Open-mid front unrounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA

|ipa symbol=ɛ

|ipa number=303

|decimal=603

|x-sampa=E

|kirshenbaum=E

|imagefile=IPA Unicode 0x025B.svg

|imagesize=150px

|braille=ar

}}

File:Spectrogram of open-mid front unrounded vowel (IPA ɛ).png

File:IPA Ɛ Sagittal Section.svg of a vocal tract pronouncing the IPA sound {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}. Note that a wavy glottis in this diagram indicates a voiced sound.]]

The open-mid front unrounded vowel, or low-mid front unrounded vowel,{{Vowel terminology}} is a type of vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the Latin epsilon, a Latinized variant of the Greek lowercase epsilon, {{angbr IPA|ɛ}}.

Features

Occurrence

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Akan (Twi) \|ɛyɛ \|{{IPA\|[ɛjɛ]}} \|'it is good/fine' \|See Akan phonology
Arabic \| \| \| \| \|See Imāla
Armenian	Eastern{{sfnp\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=13}}	{{lang\|hy\|էջ}}/ēj	{{IPA\|[ɛd͡ʒ]}}	'page'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Traunmüller\|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=290}}	colspan="3" align="center" \| {{example needed\|date=October 2014}}	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|æ}}.
colspan="2" \| Bengali{{sfnp\|Khan\|2010\|p=222}}	{{lang\|bn\|কে}}/ke	{{IPA\|[kɛ]}}	'who'	See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| BretonMikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010	gwenn	[ˈɡwɛnː]	'white'
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}}	{{lang\|bg\|пет}}/pet	{{IPA\|[pɛt̪]}}	'five'	See Bulgarian phonology
colspan=2\| Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=54}}	{{lang\|ca\|set}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsɛt]}}	'seven'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese \|Mandarin{{sfnp\|Lin\|2007\|p=65}} \|{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|天}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|tiān}} \|{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-tiān.ogg\|[tʰi̯ɛn˥]\|help=no}} \|'sky' \|Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan="2" \|Chuvash \|ҫепĕç \|['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ] \|'gentle, tender' \|
colspan="2" \| Czech{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}}{{sfnp\|Šimáčková\|Podlipský\|Chládková\|2012\|p=228}}	{{lang\|cs\|led}}	{{IPA\|[lɛt]}}	'ice'	In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front {{IPA\|[ɛ]}}, open-mid near-front {{IPA\|[ɛ̠]}} and mid near-front {{IPAblink\|ɛ̝\|ɛ̝̈}}.{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}} See Czech phonology
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|1998\|p=100}}{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=45}}	{{lang\|da\|frisk}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfʁɛsk]}}	'fresh'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|æ}}. See Danish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}}	{{lang\|nl\|bed}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Nl-bed.ogg\|[bɛt]}}	'bed'	See Dutch phonology
The Hague{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=136}}	{{lang\|nl\|jij}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Gents-jij.ogg\|[jɛ̞ː]}}	'you'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[ɛi]}} in standard Dutch.
rowspan="12" \| English	General American{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009a}}	rowspan="5" \| bed	rowspan="5" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-bed.ogg\|[bɛd]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'bed'
Northern England{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=163}}	May be somewhat lowered.{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=163}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Schmitt\|2007\|pp=322–323}}{{Cite web\|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/\|access-date=2013-05-26\|title=Received Pronunciation\|publisher=British Library}}	Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel {{IPAblink\|e̞}}. See English phonology
Younger General Australian speakers \|Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}
Cockney{{sfnp\|Hughes\|Trudgill\|1979\|p=35}}	rowspan="5" \| fat	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[fɛt]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'fat'
Singaporean{{sfnp\|Bet Hashim\|Brown\|2000}}
