Novorossiysk

In antiquity, the shores of the Tsemes Bay were the site of Bata ({{langx|grc|Βατά}}), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the grain trade. It is mentioned in the works of Strabo11.2.14 http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:11.2.14 and Ptolemy, among others.

Following brief periods of Roman and Khazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of the Byzantine θέμα Χερσῶνος Thema Khersonos (Province of Cherson).

During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by the Cumans. Later that century, the Byzantine emperor Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) was approached by Anglo-Saxon refugees, who had left England following the Norman Conquest. Alexios offered land to these refugees in Thema Khersonos if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that a Byzantine-English colony was subsequently founded. For example, medieval nautical charts mention place names on the Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known as Susaco (or Susacho) – a name that may have been derived from Sussex.{{cite web|url=https://www.caitlingreen.org/2015/05/|title=The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast|first=Caitlin|last=Green|date=May 19, 2015|access-date=February 25, 2018}} (The same maps also show, north-west of Susaco, a river Londina, which may derive its name from London.)

In the 15th century, Genoese merchants from the Ghisolfi family maintained a trade outpost in the area. A 2007 archaeological investigation of related sites discovered some interesting items.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nvis.ru/adm/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=10|title=Официальный сайт администрации города-героя Новороссийска – Content|date=May 25, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525003445/http://www.nvis.ru/adm/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=10|archive-date=May 25, 2007}}

From 1722, the bay was controlled by an Ottoman fortress (kale) named Sucuk (also formerly transliterated as Sudzhuk and Sudschuk and sometimes known in Turkish as Soğucak). This name may be derived from Susaco (see above) and, as late as 1769, the area was sometimes named in European maps as Suzako.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War. After this, admirals Mikhail Lazarev and Nikolay Raevsky founded an eastern base for the Black Sea Fleet on the shore in 1838. Named after the province of Novorossiya,{{Citation needed|date=June 2018|reason=Dnipro, Ukraine, was named Novorossiysk and was capital of the second Novorossiya governorate. This city was founded 36 years after the governorate was abolished, and is not in its former territory.}} the port formed a vital link in the chain of forts known as the Black Sea Coastal Line, which stretched south to Sochi.

During the rest of the 19th century, Novorossiysk developed rapidly. It was granted city status in 1866 and became the capital of the Novorossiysk Okrug and Black Sea Governorate, the smallest in the Russian Empire, in 1896. In December 1905, the city was the seat of the short-lived Novorossiysk Republic. From August 26, 1918, until March 27, 1920, the city was used as the principal center of Denikin's White Army during the Russian Civil War. Denikin's South Russian Government was moved to Crimea and many Whites escaped from Novorossiysk to Constantinople during the Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920), with the help of Allied warships.{{Cite web |title=Story: The evacuation of Novorossiysk {{!}} Lives of the First World War |url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/story/108530 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk}}

During World War II, most of the city was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on September 10, 1942.Robert Forczyk, The Caucasus 1942–43: Kleist’s race for oil A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the city, known as Malaya Zemlya, for 225 days beginning on February 4, 1943, and the town was liberated by the Red Army on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the title Hero City in 1973.

In 1960, the town was commemorated in Dmitri Shostakovich's work Novorossiysk Chimes, the Flame of Eternal Glory (Opus 111b).

In 2003, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia has allocated 12.3 billion rubles (about $480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, will continue beyond 2012.{{cite web |url=http://rusnavy.com/news/navy/index.php?ELEMENT_ID=16492 |title = Novorossiysk Naval Base Construction: First Phase to Finish Late in 2013}} Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk base in 2020.{{cite journal|first1=Şafak|last1=Oğuz|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355595|title=Russian Hybrid Warfare and Its Implications in The Black Sea|journal=Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi|date=May 1, 2017|volume=1|issue=1|page=11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200711010100/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355595|archive-date=July 11, 2020|url-status=live|access-date=July 21, 2021}}

The Russian lease on port facilities in Sevastopol, which, though the main base of Russia's Black Sea Fleet, was part of Ukraine, was set to expire in 2017.

