Operation Juniper Shield

{{Short description|Counter-terrorism military operation in Central Africa led by the US (2007–present)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}

{{Infobox military conflict

| conflict = Operation Juniper Shield{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/12/29/meet-operation-freedoms-sentinel-the-pentagons-new-mission-in-afghanistan/|title=Meet Operation Freedom's Sentinel, the Pentagon's new mission in Afghanistan|first=Dan|last=Lamothe|date=29 December 2014|access-date=16 December 2017|via=www.WashingtonPost.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020025630/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2014/12/29/meet-operation-freedoms-sentinel-the-pentagons-new-mission-in-afghanistan/|archive-date=20 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}

| partof = the Global War on Terrorism (Islamist insurgency in the Sahel)

| image = File:US SF soldier training Malian soldiers.jpg

| caption = A United States special forces NCO watches weapons marksmanship training for a member of a Malian counter-terrorism unit in December 2010.{{cite web|title=Training in Trans-Sahara Africa|url=http://news.soc.mil/releases/News%20Archive/2010/December/101209-02.html|work=USASOC News Service|publisher=United States Army Special Operations Command|access-date=21 January 2011|date=9 December 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216192237/http://news.soc.mil/releases/News%20Archive/2010/December/101209-02.html|archive-date=16 December 2010|df=dmy-all}}

| date = 6 February 2007 – ongoing
({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=06|year1= 2007}})

| place = Sahara Desert and North Africa, West Africa

| territory =

| result = Ongoing

| combatant1 = {{ALG}}
{{MAR}}
{{flagicon |Mauritania}} Mauritania
{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} Tunisia
{{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Burkina Faso
{{CHA}}
{{MLI}}
{{NIG}}
{{Flagicon|Nigeria}} Nigeria
{{SEN}}
{{Flagicon|Cameroon}} Cameroon
{{Flagicon|Togo}} Togo
{{Flagicon|Ghana}} Ghana
{{Flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Ivory Coast
{{Flagicon|Benin}} Benin
{{Flagicon|Cape Verde}} Cape Verde
{{Flagicon|The Gambia}} Gambia
{{Flagicon|Guinea}} Guinea
{{Flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} Guinea-Bissau
{{Flagicon|Liberia}} Liberia
{{Flagicon|Sierra Leone}} Sierra Leone

{{Collapsible list

| title = Supported and trained By:

| {{Flagu|United States}}

| {{Flag|Canada}}{{cite web |url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html | title = Canada Sends Special Forces to Aid African Al-Qaida Fight | work = Montreal Gazette | date = 2 December 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106084750/http://www.montrealgazette.com/news/canada-in-afghanistan/Canada+sends+special+forces+African+Qaida+fight/5804679/story.html | archive-date = 6 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}

| {{flagicon|France}} France{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing | title = French Hostage Executed after raid on Al-Qaeda base | publisher = France 24 news | date = 26 July 2011 | access-date = 13 September 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111210063638/http://www.france24.com/en/20100725-french-hostage-executed-aqim-qaeda-north-africa-michel-germaneau-killing | archive-date = 10 December 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all}}

| {{Flagicon|Germany}} Germany

| {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} Netherlands{{cite web | url = http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 | title = Flintlock 11 Kicks off February 21 in Senegal | publisher = AFRICOM | date = 3 February 2011 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121224145854/http://www.africom.mil/getArticle.asp?art=5937 | archive-date = 24 December 2012 | df = dmy-all}}

| {{flagicon |Spain}} Spain{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/27/world/europe/spain-terror-arrests/ | work=CNN | title=Police in Spain arrest 5 suspected of financing terrorists | date=27 September 2011 | access-date=4 November 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031121507/http://www.cnn.com/2011/09/27/world/europe/spain-terror-arrests/ | archive-date=31 October 2011 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all}}

| {{flag|United Kingdom}}{{cite web | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8658009.stm | title= US Starts Anti-Al-Qaeda Military Exercise in Sahara | publisher= BBC | date= 3 May 2010 | access-date= 26 February 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140107033054/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8658009.stm | archive-date= 7 January 2014 | url-status= live | df= dmy-all}}{{cite web | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/algeriaNews/idAFL5E7LI46F20111018 | title=Britain Signals Maghreb Push with Anti-Terror Help | publisher=Reuters Africa |date=18 October 2011 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012034026/https://af.reuters.com/article/algeriaNews/idAFL5E7LI46F20111018 | archive-date=12 October 2017 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all}}