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009b}}	See New Zealand English phonology
Broad Australian \|Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as {{IPAblink\|æ}} or {{IPAblink\|a}}. See Australian English phonology
Some Broad South African speakers{{sfnp\|Lanham\|1967\|p=9}}	Other speakers realize this vowel as {{IPAblink\|æ}} or {{IPAblink\|a}}. See South African English phonology
Belfast{{cite web\|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf\|access-date=2013-05-26\|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland}}	days	{{IPA\|[dɛːz]}}	'days'	Pronounced {{IPA\|[iə]}} in closed syllables; corresponds to {{IPA\|[eɪ]}} in RP.
Zulu{{cite web \|url=http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html \|title=Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English \|access-date=2008-05-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054614/http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html \|archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}	mate	{{IPA\|[mɛt]}}	'mate'	Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
colspan="2" \| Faroese{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=68, 75}}	{{lang\|fo\|frekt}}	{{IPA\|[fɹɛʰkt]}}	'greedy'	See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \| French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|p=225}}	{{lang\|fr\|bête}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-bête.ogg\|[bɛt̪]}}	'beast'	See French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician	{{lang\|gl\|ferro}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfɛro̝]}}	'iron'	See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|pp=261–262}}	{{lang\|ka\|გედი}}/gedi	{{IPA\|[ɡɛdi]}}	'swan'
rowspan="5" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Hall\|2003\|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=34}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Bett.ogg\|[b̥ɛt]}}	'bed'	Also described as mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ̝}}.{{sfnp\|Kohler\|1999\|p=87}} See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|de\|oder}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈoːdɛ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'or'	rowspan="2" \| Used instead of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}} See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}
Swabian accent{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|fett}}	{{IPA\|[fɛt]}}	'fat'	Contrasts with the close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=65}}	{{lang\|de\|See}}	{{IPA\|[z̥ɛː]}}	'lake'	Close-mid {{IPAblink\|eː}} in other accents; contrasts with the near-open {{IPAblink\|æː}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=34, 65}} See Standard German phonology
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani	Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|रहना}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈɾɛɦna]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to stay'	rowspan="2" \| See Hindustani phonology
Urdu	{{lang\|ur\|رہنا\|rtl=yes}}
colspan="2" \|Hungarian \|lesz \|[ˈlɛsː] \|'will be' \|Allophone of [æ].
colspan="2"\| Italian{{sfnp\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=119}}	{{lang\|it\|bene}}	{{Audio-IPA\|It-bene.ogg\|[ˈbɛːne]}}	'good'	See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	mbre	{{IPA\|[ˈᵐbɾɛ]}}	'with'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|매미}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|maemi}}	{{IPA\|[mɛːmi]}}	'cicada'	Merged with /e/ for many speakers. See Korean phonology
rowspan="3" \|Kurdish \|Kurmanji (Northern) \|{{lang\|ku\|hevde}} \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdɛ]}} \| rowspan="3" \|'seventeen' \| rowspan="3" \|See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ku\|هه‌ڤده}}/hevde \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdæ]}}
Pehlewî (Southern) \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdæ]}}
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2007\|p=221}}	{{lang\|li\|crème}}	{{IPA\|[kʀ̝ɛːm]}}	'cream'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	{{lang\|lt\|mesti}}	{{IPA\|[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]}}	'throw'	See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}	{{lang\|dsb\|serp}}	{{IPA\|[s̪ɛrp]}}	'sickle'