{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/09/opinion/edstrauss.php|title=And when the lease on Sevastopol expires?|publisher=International Herald Tribune|author=Michael J. Strauss|date=January 9, 2009|access-date=2009-01-09}} Ukraine was reported to be planning not to renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signed an agreement to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires.[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHrn0B5-or0C&pg=PA82 The Great Power (mis)Management] by Alexander Astrov, Ashgate Publishing, 2011, {{ISBN|1409424677}} (page 82) However, in 2014, Crimea was occupied by the Russian Armed Forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis and as such the question of renewing the lease has not arisen since its annexation by the Russian Federation.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the City of Novorossiysk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts.Reference Information #34.01-707/13-03 As a municipal division, the City of Novorossiysk is incorporated as Novorossiysk Urban Okrug.Law #686-KZ

The coat of arms of Novorossiysk was officially approved by Emperor Nicholas II on October 15, 1914. The description of the coat of arms was as follows: in a golden field above a black wavy tip, a black double-headed eagle under a crown, in the paws of an eagle a scepter and a power, on the chest a scarlet shield in which a golden Orthodox cross above a silver inverted crescent.{{Cite web |title=Герб Новороссийска |url=https://www.heraldicum.ru/russia/subjects/towns/novoross.htm |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=heraldicum.ru}} In 1994, the Soviet coat of arms was changed to a new one. In 2006, the coat of arms of 1914 was re-adopted with minor changes (a crown was added). The description of the modern coat of arms sounds like this in official sources: In a gold shield with a black wavy tip is a black double-headed eagle crowned with an Imperial crown, with a scepter and a power in its paws, on the wings of which is a shield, in the scarlet field of which is a golden Orthodox eight-pointed cross mounted on a silver inverted crescent. The shield is crowned with a golden five-pronged tower crown.{{Cite web |title=Администрация и Дума города Новороссийска |url=https://www.admnvrsk.ru/index.php/2009-11-08-08-49-48 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=admnvrsk.ru}}

{{Gallery

|width=80 |height=80

|align=center

|title=Coats Novorossiysk

|File:Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk (1914).png

|Coat of Arms (1914)

|File:Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk (Krasnodar krai) (1968).png

|Coat of Arms (1968)

|File:Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk (Krasnodar krai) (1974).png

|Coat of Arms (1974)

|Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk (Krasnodar kray).png

|Coat of Arms (1994)

|Coat of Arms of Novorossiysk.svg

|Coat of Arms (2006)}}

File:Karte des Kaukasischen Isthmus - Entworfen und gezeichnet von J-Grassl - 1856.jpg

The city is located on the Black Sea. It is not a resort town, but Anapa to the north and Gelendzhik to the south are. There are several urban settlements under the jurisdiction of Novorossiysk. The most famous is Abrau-Dyurso, which consists of a townlet on the shore of Lake Abrau and a village on the coast of the Black Sea, connected by a winding mountain road.

The area of Novorossiysk is one of Russia's main wine-growing regions. The wineries of Abrau-Dyurso, established by Tsar Alexander III in 1870, produce table and sparkling wines for domestic consumption.

Novorossiysk has a borderline humid subtropical (Cfa) and Mediterranean climate (Csa) in the Köppen climate classification. Since the driest month has {{Convert|36|mm|in|abbr=in}} and may or may not happen consistently in the summer, the city cannot be classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location=Novorossiysk (1936-1987)