| {{Flagicon|Denmark}} Denmark{{Cite web|url=https://fmn.dk/eng/allabout/Pages/TheeffortinMali.aspx|title=The Danish effort in the Sahel region (MINUSMA and Operation Barkhane)|website=fmn.dk|access-date=19 December 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926080917/https://www.fmn.dk/eng/allabout/Pages/TheeffortinMali.aspx|url-status=dead}}

| {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} Czech Republic{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/world/africa/france-sahel-west-africa-.html|title=Crisis in the Sahel Becoming France's Forever War|first1=Ruth|last1=Maclean|first2=Finbarr|last2=O’Reilly|work=The New York Times |date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}

| {{Flagicon|Sweden}} Sweden{{Cite web|last=Forces|first=Swedish Armed|title=Swedish Special Forces to Mali|url=https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/en/news/2020/09/swedish-special-forces-to-mali/|access-date=2020-11-18|website=Försvarsmakten|language=en}}

}}

| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}

• {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} Islamic militants
• al-Qaeda
• Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
• MOJWA (until 2013)
• AQIM
• Al-Mourabitoun (until 2017)
• Ansar al-Sharia
• Macina Liberation Front
• Ansar Dine (until 2017)
• Boko Haram{{sfnp|Comolli|2015|pp=28, 103, 171}} (partially aligned with ISIL since 2015)
• Ansaru{{sfnp|Comolli|2015|pp=28, 103, 171}}

{{Tree list/end}}

----

{{Tree list}}

• {{flagicon|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} ISIL
• Islamic State in the Greater Sahara
  (2015–present){{cite web|url=https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-greater-sahara-isgs-islamic-state-sahara-iss-islamic-state-burkina-faso-mali-isi|title=Islamic State in Greater Sahara (ISGS) / Islamic State in the Sahara (ISS) / Islamic State in Burkina Faso & Mali (ISISBM)|publisher=Terrorism Research and Analysis Consortium|access-date=25 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001237/https://www.trackingterrorism.org/group/islamic-state-greater-sahara-isgs-islamic-state-sahara-iss-islamic-state-burkina-faso-mali-isi|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
• Islamic State – West Africa Province

{{Tree list/end}}

| commander1 ={{Tree list}}

• {{flagicon|Algeria}} Abdelmadjid Tebboune
  (2019–present)
• {{flagicon|Algeria}} Nadir Larbaoui
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Morocco}} Mohammed VI
  (2007–present)
• {{flagicon|Morocco}} Aziz Akhannouch
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Mauritania}} Mohamed Ould Ghazouani
  (2019–present)
• {{flagicon|Mauritania}} Mokhtar Ould Djay
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Kais Saied
  (2019–present)
• {{flagicon|Tunisia}} Ahmed Hachani
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Ibrahim Traoré
  (2022–present)
• {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla
  (2022–present)
• {{flagicon|Chad}} Mahamat Déby
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Chad}} Saleh Kebzabo
  (2022–present)
• {{flagicon|Mali}} Assimi Goïta
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Mali}} Choguel Kokalla Maïga
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Niger}} Abdourahamane Tchiani
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Niger}} Ali Lamine Zeine
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Nigeria}} Bola Tinubu
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Senegal}} Bassirou Diomaye Faye
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Senegal}} Ousmane Sonko
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Paul Biya
  (2007–present)
• {{flagicon|Cameroon}} Joseph Ngute
  (2019–present)
• {{flagicon|Togo}} Faure Gnassingbé
  (2007–present)
• {{flagicon|Togo}} Victoire Tomegah Dogbé
  (2020–present)
• {{flagicon|Ghana}} Nana Akufo-Addo
  (2017–present)
• {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Alassane Ouattara
  (2010–present)
• {{flagicon|Ivory Coast}} Robert Beugré Mambé
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Benin}} Patrice Talon
  (2016–present)
• {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} José Maria Neves
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Cape Verde}} Ulisses Correia e Silva
  (2016–present)
• {{flagicon|The Gambia}} Adama Barrow
  (2017–present)
• {{flagicon|Guinea}} Mamady Doumbouya
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Guinea}} Bah Oury
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} Umaro Sissoco Embaló
  (2020–present)
• {{flagicon|Guinea-Bissau}} Rui Duarte de Barros
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Liberia}} Joseph Boakai
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} Julius Maada Bio
  (2018–present)
• {{flagicon|United States}} Donald Trump
  (2025–present)
• {{flagicon|United States}} Pete Hegseth
  (2025–present)
• {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Charles III
  (2022–present)
• {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Keir Starmer
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Canada}} Mary Simon
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Canada}} Justin Trudeau
  (2015–present)
• {{flagicon|France}} Emmanuel Macron
  (2017–present)
• {{flagicon|France}} Gabriel Attal
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Germany}} Frank-Walter Steinmeier
  (2017–present)
• {{flagicon|Germany}} Friedrich Merz
  (2025–present)
• {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Willem-Alexander
  (2013–present)
• {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Dick Schoof
  (2024–present)
• {{flagicon|Spain}} Felipe VI
  (2014–present)
• {{flagicon|Spain}} Pedro Sánchez
  (2018–present)
• {{flagicon|Denmark}} Frederik X
  (2007–present)
• {{flagicon|Denmark}} Mette Frederiksen
  (2019–present)
• {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Petr Pavel
  (2023–present)
• {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} Petr Fiala
  (2021–present)
• {{flagicon|Sweden}} Carl XVI Gustaf
  (2007–present)
• {{flagicon|Sweden}} Ulf Kristersson
  (2022–present)

