Oudaya

The name Oudaya is the plural of the Arabic word of oued ({{langx|ar|واد|wād}}) which means river as well as the words awdāʾ (اوداء), awdiya (أودية) and awdāh (أوداه; in the dialect of Tayy). This was corrupted into awādiya (أوادية). Ibn Sidah said the correct form is awdāya (الاوداية) and said:{{Cite book |last=Benabdallah |first=Abdelaziz |url=https://archive.org/details/almawsou3a-almaghribiya/mawsou3a-maghribia-4/page/n153/mode/2up |title=الموسوعة المغربية للأعلام البشرية والحضارية |publisher=Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Affairs |year=1981 |pages=153 |language=ar |trans-title=Moroccan Encyclopedia}}

{{Poem quote|text=أما تريني رجلا دعكاية

اقطع الابحر والاوداية}}

File:Guillaume Delisle Morocco 1707.jpg showing the historical position of the Oudaya (Ludaya or Ludayes) in the Sahara]]

According to historical authors Leo Africanus and Marmol Carvajal, the Oudaya came from the Banu Hassan branch of the Ma'qil. Leo Africanus estimates the Oudaya to number more than 60,000 and situates them between Ouadane and Oualata.{{Cite book |last=Africanus |first=Leo |author-link=Leo Africanus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BidhEAAAQBAJ |title=The Cosmography and Geography of Africa |date=2023-03-02 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-14-199882-4 |pages=20–21 |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Pierre |first=Simon |title=Histoire du Guiche des Oudayas (Gish-L-Oudaïa) {{!}} Culture Islam |url=http://www.culture-islam.fr/etudes-diverses/histoire-des-berberes/histoire-du-guiche-des-oudayas-gish-l-oudaia |access-date=2024-10-03 |language=fr}}

According to the 19th century historian an-Nasiri, Moulay Ismail encountered the Oudaya through a poor shepherd Bou-Chefra. He learned that his people were fleeing famine, and decided to recruit them. He told Bou-Chefra:{{Cite book |last=trans. from Arabic by Eugène Fumet |first=Ahmed ben Khâled Ennâsiri |url=http://bnm.bnrm.ma:86/ClientBin/images/book704908/doc.pdf |title=Kitâb Elistiqsâ li-Akhbâri doual Elmâgrib Elaqsâ [" Le livre de la recherche approfondie des événements des dynasties de l'extrême Magrib "], vol. IX : Chronique de la dynastie alaouie au Maroc |date= |publisher=Ernest Leroux |pages=68 |language=fr |access-date=12 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913214538/http://bnm.bnrm.ma:86/ClientBin/images/book704908/doc.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2022 |url-status=dead}}{{blockquote|text=You are my maternal aunts and you have heard of me and you have not come to me. Now, you are my companion. Go take your sheep back to your tent and come back to see me in Marrakesh!|author=|title=|source=}}

{{main|Guich}}The guich tribes were tribes typically of Arab origin that served as a part of the pre-colonial Moroccan military under the 'Alawi dynasty. The Oudaya were one of the major guich tribes that served under the 'Alawis.{{Cite book |last1=Cahen |first1=Cl. |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Cour |first2=A. |last3=Kedourie |first3=E. |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |isbn= |editor-last=Bearman |editor-first=P. |location= |pages= |chapter=D̲j̲ays̲h̲ |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0187 |editor-last2=Bianquis |editor-first2=Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3=C.E. |editor-last4=van Donzel |editor-first4=E. |editor-last5=Heinrichs |editor-first5=W.P. |chapter-url=https://referenceworks.brill.com/display/entries/EIEO/COM-0187.xml?ebody=article%20details}} They rose to prominence under Moulay Ismail who aimed to reorganize the army by institutionalizing the guich system and create a new strong central government as a result of a set of military setbacks he suffered like the disastrous campaign against the Ottoman Regency of Algeria. This culminated in the creation of the 'Abid al-Bukhari, an elite guard made up of black slaves from Morocco and Sub-Saharan Africa as well as the creation of the Oudaya Guich. In 1678, he married Khanatha bint Bakkar who was the daughter of Shaykh Bakkar, an important leader and tribal shaykh of the Oudaya. This marriage confirmed an alliance between the Makhzen and the Oudaya and by the terms of this alliance the Oudaya provided the sultan with a large and powerful guich. He stations these troops from the Oudaya outside the walls of the city of Fez.{{harvnb|El Hamel|2014|pp=160-163, 166}}{{Cite journal |last=Meyers |first=Allen R. |date=1983 |title=Slave Soldiers and State Politics in Early 'Alawi Morocco, 1668 - 1727 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/217910 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=42 |doi=10.2307/217910 |issn=0361-7882 |jstor=217910}}

Ismail called the Oudaya the tribe of his maternal uncles in order to form a fictive or real kinship between him and the tribe as his mother Mubarka bint Yark al-Maghfiri was born either as a member or a black slave of the Mghafra (a division of the Oudaya).{{harvnb|El Hamel|2014|p=160}}