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Stär}}	{{IPA\|[ʃtɛːɐ̯]}}	'star'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/eː/}} before {{IPA\|/ʀ/}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian{{Harvcoltxt\|Friedman\|2001\|p=10}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Lunt\|1952\|pp=10–11}}	Standard	{{lang\|mk\|мед}}/med	{{IPA\|[ˈmɛd̪]}}	'honey'	See Macedonian language § Vowels
rowspan="5" \|Malay \|Standard \|paling \|{{IPA\|[pälɛŋ]}} \|'to play' \|Possible realisation of {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/e/}} in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
Negeri Sembilan \|cepat \|{{IPA\|[cɔpɛɁ]}} \|'quick' \|See Negeri Sembilan Malay
Kelatan-Pattani \|ayam \|{{IPA\|[äjɛː]}} \|'chicken' \|See Kelatan-Pattani
Terengganu \|biasa \|{{IPA\|[bɛsə]}} \|'normal' \|See Terengganu Malay
Perak \|mata \|{{IPA\|[matɛ]}} \|'eye' \|See Perak Malay
colspan"2"\| Norman	Jersey	affaûrder	{{IPA\|[afɔrˈdɛ]}}	'to afford'
Norwegian	Sognamål{{sfnp\|Haugen\|2004\|p=30}}	{{lang\|no\|pest}}	{{IPA\|[pʰɛst]}}	'plague'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Occitan	{{lang\|oc\|grèga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣɾɛɣɔ]}}	'Greek'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \| Polish{{sfnp\|Jassem\|2003\|p=105}}	{{lang\|pl\|ten}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-ten.ogg\|[t̪ɛn̪]}}	'this one' (nom. m.)	See Polish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	Most dialects{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}[http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091040/http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf \|date=2014-12-15 }}	{{lang\|pt\|pé}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɛ]}}	'foot'	Stressed vowel might be lower {{IPAblink\|æ}}. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|e̞}} {{IPAplink\|e}} {{IPAplink\|ɪ}} {{IPAplink\|i}} {{IPAplink\|ʊ\|ɨ}}]}}, varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP]	{{lang\|pt\|tempo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]}}	'time'	Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=29}}	{{lang\|ro\|vede}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɛɟe]}}	'(he) sees'	Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink\|e̞}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2"\| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=41}}	{{lang\|ru\|это}}/eto	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-это.ogg\|[ˈɛt̪ə]}}	'this'	See Russian phonology
colspan=2\| Shiwiar{{sfnp\|Fast Mowitz\|1975\|p=2}}	{{example needed\|date=July 2015}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}.
colspan="2" \| Slovene	{{lang\|sl\|met}}	{{IPA\|[mɛ́t]}}	'throw' (n.)	See Slovene phonology
rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Eastern Andalusian{{sfnp\|Zamora Vicente\|1967\|p=?}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|es\|las madres}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'the mothers'	rowspan="2" \| Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|e̞}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian{{sfnp\|Zamora Vicente\|1967\|p=?}}
colspan="2" \|Swahili \|shule \|[ʃulɛ] \|'school' \|
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|ät}}	{{IPA\|[ɛ̠ːt̪]}}	'eat' (imp.)	Somewhat retracted.{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \|Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|peke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɛxɛʔ]}}	'fake'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \|Telugu \|చేప \|[tʃɛːa] \|'Fish'
మేక \|[mɛːka] \|'Goat'
colspan="2" \| Thai	{{lang\|th\|แตร}} / trae	{{IPA\|[trɛː˧]}}	'horn (instrument)' \|
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}	{{lang\|tr\|ülke}}	{{IPA\|[y̠l̠ˈkɛ]}}	'country'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}} described variously as "word-final"{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}} and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|день}}/den'	{{IPA\|[dɛnʲ]}}	'day'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Upper Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=20}}	{{lang\|hsb\|čelo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]}}	'calf'
colspan="2" \|Welsh \|nesaf \|[nɛsav] \|'next' \|See Welsh phonology
colspan="2" \| West Frisian{{sfnp\|Tiersma\|1999\|p=10}}	{{lang\|fy\|beppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɛpə]}}	'grandma'	See West Frisian phonology
colspan="2"\| Yoruba{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}	lang="yo"\| ẹsẹ̀	{{IPA\|[ɛ̄sɛ]}}	'leg'