{{Tree list/end}}

{{Collapsible list

| titlestyle=background-color:transparent; text-align:left;

| title= Former

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Abdelaziz Bouteflika †

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Abdelkader Bensalah †

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Abdelaziz Belkhadem

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Ahmed Ouyahia

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Abdelmalek Sellal

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Youcef Yousfi

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Noureddine Bedoui

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Sabri Boukadoum

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Abdelaziz Djerad

|{{flagdeco|Algeria|size=23px}} Aymen Benabderrahmane

|{{flagdeco|Morocco|size=23px}} Driss Jettou

|{{flagdeco|Morocco|size=23px}} Abbas El Fassi

|{{flagdeco|Morocco|size=23px}} Abdelilah Benkirane

|{{flagdeco|Morocco|size=23px}} Saadeddine Othmani

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Ely Ould Mohamed Vall

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Ba Mamadou Mbaré

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Zeine Ould Zeidane

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}} Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|1959}}{{flagdeco|Mauritania|size=23px}} Yahya Ould Hademine

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|size=23px}} Mohamed Salem Ould Béchir

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|size=23px}} Ismail Ould Bedde Ould Cheikh Sidiya

|{{flagdeco|Mauritania|size=23px}} Mohamed Ould Bilal

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Zine El Abidine Ben Ali

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Mohamed Ghannouchi

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Fouad Mebazaa

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Moncef Marzouki

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Beji Caid Essebsi

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Mohamed Ennaceur

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Hamadi Jebali

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Ali Laarayedh

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Mehdi Jomaa

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Habib Essid

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Youssef Chahed

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Elyes Fakhfakh

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Hichem Mechichi

|{{flagdeco|Tunisia|size=23px}} Najla Bouden

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Blaise Compaoré

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Honoré Traoré

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Yacouba Isaac Zida

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Michel Kafando

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Gilbert Diendéré

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Chérif Sy

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Roch Marc Christian Kaboré

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Paramanga Ernest Yonli

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Tertius Zongo

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Luc-Adolphe Tiao

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Paul Kaba Thieba

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Christophe Joseph Marie Dabiré

