MB
• No.2 Wireless School (2WS) Calgary, AB
• No.3 Wireless School (3WS) Montreal, QCFletcher, 1990, p.43
• No.4 Wireless School (4WS), Guelph
• No.12 (Communications) Squadron
• No.118 (Fighter) Squadron

File:North American NAA-64 P-2 NX13397 first example before delivery.JPG

;{{FRA}}

• French Air Force (Armée de l'Air)
• Escadrille d'Outre Mer 82 Niger (post-WWII){{citation |url=http://www.traditions-air.fr/unit/escadrille/escadrilleoutremer.htm|title=EOM 82 Niger|work=www.traditions-air.fr |access-date=September 30, 2017 |language=fr}}
• French Navy (Marine Nationale)
• French Naval Aviation (Aéronavale)
• Section Liaison Port Lyautey 51 S squadron (Khouribga)

;{{Flag|Vichy France}}

• Vichy French Air Force (Armée de l'Air de Vichy)
• Groupe de Chasse II/9 (fighter-trainer) – Aulnat

;{{Flag|Free France}}

• Free French Air Force (Forces Aériennes Françaises Libres)s

File:North American NAA-64 in shipping crate.JPG

;{{flag|Nazi Germany}}

• Luftwaffe captured 93 aircraft and assigned 96 registrations,{{citation |url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stammkennzeichen.html |work=The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project |title=LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database |last=Peter D Evans |access-date=March 31, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140805215423/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stammkennzeichen.html |archive-date=5 August 2014}} and they published their own pilots manual for it
• Fliegerzielgeschwader Fl.Z.G. 2 target towing wing{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-d.html|title="stamm Dx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508114718/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-d.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-n.html|title="stamm Nx+xx" The LEMB Stammkennzeichen Database Project|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508115021/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-n.html|url-status=dead}}

• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 9 pilot school{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-r.html|title=stamm Rx+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508120312/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-r.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-v.html|title=stamm Vx+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508115413/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-v.html|url-status=dead}}
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 16 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 42 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 43 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 71 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 82 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 110 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 111 pilot school
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 116 Göppingen pilot school{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-c.html|title=Cx+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501125804/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-c.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-k.html|title=stamm Kx+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508114921/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-k.html|url-status=dead}}
• Flugzeugführerschule A/B 117 pilot school
• Jagdfliegerschule JFS 2 Neustadt Weinstraße/Speyerdorf advanced fighter pilot school
• Jagdfliegerschule JFS 6 advanced fighter pilot training school
• Jagdfliegervorschule JFVS 2 Lachen-Speyerdorf preliminary fighter pilot school
• Jagdgeschwader JG 103 fighter squadron
• Jagdgeschwader JG 106 fighter squadron
• Luftdienst-Kommando 7 air service command
• Luftkriegschule LKS 1 air war school{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-h.html|title=stamm Hx+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=24 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508114933/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-h.html|url-status=dead}}
• Luftkriegschule LKS 5 air war school
• Nahaufklärungsgeschwader NAG 102 short-range reconnaissance wing

• Stukaschule StS 1 Wertheim dive bomber school
• Sturzkampffliegervorschule StVS 1 Bad Aibling preliminary dive bomber school{{cite web|url=http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-p.html|title=stamm Px+xx|website=luftwaffe-experten.org|access-date=5 March 2019|archive-date=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508115130/http://www.luftwaffe-experten.org/stam-p.html|url-status=dead}}
• Stukavorschule SVS 2 preliminary dive bomber school
• Zerstörerschule ZS 1 Neubiberg heavy fighter school
• Zieldarstellungsstaffel ZD-Stf 102 target towing squadron
• Zirkus Rosarius used to familiarize aircrew with U.S. aircraft.

;{{UK}}

• Royal Navy
• 31 SFTS Kingston, ON (Canada) – eight loaned from RCAF from March to April 1941 in exchange for eight Fairey Battle trainers.Fletcher, 1990, p. 41{{cite web|url=http://legendofaces.com/na_64_3383/3383_main.htm|title=Restoration of North American NA-64 Yale 3383|website=legendofaces.com|access-date=5 March 2019}}

File:North American NA-64 Yale USAF Museum Dayton,OH MDF 4864.jpg

There are many surviving NA-64 Yales today because of Ernie Simmons, a farmer from near Tillsonburg, Ontario. Simmons bought 39 Yales in 1946,Fletcher, 1990, p.48 along with seven Fairey Swordfish and a Westland LysanderFletcher, 1990, p.49 and kept them on his farm until he died in 1970.Fletcher, 1990, p.51[http://www.spitcrazy.com/Simmons-2.htm "The Ernie Simmons Story."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906110649/http://www.spitcrazy.com/Simmons-2.htm |date=2013-09-06 }} Spitfire Emporium. Retrieved: 24 December 2011. Most were auctioned the same year, and many have been restored by museums and warbird enthusiasts. Most surviving Yales are from the Simmons collection, but there are at least six surviving Yales that came from Western Canada. Three Yales have been subsequently lost, a major hangar fire took the Musée de l'air et de l'espace's NA-64 3415/64-2224, and 3454/64-2165 & 3395/64-2159{{cite web | url=https://www.ntsb.gov/_layouts/ntsb.aviation/brief.aspx?ev_id=20020917X04036 | title=CAROL }} were destroyed as the result of flying accidents. Several Yales have been painted or partially modified as BT-14s.