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

|Jan record high C = 22.8

|Feb record high C = 21.0

|Mar record high C = 25.0

|Apr record high C = 28.0

|May record high C = 31.8

|Jun record high C = 38.0

|Jul record high C = 39.0

|Aug record high C = 36.1

|Sep record high C = 34.0

|Oct record high C = 30.0

|Nov record high C = 28.0

|Dec record high C = 25.0

|year record high C = 39.0

|Jan high C = 6.1

|Feb high C = 6.5

|Mar high C = 9.7

|Apr high C = 15.0

|May high C = 19.6

|Jun high C = 24.1

|Jul high C = 27.6

|Aug high C = 27.7

|Sep high C = 23.1

|Oct high C = 17.2

|Nov high C = 12.7

|Dec high C = 8.8

|year high C = 16.5

|Jan mean C = 2.9

|Feb mean C = 3.6

|Mar mean C = 6.3

|Apr mean C = 11.5

|May mean C = 16.2

|Jun mean C = 20.5

|Jul mean C = 23.8

|Aug mean C = 23.5

|Sep mean C = 18.9

|Oct mean C = 13.4

|Nov mean C = 9.4

|Dec mean C = 5.9

|year mean C = 13.0

|Jan low C = -0.2

|Feb low C = 0.5

|Mar low C = 3.1

|Apr low C = 8.2

|May low C = 12.9

|Jun low C = 16.9

|Jul low C = 20.0

|Aug low C = 19.7

|Sep low C = 15.1

|Oct low C = 9.8

|Nov low C = 6.2

|Dec low C = 2.8

|year low C = 9.5

|Jan record low C = -18.0

|Feb record low C = -17.0

|Mar record low C = -12.2

|Apr record low C = -5.0

|May record low C = -1.1

|Jun record low C = 2.0

|Jul record low C = 8.0

|Aug record low C = 10.0

|Sep record low C = 4.7

|Oct record low C = -2.0

|Nov record low C = -6.1

|Dec record low C = -13.0

|year record low C = -18.0

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 125.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 76.6

|Mar precipitation mm = 104.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 58.6

|May precipitation mm = 41.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 49.9

|Jul precipitation mm = 38.5

|Aug precipitation mm = 50.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 35.9

|Oct precipitation mm = 61.0

|Nov precipitation mm = 61.4

|Dec precipitation mm = 156.2

|year precipitation mm = 860.2

|Jan precipitation days = 8.6

|Feb precipitation days = 6.9

|Mar precipitation days = 6.8

|Apr precipitation days = 6.3

|May precipitation days = 5.3

|Jun precipitation days = 5.0

|Jul precipitation days = 3.6

|Aug precipitation days = 3.2

|Sep precipitation days = 3.6

|Oct precipitation days = 5.0

|Nov precipitation days = 6.1

|Dec precipitation days = 9.4

|year precipitation days = 69.8

|source 1 = climatebase.ru{{cite web

| url = http://climatebase.ru/station/37000/?lang=en

| title = Novorossijsk Climate Data

| publisher = Climatebase

| access-date = November 6, 2017

}}

|date = June 2012

}}{{Historical populations|1897|16897|1926|67941|1939|95240|1959|93461|1970|132744|1979|159135|1989|185938|2002|232079|2010|241952|2021|262293|footnote=Source: Census data}}

The city sprawls along the shore of the non-freezing Tsemess Bay, which has been recognized since antiquity as one of the superior bays of the Black Sea. The Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port–with the market capitalization of $1,110,000,000 and shares listed at Moscow Exchange and London Stock Exchange–serves Russian sea trade with regions of Asia, Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and South America. It is the busiest oil port in the Black Sea and the terminus of the pipeline from the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan, developed by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium.{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/e3sconf/202016407007|title=Transport and logistics infrastructure of the Krasnodar Krai: Problems and solutions |year=2020 |last1=Davydovich |first1=Anna |last2=Karamova |first2=Aida |last3=Fesenko |first3=Olesya |last4=Anisimova |first4=Nina |journal=E3S Web of Conferences |volume=164 |page=07007 |bibcode=2020E3SWC.16407007D |s2cid=218950016 |doi-access=free }}

Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent on steel, food processing, and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensive limestone quarries supply important cement factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy{{Cite web|url=https://www.aumsu.ru/|title=Главная|website=aumsu.ru|access-date=February 23, 2022|archive-date=February 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220223155042/https://www.aumsu.ru/|url-status=dead}} and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute.{{cite web |url=http://www.nbkstu.org.ru/ |title=Home |website=nbkstu.org.ru |access-date=May 17, 2006 |archive-date=March 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309205810/http://www.nbkstu.org.ru/ |url-status=dead }}

Novorossiysk is the biggest Russian seaport. In 2019 cargo turnover amounted to 142,5m tons[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4232595/ Грузооборот Новороссийского торгового порта в 2019 году вырос на 7,8%] In 2021 cargo turnover amounted to 105,2m tons[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/5154846?/ Грузооборот Новороссийского морского торгового порта за год вырос на 3,8%]

{{Wide image|Novorossiysk port.JPG|600px|A panoramic view of the port}}

Novorossiysk is connected by rail and highways to the main industrial and population centres of Russia, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia. It is served by the Novorossiysk railway station.