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Lassina Zerbo

|{{flagdeco|Burkina Faso|size=23px}} Albert Ouédraogo

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Idriss Déby{{KIA}}

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Pascal Yoadimnadji

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Adoum Younousmi

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Youssouf Saleh Abbas

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Emmanuel Nadingar

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Djimrangar Dadnadji

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet

|{{flagdeco|Chad|size=23px}} Albert Pahimi Padacké

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Amadou Toumani Touré

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Amadou Sanogo

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Dioncounda Traoré

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Bah Ndaw

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Ousmane Issoufi Maïga

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Modibo Sidibé

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Cheick Modibo Diarra

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Django Sissoko

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Oumar Tatam Ly

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Moussa Mara

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Modibo Keita

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Abdoulaye Idrissa Maïga

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Soumeylou Boubèye Maïga

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Boubou Cissé

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Moctar Ouane

|{{flagdeco|Mali|size=23px}} Abdoulaye Maïga

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Mamadou Tandja

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Salou Djibo

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Mahamadou Issoufou

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Mohamed Bazoum

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Hama Amadou

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Seyni Oumarou

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Albadé Abouba

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Ali Badjo Gamatié

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Mahamadou Danda

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Brigi Rafini

|{{flagdeco|Niger|size=23px}} Ouhoumoudou Mahamadou

|{{flagdeco|Nigeria|size=23px}} Olusegun Obasanjo

|{{flagdeco|Nigeria|size=23px}} Umaru Musa Yar'Adua

|{{flagdeco|Nigeria|size=23px}} Goodluck Jonathan

|{{flagdeco|Nigeria|size=23px}} Muhammadu Buhari

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Abdoulaye Wade

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Macky Sall

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Abdoul Mbaye

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Aminata Touré

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Mahammed Dionne

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Amadou Ba

|{{flagdeco|Senegal|size=23px}} Sidiki Kaba

|{{flagdeco|Cameroon|size=23px}} Ephraïm Inoni

|{{flagdeco|Cameroon|size=23px}} Philémon Yang

|{{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} Yawovi Agboyibo

|{{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} Komlan Mally

|{{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} Gilbert Houngbo

|{{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu

|{{flagdeco|Togo|size=23px}} Komi Sélom Klassou

|{{flagdeco|Ghana|size=23px}} John Kufuor

|{{flagdeco|Ghana|size=23px}} John Atta Mills

|{{flagdeco|Ghana|size=23px}} John Mahama

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Laurent Gbagbo

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Charles Konan Banny †

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Guillaume Soro

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Gilbert Aké

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Daniel Kablan Duncan

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Amadou Gon Coulibaly †

|{{flagdeco|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Hamed Bakayoko †

|{{flagicon|Ivory Coast|size=23px}} Patrick Achi

|{{flagdeco|Benin|size=23px}} Mathieu Kérékou

|{{flagdeco|Benin|size=23px}} Thomas Boni Yayi

|{{flagdeco|Benin|size=23px}} Pascal Koupaki

|{{flagdeco|Benin|size=23px}} Lionel Zinsou

|{{flagdeco|Cape Verde|size=23px}} Pedro Pires

|{{flagdeco|Cape Verde|size=23px}} Jorge Carlos Fonseca

|{{flagdeco|The Gambia|size=23px}} Yahya Jammeh

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Lansana Conté

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Moussa Dadis Camara

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Sékouba Konaté

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Alpha Condé

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Eugène Camara

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Lansana Kouyaté

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Ahmed Tidiane Souaré

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Kabiné Komara

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Jean-Marie Doré

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Mohamed Said Fofana

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Mamady Youla

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Ibrahima Kassory Fofana

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Mohamed Béavogui

|{{flagdeco|Guinea|size=23px}} Bernard Goumou

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} João Bernardo Vieira

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Raimundo Pereira

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Malam Bacai Sanhá

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Mamadu Ture Kuruma

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} José Mário Vaz

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Aristides Gomes

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Martinho Ndafa Kabi

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Carlos Correia

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Carlos Gomes Júnior

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Adiato Djaló Nandigna

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Rui Duarte de Barros

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Domingos Simões Pereira

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Baciro Djá

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Artur Silva

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Faustino Imbali

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Nuno Gomes Nabiam

|{{flagdeco|Guinea-Bissau|size=23px}} Geraldo Martins

|{{flagdeco|Liberia|size=23px}} Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