Additionally, over a dozen are privately owned in Canada, the US, and Europe or are not accessible, and additional airframes may be held by some museums as a source of spares.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}

File:North American NA-64 Yale drawing.jpg

{{Aircraft specs

|ref=North American Aviation, Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement), 1940, pp.8–9

|prime units?=imp

|crew=two (instructor and student)

|length m=

|length ft=28

|length in=4

|length note=[http://www.canadianwings.com/Aircraft/aircraftDetail.php?YALE-227 Canadian Wings.com] accessdate: March 2014

|span m=

|span ft=40

|span in=1.4

|height m=2.70

|height ft=8

|height in=10.5

|height note=

|wing area sqm=22.42

|wing area sqft=241.67

|airfoil=

|empty weight kg=1,057

|empty weight lb=3,324

|empty weight note=

|gross weight kg=2,040

|gross weight lb=4,500

|gross weight note=

|max takeoff weight kg=1946

|max takeoff weight lb=4291

|max takeoff weight note=normal weight per NAA

|fuel capacity=104 gallons/394L including 16.5 US gallon/2.45L reserve tank

|more general=*Oil capacity 9.5 US gallon/36LNorth American Aviation, 1940, p.29

|eng1 number=1

|eng1 name=Wright R-975-E3 WhirlwindNorth American Aviation, 1940, p.22

|eng1 type=radial engine

|eng1 kw=

|eng1 hp=420

|prop blade number=2

|prop name=Hamilton Standard 2D30 hub & 6101A-12 blades

|prop dia m=2.74

|prop dia ft=

|prop dia in=

|prop dia note=North American Aviation, 1940, p.28

|max speed kmh=267

|max speed mph=166

|max speed note=sea level

|cruise speed kmh=235

|cruise speed mph=146

|cruise speed note=64% power

|stall speed kmh=

|stall speed mph=

|stall speed note=

|never exceed speed kmh=483

|never exceed speed mph=

|never exceed speed kts=

|never exceed speed note=North American Aviation, 1940, pp.17

|minimum control speed kmh=

|minimum control speed mph=

|minimum control speed kts=

|minimum control speed note=

|range km=1175

|range miles=730

|range note=cruising speed

|combat range km=765

|combat range miles=475

|combat range note=maximum speed

|endurance=5 hrs at cruising speed, 2 hours 48 minutes at maximum speed

|ceiling m=5350

|ceiling ft=17,500

|ceiling note=full load

|g limits=

|roll rate=

|glide ratio=

|climb rate ms=5.7

|climb rate ftmin=1120

|climb rate note=

|time to altitude=11.36 min to 10,000 ft (3320 m)

|lift to drag=

|wing loading kg/m2=86.7

|wing loading lb/sqft=17.76

|fuel consumption kg/km=

|fuel consumption lb/mi=

|power/mass=10.22lbs/hp

|more performance=

|armament=*light bombs (French and German examples only)

}}

{{aircontent|

|related=

• North American NA-16 – initial design, with fabric covered fuselage
• North American BT-14 – similar aside from outer wing panels and Pratt & Whitney R-985 engine.
• North American T-6 Texan – ultimate development of design

|similar aircraft=

• Arado Ar 96
• Curtiss-Wright CW-19R
• Fleet Fort
• Kyushu K10W1
• Vultee BT-13 Valiant

|lists=

• North American T-6 Texan variants
• List of aircraft of Canada's air forces
• List of aircraft of the French Air Force during World War II
• List of military aircraft of the German Third Reich

|see also=

• 1940 in aviation

}}

{{reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|2}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last1=Fletcher|first1=David C|last2=MacPhail|first2=Doug|title=Harvard! the North American Trainers in Canada|publisher=DCF Flying Books|location=San Josef BC/Dundee ON|year=1990|isbn=0-9693825-0-2}}
• {{cite journal|last1=Fletcher|first1=David|title=North American Yale|journal=Random Thoughts|year=1995|volume=17|issue=2|publisher=International Plastic Modellers Society of Canada|page=31}}
• {{cite book|last1=Griffin|first1=John A.|title=Canadian Military Aircraft Serials & Photographs 1920 – 1968|series=Publication No. 69-2|publisher=Queen's Printer|location=Ottawa|year=1969}}
• {{cite book|last=Hagedorn|first=Dan|title=North American NA-16/AT-6/SNJ (WarbirdTech Volume 11)|publisher=Speciality Press|location=North Branch, MN|year=1997|isbn=0-933424-76-0}}
• {{cite book|last1=Kostenuk|first1=S.|last2=Griffin|first2=J.|title=RCAF Squadron Histories and Aircraft: 1924–1968|publisher=Samuel Stevens, Hakkert & Co.|location=Toronto, ON|year=1977|isbn=978-0888665775}}
• {{cite book|last1=Milberry|first1=Larry|last2=Halliday|first2=Hugh A.|title=The Royal Canadian Air Force at War, 1939–1945|publisher=CANAV Books|location=Toronto, ON|year=1990|isbn=978-0921022046}}
• {{cite book|author=North American Aviation|title=Manuel de Pilotage de l'Avion NA-64 P-2 (Avion de Perfectionnement)|series=Rapport No 1552|publisher=North American Aviation|location=Inglewood, CA|year=1940}}
• {{cite book|last=Skaarup|first=Harold A.|title=Canadian Warbird and War Prize Survivors, Updated Edition|publisher=Writers Club Press|location=Lincoln, NE|year=2000|isbn=978-0595122165}}
• {{cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter Charles|title=North American T-6: SNJ, Harvard and Wirraway|publisher=Crowood Press|location=Wiltshire, UK|year=2000|isbn=1-86126-382-1}}

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [http://www.goodall.com.au/warbirds-directory-v6/north-american-texan-yale.pdf Warbirds Directory – North American T-6 and Yale]
• [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0034578/?ref_=tttr_tr_tt IMdB – Captains of the Clouds]

{{Texan family}}

{{North American Aviation aircraft}}

NA-64

Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft

Category:Low-wing aircraft

Category:1940s United States military trainer aircraft

Category:Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear

Category:Single-engined piston aircraft