The closest airports (Gelendzhik Airport, Anapa Airport and Krasnodar Airport, situated {{convert|33|km}}, {{convert|53|km}} and {{convert|172|km}} away from the city, respectively, offer flights to many cities in Russia.

The city association football team, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk, plays in the Russian second Division.

• Novorossiysk TV Tower
• Shopping Mall "Krasnaya Ploshchad"
• "Lenin's" Amusement Park
• Malaya Zemlya Memorial{{Cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.com/sights/24594/Memorial-Malaya-Zemlya.htm|title=Memorial "Malaya Zemlya" – Novorossiysk – TracesOfWar.com|website=tracesofwar.com}}

• Georges Gurvitch (1894 – 1965), Russian-French sociologist and philosopher
• Seitumer Emin (1921 – 2004), Crimean Tatar writer and civil rights activist
• Artur Minosyan (born 1989), Russian former professional football player of Armenian descent
• Ida Nudel (1931 – 2021), refusenik and Israeli activist
• Eugene Kaspersky (born 1956), founder of Kaspersky Labs
• Eduard Sarkisov (born 1971), football coach and a former player
• Alexander Semizyan (born 1985), former Russian-born Armenian football striker
• Emir-Usein Kuku (born 1976), Crimean Tatar human rights defender
• {{Ill|Viktor Petrovich Skarzhinsky|ru|Скаржинский, Виктор Петрович}} (1787 – 1861) – chamberlain, Novorossiysk landowner and forester, Kherson provincial leader of the nobility.

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Novorossiysk is twinned with:{{cite web|url=http://www.admnvrsk.ru/aboutcity/foreginlinks/index.php|script-title=ru:Международные Связи – Администрация муниципального образования город-герой Новороссийск|language=ru|access-date=December 21, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223053822/http://www.admnvrsk.ru/aboutcity/foreginlinks/index.php|archive-date=December 23, 2011}}

{{Gallery | height = 270 | width = 270

|Admiralty Chart No 162 Novorossisk Bay, Published 1902, New Edition 1919 (cropped).jpg|Novorossiysk in 1919, from an Admiralty chart

|Nov Pan.jpg|A panoramic view of the Tsemess Bay

|Nov Port.jpg|The port of Novorossiysk

|Novo-2010-08-27-043.jpg|Overview of Novorossiysk, August 2010

}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|kda|adm|list}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|kda|mun|list|novorossiysk}}

{{Commons category|Novorossiysk}}

• [https://admnvrsk.ru/ Official website of Novorossiysk] {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060205201847/http://ncsp.nross.ru/english/index.htm Novorossiysk commercial sea port]
• [http://www.novoport.ru/ Informational portal of city] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://www.nvrsk.ru/ Our Novorossiysk] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://gorod-novorossiysk.ru/ Site of Novorossiysk City. Map of Novorossiysk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731071142/http://gorod-novorossiysk.ru/ |date=July 31, 2017 }} {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://novorossiysk1.narod.ru/ Photos of Novorossiysk] {{in lang|ru}}
• [http://mvd-nvr.ru/ Novorossiysk Police Department] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430203454/http://mvd-nvr.ru/ |date=April 30, 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050426102245/http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/L-37-112.jpg Soviet topographic map 1:100,000]

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Category:Cities and towns in Krasnodar Krai

Category:Territories of the Republic of Genoa

Category:Kuban oblast

Category:Black Sea Governorate

Category:Populated coastal places in Russia

Category:Port cities and towns in Russia

Category:Populated places established in 1838

Category:Port cities of the Black Sea

Category:Russian and Soviet Navy bases

Category:1838 establishments in the Russian Empire

Category:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)

Category:Greek colonies on the Black Sea coast