Notes

References

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External links

{{phoible|ɛ}}

Category:Open-mid vowels

Category:Front vowels

Category:Unrounded vowels

class="wikitable" style="clear: both;" ! colspan=2\| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
colspan="2" \|Akan (Twi) \|ɛyɛ \|{{IPA\|[ɛjɛ]}} \|'it is good/fine' \|See Akan phonology
Arabic \| \| \| \| \|See Imāla
Armenian	Eastern{{sfnp\|Dum-Tragut\|2009\|p=13}}	{{lang\|hy\|էջ}}/ēj	{{IPA\|[ɛd͡ʒ]}}	'page'
Bavarian	Amstetten dialect{{Harvcoltxt\|Traunmüller\|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=290}}	colspan="3" align="center" \| {{example needed\|date=October 2014}}	Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|æ}}.
colspan="2" \| Bengali{{sfnp\|Khan\|2010\|p=222}}	{{lang\|bn\|কে}}/ke	{{IPA\|[kɛ]}}	'who'	See Bengali phonology
colspan="2" \| BretonMikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010	gwenn	[ˈɡwɛnː]	'white'
colspan="2" \| Bulgarian{{sfnp\|Ternes\|Vladimirova-Buhtz\|1999\|p=56}}	{{lang\|bg\|пет}}/pet	{{IPA\|[pɛt̪]}}	'five'	See Bulgarian phonology
colspan=2\| Catalan{{sfnp\|Carbonell\|Llisterri\|1992\|p=54}}	{{lang\|ca\|set}}	{{IPA\|[ˈsɛt]}}	'seven'	See Catalan phonology
Chinese \|Mandarin{{sfnp\|Lin\|2007\|p=65}} \|{{lang\|cmn-Hani\|天}} / {{lang\|cmn-Latn\|tiān}} \|{{Audio-IPA\|Zh-tiān.ogg\|[tʰi̯ɛn˥]\|help=no}} \|'sky' \|Height varies between mid and open depending on the speaker. See Standard Chinese phonology
colspan="2" \|Chuvash \|ҫепĕç \|['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ] \|'gentle, tender' \|
colspan="2" \| Czech{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}}{{sfnp\|Šimáčková\|Podlipský\|Chládková\|2012\|p=228}}	{{lang\|cs\|led}}	{{IPA\|[lɛt]}}	'ice'	In Bohemian Czech, this vowel varies between open-mid front {{IPA\|[ɛ]}}, open-mid near-front {{IPA\|[ɛ̠]}} and mid near-front {{IPAblink\|ɛ̝\|ɛ̝̈}}.{{sfnp\|Dankovičová\|1999\|p=72}} See Czech phonology
Danish	Standard{{sfnp\|Grønnum\|1998\|p=100}}{{sfnp\|Basbøll\|2005\|p=45}}	{{lang\|da\|frisk}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfʁɛsk]}}	'fresh'	Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA\|æ}}. See Danish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Dutch	Standard{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|1992\|p=47}}	{{lang\|nl\|bed}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Nl-bed.ogg\|[bɛt]}}	'bed'	See Dutch phonology
The Hague{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2003\|p=136}}	{{lang\|nl\|jij}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Gents-jij.ogg\|[jɛ̞ː]}}	'you'	Corresponds to {{IPA\|[ɛi]}} in standard Dutch.
rowspan="12" \| English	General American{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009a}}	rowspan="5" \| bed	rowspan="5" \| {{Audio-IPA\|En-us-bed.ogg\|[bɛd]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'bed'
Northern England{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=163}}	May be somewhat lowered.{{sfnp\|Lodge\|2009\|p=163}}
Received Pronunciation{{sfnp\|Schmitt\|2007\|pp=322–323}}{{Cite web\|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/\|access-date=2013-05-26\|title=Received Pronunciation\|publisher=British Library}}	Older RP speakers pronounce a closer vowel {{IPAblink\|e̞}}. See English phonology