|{{flagdeco|Liberia|size=23px}} George Weah

|{{flagdeco|Sierra Leone|size=23px}} Ahmad Tejan Kabbah

|{{flagdeco|Sierra Leone|size=23px}} Ernest Bai Koroma

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} George W. Bush

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Barack Obama

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Joe Biden

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Robert Gates

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Leon Panetta

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Chuck Hagel

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Ash Carter

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Jim Mattis

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Mark Esper

|{{flagdeco|United States|size=23px}} Lloyd Austin

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Elizabeth II

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Tony Blair

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Gordon Brown

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} David Cameron

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Theresa May

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Boris Johnson

|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom|size=23px}} Liz Truss

|{{flagdeco|Canada|size=23px}} Michaëlle Jean

|{{flagdeco|Canada|size=23px}} David Johnston

|{{flagdeco|Canada|size=23px}} Julie Payette

|{{flagdeco|Canada|size=23px}} Stephen Harper

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Jacques Chirac

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Nicolas Sarkozy

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} François Hollande

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Dominique de Villepin

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} François Fillon

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Jean-Marc Ayrault

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Manuel Valls

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Bernard Cazeneuve

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Édouard Philippe

|{{flagdeco|France|size=23px}} Jean Castex

|{{flagicon|France|size=23px}} Élisabeth Borne

|{{flagdeco|Germany|size=23px}} Horst Köhler

|{{flagdeco|Germany|size=23px}} Christian Wulff

|{{flagdeco|Germany|size=23px}} Joachim Gauck

|{{flagdeco|Germany|size=23px}} Angela Merkel

|{{flagdeco|Netherlands|size=23px}} Beatrix

|{{flagdeco|Netherlands|size=23px}} Jan Peter Balkenende

|{{flagdeco|Netherlands|size=23px}} Mark Rutte

|{{flagdeco|Spain|size=23px}} Juan Carlos I

|{{flagdeco|Spain|size=23px}} José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero

|{{flagdeco|Spain|size=23px}} Mariano Rajoy

|{{flagicon|Denmark|size=23px}} Margrethe II

|{{flagdeco|Denmark|size=23px}} Anders Fogh Rasmussen

|{{flagdeco|Denmark|size=23px}} Lars Løkke Rasmussen

|{{flagdeco|Denmark|size=23px}} Helle Thorning-Schmidt

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Václav Klaus

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Miloš Zeman

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Mirek Topolánek

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Jan Fischer

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Petr Nečas

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Jiří Rusnok

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Bohuslav Sobotka

|{{flagdeco|Czech Republic|size=23px}} Andrej Babiš

|{{flagdeco|Sweden|size=23px}} Fredrik Reinfeldt

|{{flagdeco|Sweden|size=23px}} Stefan Löfven

|{{flagdeco|Sweden|size=23px}} Magdalena Andersson

}}

| commander2 = 24px Abdelmalek Droukdel{{KIA}}
24px Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/22/al-qaeda-in-north-africa-appoints-leader-to-replace-droukdel|title=Al-Qaeda in North Africa appoints new leader after killing|website=Al Jazeera|date=22 November 2020}}
24px Mokhtar Belmokhtar{{KIA}}{{cite web |title=Hosted news | url = https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 | access-date = 11 November 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111111005545/http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5iS1VcU-F-7fVHSvJI3XMzT52JTkg?docId=b2b53ce702554825b8684af2b5bb7652 | archive-date = 11 November 2011 | url-status = dead |df=dmy-all}}.
24px Tiyib Ould Sidi Ali{{KIA}}{{cite web | url = http://www.miamiherald.com/2011/10/22/2466290/mauritania-army-raid-killed-al.html | title=Mauritania army raid killed al-Qaida group leader | work =Miami Herald | date= 23 October 2011}}
24px Athmane Touati{{Surrender}}{{cite web | url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Aqim-leader-surrenders-in-Algeria-20100531 | title=AQIM Leader Surrenders in Algeria | publisher=News24 | date=1 June 2011 | access-date=18 September 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305030411/http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/Aqim-leader-surrenders-in-Algeria-20100531 | archive-date=5 March 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all}}
24px Winan Bin Yousef{{POW}}{{cite web | title = Niger Militant with ties to killers of French engineer arrested | url = http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html | publisher = ADN Kronos | access-date = 8 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111113074319/http://www.adnkronos.com/IGN/Aki/English/Security/Niger-Militant-with-ties-to-killers-of-French-engineer-arrested_312622977872.html | archive-date = 13 November 2011 | url-status = live | df = dmy-all}}

