Oncom

{{Infobox food

| name = Oncom

| image = Oncom.jpg

| image_size = 250px

| caption = A block of red oncom

| alternate_name =

| country = Indonesia

| region = West Java

| national_cuisine = Indonesia

| creator =

| course = Main course

| served =

| main_ingredient =

| variations =

| calories =

| other =

}}

Oncom (IPA: {{IPA|ɔnˈtʃɔm}}) is a fermented food which is one of the traditional staples of the Sundanese cuisine of Indonesia. There are two kinds of oncom: red oncom and black oncom. The food is closely related to tempeh; both are fermented using mold.{{cite journal | last1 = Sastraatmadja | first1 = D. D. |display-authors=etal | year = 2002 | title = Production of High-Quality Oncom, a Traditional Indonesian Fermented Food, by the Inoculation with Selected Mold Strains in the Form of Pure Culture and Solid Inoculum | journal = Journal of the Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University | volume = 70 | pages = 111–127 | hdl = 2115/13163 |citeseerx=10.1.1.866.6352 }}

Usually, oncom is made from the by-products from the production of other foods: soy pulp remains from making tofu, peanut press cake remains after the oil has been pressed out, cassava tailings when extracting the starch (aci sampeu), coconut press cake remaining after the oil has been pressed out or when coconut milk has been produced. Since oncom production uses by-products to make food, it increases the economic efficiency of food production.

Black oncom is made by using Rhizopus oligosporus while red oncom is made by using Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis.{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S0740-0020(86)80035-1 | volume=3 | issue=2 | title=Identity and characteristics of Neurospora intermedia responsible for oncom fermentation in Indonesia | year=1986 | journal=Food Microbiology | pages=115–132 | last1 = Ho | first1 = C.C.}} It is the only traditional human food produced from Neurospora.

Red oncom has been found to reduce the cholesterol levels of rats.{{cite web|url=http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail&origin=ibids_references&therow=421912|title=Plasma cholesterol reduction by defatted soy ontjom (fermented with Neurospora intermedia) in rats fed a cholesterol-free diet.|website=usda.gov|access-date=25 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719234737/http://grande.nal.usda.gov/ibids/index.php?mode2=detail|archive-date=19 July 2009|url-status=dead}}

Toxicity

In the production of oncom, sanitation and hygiene are important to avoid contaminating the culture with bacteria or other fungi like Aspergillus flavus (which produces aflatoxin). Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis and Rhizopus oligosporus reduce the aflatoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus.{{cite journal |last1=Nout |first1=M.J.R. |title=Effect of Rhizopus and Neurospora spp. on growth of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 in groundnut |journal=Mycological Research |date=December 1989 |volume=93 |issue=4 |pages=518–523 |doi=10.1016/S0953-7562(89)80046-2 |url=https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/10309 |url-access=subscription }} However, aflatoxin-producing molds (Aspergillus spp.) are often naturally present on peanut press cake. Furthermore, coconut press cake can harbor the very dangerous Burkholderia gladioli, which produces two highly toxic compounds – bongkrek acid and toxoflavin. William Shurtleff and Akiko Aoyagi address toxicity in their [https://books.google.com/books?id=hdKzFlaqWT8C&dq=shurtleff+oncom&pg=P205 book section on oncom].

While it is known that soybeans are the best substrate for growing R. oligosporus to produce tempeh, oncom has not been as thoroughly studied; the best fermentation substrates for producing oncom are not yet known.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021|reason=Who did the research to determine that soy is best for R. oligosporus?}}

Cooking methods

Oncom can be prepared and cooked in various ways. It can be simply deep fried as gorengan fritters, seasoned and cooked in a banana leaf pouch as pepes, or roasted, seasoned, and mixed with steamed rice as nasi tutug oncom.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/08/18/seven-traditional-indonesian-rice-dishes-you-should-try.html|title=Seven traditional Indonesian rice dishes you should try|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2020-04-07}} Oncom is also a selected filling for comro, lontong and arem-arem rice dumplings. Comro in particular is a popular Sundanese snack, the name was an abbreviation of oncom di jero which means "oncom inside".{{Cite web|url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanfood/serupa-namun-tak-sama-ini-perbedaan-combro-dan-misro-1533582530265420139|title=Serupa Namun Tak Sama, Ini Perbedaan Combro dan Misro|website=Kumparan|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-04-07}}

Gallery

File:Oncom tekstur.jpg|Closer view of red oncom mold

Image:Pepes Oncom.jpg|Oncom cooked as pepes dish.

Image:Makanan Khas Sunda.jpg|Nasi tutug oncom, roasted oncom mashed with steamed rice, served with side dishes.

Oncom

Toxicity

Cooking methods

Gallery

See also

References

Further reading