Younger General Australian speakers \|Realization of /e/ due to an ongoing short-front vowel chain shift. See Australian English phonology
Scottish{{sfnp\|Scobbie\|Gordeeva\|Matthews\|2006\|p=7}}
Cockney{{sfnp\|Hughes\|Trudgill\|1979\|p=35}}	rowspan="5" \| fat	rowspan="5" \| {{IPA\|[fɛt]}}	rowspan="5" \| 'fat'
Singaporean{{sfnp\|Bet Hashim\|Brown\|2000}}
New Zealand{{sfnp\|Mannell\|Cox\|Harrington\|2009b}}	See New Zealand English phonology
Broad Australian \|Realization of /æ/. General Australian speakers realize this vowel as {{IPAblink\|æ}} or {{IPAblink\|a}}. See Australian English phonology
Some Broad South African speakers{{sfnp\|Lanham\|1967\|p=9}}	Other speakers realize this vowel as {{IPAblink\|æ}} or {{IPAblink\|a}}. See South African English phonology
Belfast{{cite web\|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf\|access-date=2013-05-26\|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland}}	days	{{IPA\|[dɛːz]}}	'days'	Pronounced {{IPA\|[iə]}} in closed syllables; corresponds to {{IPA\|[eɪ]}} in RP.
Zulu{{cite web \|url=http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html \|title=Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English \|access-date=2008-05-17 \|url-status=dead \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054614/http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html \|archive-date=May 17, 2008 }}	mate	{{IPA\|[mɛt]}}	'mate'	Speakers exhibit a met-mate merger.
colspan="2" \| Faroese{{sfnp\|Árnason\|2011\|pp=68, 75}}	{{lang\|fo\|frekt}}	{{IPA\|[fɹɛʰkt]}}	'greedy'	See Faroese phonology
colspan="2" \| French{{sfnp\|Fougeron\|Smith\|1993\|p=73}}{{sfnp\|Collins\|Mees\|2013\|p=225}}	{{lang\|fr\|bête}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Fr-bête.ogg\|[bɛt̪]}}	'beast'	See French phonology
colspan="2" \| Galician	{{lang\|gl\|ferro}}	{{IPA\|[ˈfɛro̝]}}	'iron'	See Galician phonology
colspan="2" \| Georgian{{sfnp\|Shosted\|Chikovani\|2006\|pp=261–262}}	{{lang\|ka\|გედი}}/gedi	{{IPA\|[ɡɛdi]}}	'swan'
rowspan="5" \| German	Standard{{sfnp\|Hall\|2003\|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=34}}	{{lang\|de\|Bett}}	{{Audio-IPA\|De-Bett.ogg\|[b̥ɛt]}}	'bed'	Also described as mid {{IPAblink\|ɛ̝}}.{{sfnp\|Kohler\|1999\|p=87}} See Standard German phonology
Franconian accent{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|de\|oder}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈoːdɛ]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'or'	rowspan="2" \| Used instead of {{IPAblink\|ɐ}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}} See Standard German phonology
Coastal Northern accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=40}}
Swabian accent{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}}	{{lang\|de\|fett}}	{{IPA\|[fɛt]}}	'fat'	Contrasts with the close-mid {{IPAblink\|e}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
Western Swiss accents{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|p=65}}	{{lang\|de\|See}}	{{IPA\|[z̥ɛː]}}	'lake'	Close-mid {{IPAblink\|eː}} in other accents; contrasts with the near-open {{IPAblink\|æː}}.{{sfnp\|Dudenredaktion\|Kleiner\|Knöbl\|2015\|pp=34, 65}} See Standard German phonology