| strength1 = 1,325+ American advisors & trainers;
900 Moroccans;{{cite web | url= http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ | title= U.S., Morocco Plans Fifth "African Lion" Exercise | publisher= World Tribune | date= 12 February 2012 | access-date= 25 February 2012 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120214011230/http://www.worldnewstribune.com/2012/02/10/u-s-morocco-plans-fifth-african-lion-exercise/ | archive-date= 14 February 2012 | url-status= dead | df= dmy-all }}
400 Malians;
250 Algerians;
200 Chadians;
<1,000 Mauritanians;{{cite news | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 | title=Al Qaeda retreats from West Mali Camps-Military Sources | publisher=Reuters Africa | date=5 August 2011 |access-date=1 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518124331/http://af.reuters.com/article/mauritaniaNews/idAFL6E7J51DI20110805 |archive-date=18 May 2017 |url-status=dead | df=dmy-all}}
25 Senegalese medical doctors

| strength2 = AQIM: 400-4,000{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mauritania-security-idUSL1111681920080212 |title=Mauritania Killings May be New Qaeda Chapter | publisher=Reuters | date=11 February 2008 | access-date=1 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130834/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/02/12/us-mauritania-security-idUSL1111681920080212 | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all}}
Tuaregs: ~1,000{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/world/africa/tuaregs-use-qaddafis-arms-for-rebellion-in-mali.html | title=Tuaregs Use Qaddafi's Arms for Rebellion in Mali | work=The New York Times | date=5 February 2012 | access-date=27 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223010015/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/06/world/africa/tuaregs-use-qaddafis-arms-for-rebellion-in-mali.html |archive-date=23 February 2017 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all}}
Boko Haram: 300–2,000+{{cite web |url=http://247nigerianewsupdate.com/5-facts-about-boko-haram/ |title=5 Facts About Boko Haram |newspaper=24/7 Nigeria news update |access-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226142436/http://247nigerianewsupdate.com/5-facts-about-boko-haram/ |archive-date=26 February 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}

| casualties1 = Unknown

| casualties2 = Unknown

| notes = Causes: September 11 attacks and 2003 Casablanca bombings

}}

{{Campaignbox OEF}}{{Campaignbox Algeria 2002-present}}

Operation Juniper Shield, formerly known as Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS), is the military operation conducted by the United States and partner nations in the Saharan and Sahel regions of Africa, consisting of counterterrorism efforts and policing of arms and drug trafficking across central Africa. It is part of the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT). The other OEF mission in Africa is Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA).

Congress approved $500 million for the Trans-Saharan Counterterrorism Initiative (TSCTI) over six years to support countries involved in counterterrorism against alleged threats of al-Qaeda operating in African countries, primarily Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Nigeria, and Morocco.{{cite news | url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm | title= US to get Africa command centre | work= BBC News | date= 6 February 2007 | access-date= 19 May 2011 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120210064441/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6336063.stm | archive-date= 10 February 2012 | url-status= live | df= dmy-all}} This program builds upon the former Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI), which concluded in December 2004{{cite web

|title=EUCOM: Operations and Initiatives

|url=http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp

|publisher=EUCOM

|access-date=6 February 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070109185740/http://www.eucom.mil/english/Operations/main.asp |archive-date=9 January 2007}} and focused on weapon and drug trafficking, as well as counterterrorism.

{{cite web |title=Pan Sahel Initiative (PSI) |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm |publisher=Global Security |access-date=6 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210054626/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/pan-sahel.htm |archive-date=10 February 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

TSCTI has both military and non-military components to it. OEF-TS is the military component of the program. Civil affairs elements include USAID educational efforts, airport security, Department of the Treasury, and State Department efforts.{{cite web |title=Operation Enduring Freedom – Trans Sahara (OEF-TS) |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm |publisher=Global Security |access-date=6 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215041735/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/oef-ts.htm |archive-date=15 February 2007 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}

Canada deployed teams of less than 15 CSOR members to Mali throughout 2011 to help combat militants in the Sahara. Although the special forces will not engage in combat, they will train the Malian military in basic soldiering. Areas include communications, planning, first aid, and providing aid to the general populace.