rowspan="2" \| Hindustani	Hindi	{{lang\|hi\|रहना}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[ˈɾɛɦna]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'to stay'	rowspan="2" \| See Hindustani phonology
Urdu	{{lang\|ur\|رہنا\|rtl=yes}}
colspan="2" \|Hungarian \|lesz \|[ˈlɛsː] \|'will be' \|Allophone of [æ].
colspan="2"\| Italian{{sfnp\|Rogers\|d'Arcangeli\|2004\|p=119}}	{{lang\|it\|bene}}	{{Audio-IPA\|It-bene.ogg\|[ˈbɛːne]}}	'good'	See Italian phonology
colspan="2" \| Kaingang{{sfnp\|Jolkesky\|2009\|pp=676–677, 682}}	mbre	{{IPA\|[ˈᵐbɾɛ]}}	'with'
colspan="2" \| Korean	{{lang\|ko-Hang\|매미}} / {{lang\|ko-Latn\|maemi}}	{{IPA\|[mɛːmi]}}	'cicada'	Merged with /e/ for many speakers. See Korean phonology
rowspan="3" \|Kurdish \|Kurmanji (Northern) \|{{lang\|ku\|hevde}} \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdɛ]}} \| rowspan="3" \|'seventeen' \| rowspan="3" \|See Kurdish phonology
Sorani (Central) \| rowspan="2" \|{{lang\|ku\|هه‌ڤده}}/hevde \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdæ]}}
Pehlewî (Southern) \|{{IPA\|[hɛvdæ]}}
colspan="2" \| Limburgish{{sfnp\|Gussenhoven\|Aarts\|1999\|p=159}}{{sfnp\|Peters\|2006\|p=119}}{{sfnp\|Verhoeven\|2007\|p=221}}	{{lang\|li\|crème}}	{{IPA\|[kʀ̝ɛːm]}}	'cream'	The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
colspan="2" \| Lithuanian	{{lang\|lt\|mesti}}	{{IPA\|[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]}}	'throw'	See Lithuanian phonology
colspan="2" \| Lower Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}	{{lang\|dsb\|serp}}	{{IPA\|[s̪ɛrp]}}	'sickle'
colspan="2" \| Luxembourgish{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}}	{{lang\|lb\|Stär}}	{{IPA\|[ʃtɛːɐ̯]}}	'star'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/eː/}} before {{IPA\|/ʀ/}}.{{sfnp\|Gilles\|Trouvain\|2013\|p=70}} See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian{{Harvcoltxt\|Friedman\|2001\|p=10}}{{Harvcoltxt\|Lunt\|1952\|pp=10–11}}	Standard	{{lang\|mk\|мед}}/med	{{IPA\|[ˈmɛd̪]}}	'honey'	See Macedonian language § Vowels
rowspan="5" \|Malay \|Standard \|paling \|{{IPA\|[pälɛŋ]}} \|'to play' \|Possible realisation of {{IPA\|/i/}} and {{IPA\|/e/}} in closed final syllables. See Malay phonology
Negeri Sembilan \|cepat \|{{IPA\|[cɔpɛɁ]}} \|'quick' \|See Negeri Sembilan Malay
Kelatan-Pattani \|ayam \|{{IPA\|[äjɛː]}} \|'chicken' \|See Kelatan-Pattani
Terengganu \|biasa \|{{IPA\|[bɛsə]}} \|'normal' \|See Terengganu Malay
Perak \|mata \|{{IPA\|[matɛ]}} \|'eye' \|See Perak Malay
colspan"2"\| Norman	Jersey	affaûrder	{{IPA\|[afɔrˈdɛ]}}	'to afford'
Norwegian	Sognamål{{sfnp\|Haugen\|2004\|p=30}}	{{lang\|no\|pest}}	{{IPA\|[pʰɛst]}}	'plague'	See Norwegian phonology
colspan="2" \| Occitan	{{lang\|oc\|grèga}}	{{IPA\|[ˈɣɾɛɣɔ]}}	'Greek'	See Occitan phonology
colspan="2" \| Polish{{sfnp\|Jassem\|2003\|p=105}}	{{lang\|pl\|ten}}	{{Audio-IPA\|Pl-ten.ogg\|[t̪ɛn̪]}}	'this one' (nom. m.)	See Polish phonology
rowspan="2" \| Portuguese	Most dialects{{sfnp\|Cruz-Ferreira\|1995\|p=91}}[http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira] {{webarchive\|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091040/http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf \|date=2014-12-15 }}	{{lang\|pt\|pé}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɛ]}}	'foot'	Stressed vowel might be lower {{IPAblink\|æ}}. The presence and use of other unstressed ⟨e⟩ allophones, such as {{IPA\|[{{IPAplink\|e̞}} {{IPAplink\|e}} {{IPAplink\|ɪ}} {{IPAplink\|i}} {{IPAplink\|ʊ\|ɨ}}]}}, varies according to dialect.
Some speakers[http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP]	{{lang\|pt\|tempo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]}}	'time'	Timbre differences for nasalized vowels are mainly kept in European Portuguese. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian	Transylvanian dialects{{sfnp\|Pop\|1938\|p=29}}	{{lang\|ro\|vede}}	{{IPA\|[ˈvɛɟe]}}	'(he) sees'	Corresponds to mid {{IPAblink\|e̞}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
colspan="2"\| Russian{{sfnp\|Jones\|Ward\|1969\|p=41}}	{{lang\|ru\|это}}/eto	{{Audio-IPA\|Ru-это.ogg\|[ˈɛt̪ə]}}	'this'	See Russian phonology
colspan=2\| Shiwiar{{sfnp\|Fast Mowitz\|1975\|p=2}}	{{example needed\|date=July 2015}}			Allophone of {{IPA\|/a/}}.
colspan="2" \| Slovene	{{lang\|sl\|met}}	{{IPA\|[mɛ́t]}}	'throw' (n.)	See Slovene phonology
rowspan="2" \| Spanish	Eastern Andalusian{{sfnp\|Zamora Vicente\|1967\|p=?}}	rowspan="2" \| {{lang\|es\|las madres}}	rowspan="2" \| {{IPA\|[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]}}	rowspan="2" \| 'the mothers'	rowspan="2" \| Corresponds to {{IPAblink\|e̞}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they are distinct. See Spanish phonology
Murcian{{sfnp\|Zamora Vicente\|1967\|p=?}}
colspan="2" \|Swahili \|shule \|[ʃulɛ] \|'school' \|
Swedish	Central Standard{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}}	{{lang\|sv\|ät}}	{{IPA\|[ɛ̠ːt̪]}}	'eat' (imp.)	Somewhat retracted.{{sfnp\|Engstrand\|1999\|p=140}} See Swedish phonology
colspan="2" \|Tagalog	{{lang\|tl\|peke}}	{{IPA\|[ˈpɛxɛʔ]}}	'fake'	See Tagalog phonology
colspan="2" rowspan="2" \|Telugu \|చేప \|[tʃɛːa] \|'Fish'
మేక \|[mɛːka] \|'Goat'
colspan="2" \| Thai	{{lang\|th\|แตร}} / trae	{{IPA\|[trɛː˧]}}	'horn (instrument)' \|
colspan="2" \| Turkish{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}}{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}}	{{lang\|tr\|ülke}}	{{IPA\|[y̠l̠ˈkɛ]}}	'country'	Allophone of {{IPA\|/e/}} described variously as "word-final"{{sfnp\|Göksel\|Kerslake\|2005\|p=10}} and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".{{sfnp\|Zimmer\|Orgun\|1999\|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
colspan="2" \| Ukrainian{{sfnp\|Danyenko\|Vakulenko\|1995\|p=4}}	{{lang\|uk\|день}}/den'	{{IPA\|[dɛnʲ]}}	'day'	See Ukrainian phonology
colspan="2" \| Upper Sorbian{{sfnp\|Stone\|2002\|p=600}}{{sfnp\|Šewc-Schuster\|1984\|p=20}}	{{lang\|hsb\|čelo}}	{{IPA\|[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]}}	'calf'
colspan="2" \|Welsh \|nesaf \|[nɛsav] \|'next' \|See Welsh phonology
colspan="2" \| West Frisian{{sfnp\|Tiersma\|1999\|p=10}}	{{lang\|fy\|beppe}}	{{IPA\|[ˈbɛpə]}}	'grandma'	See West Frisian phonology
colspan="2"\| Yoruba{{sfnp\|Bamgboṣe\|1966\|p=166}}	lang="yo"\| ẹsẹ̀	{{IPA\|[ɛ̄sɛ]}}	'leg'

Open-mid front unrounded vowel

Features

Occurrence

See also

Notes

References

External links