As a result of Moulay Abd al-Rahman's withdrawal from Tlemcen in March 1831, the Oudaya rebelled in the countryside of Morocco. The revolt began in the north and spread throughout Morocco, including the capital Fez, the sultan decided to leave Fez for Meknes which was safer and was protected by the 'Abid al-Bukhari infantry, but on the way to Meknes he was stopped by rebel troops who sent him back to Fez. The Oudaya directed their grievances to the chief minister Muhammad bin Idris and tried to avoid directly assaulting or critiquing the Sultan because of his Prophetic lineage. In response, Moulay Abd al-Rahman dismissed this minister, took away his wealth, and gave it to the Oudaya as a generous bribe, but the Oudaya still kept him hostage. A few months later, the sultan managed to escape Fes and settle in Meknes, where he slowly built the army there by recruiting more troops. With this army, he marched on Fes and besieged it for 40 days before the Oudaya surrendered in 1834. The sultan ordered the execution of the two most important leaders of the Oudaya revolt, and dispersed them from Fes to Marrakesh, Larache, and Rabat, ending their rebellion.{{harvnb|Miller|2013|pp=15-17}}{{harvnb|Bennison|2003|pp=58-75}}

According to Alfred Le Chatelier, the Oudaya around Fez are made up of two large fractions: Oulad Bou-Ris and Oulad Zaim. These factions are made up of smaller sub-fractions or villages like El-Karia, Temra and Oulad Djedjem.{{Cite book |last=Chatelier |first=Alfred Le |author-link=Alfred Le Chatelier |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wakMAAAAYAAJ |title=Notes sur les villes et tribus du Maroc en 1890 |date=1902 |publisher=Impr. A. Burdin |pages=58–60 |language=fr |trans-title=Notes on the towns and tribes of Morocco in 1890}}

In Rabat, the Jirari family ({{langx|ar|الجراري|}}) is of Oudaya origin specifically descending from the Oudaya who were exiled to Rabat.{{Cite book |last=Elfassi |first=Abdelilah |url=https://archive.org/details/MdnRbatA3yn1819/page/n97/mode/2up |title=مدينة الرباط وأعيانها في القرن التاسع عشر وبداية القرن العشرين |publisher=Association Ribat Al Fath |location=Rabat |publication-date=1996 |pages=96-98 |language=ar |trans-title=The city of Rabat and its notables in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century}} There's also a Loudiyi family ({{langx|ar|الأوديي|}}) in Rabat.{{Cite book |last=Souissi |first=Abdallah |url=https://archive.org/details/tarikh-ribat-alfat7/page/n205/mode/2up |title=تاريخ رباط الفتح |publisher=دار المغرب للتاريخ والترجمة والنشر |year=1979 |location=Rabat |pages=203 |language=ar |trans-title=The History of Ribat al-Fath}}

Some members of the tribe include:

• Lalla Khanatha bint Bakkar, daughter of a tribal shaykh and a leader of the Oudaya Bakkar al-Mghafri. Bakkar offered her to Ismail ibn Sharif who admired and married her because of her education in many sciences and beauty. She was the mother of Abdallah of Morocco.{{harvnb|El Hamel|2014|pp=|p=166}}
• Qaid Idris al-Jarari ({{langx|ar|القائد إدريس الجراري|}}), governor of Oujda during the time of Abd al-Rahman of Morocco and his uncle. He settled in the Kasbah of the Oudayas to oversee the members of the Guich Oudaya that settled in the area of Rabat.{{Cite book |last=Pennell |first=C. R. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Morocco_Since_1830/QtBazz0I7uYC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Idris%20Jarari&pg=PA43&printsec=frontcover |title=Morocco Since 1830: A History |date=2000 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-426-1 |pages=43 |language=en}}

{{main|Kasbah of the Udayas}}

File:Oudayas rabat.jpg]]

The Kasbah of the Oudayas ({{langx|ar|قصبة الأوداية|Qaṣbat al-Awdāya}}; {{langx|ber|ⵇⵙⴱⴰ ⵏ ⵉⵡⴷⴰⵢⵏ|Qasbat 'n Iwdayn}}) is a kasbah in Rabat situated on a hill at the mouth of the Bou Regreg. Although it was built in the 12th century, the name "Oudaya" was not associated with it until the 19th century when the tribe was expelled from Fez in response to their revolt. Part of them settled in the kasbah which was uninhabited at the time.{{Cite book |last=Mouline |first=Saïd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tO55DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 |title=The City in the Islamic World |publisher=Brill |year=2008 |isbn=9789047442653 |editor-last=Jayyusi |editor-first=Salma K. |pages=645 |chapter=Rabat, Salé – Holy Cities of the Two Banks |access-date=2021-05-04 |archive-date=2023-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230713000902/https://books.google.com/books?id=tO55DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR7 |url-status=live }} One notable figure that settled in the Kasbah was Idris al-Jirari who after moving oversaw the Guich Oudaya that had settled in Rabat and the surrounding area.

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Bennison |first=Amira K |author-link=Amira Bennison |date=2 September 2003 |title=Jihad and its interpretations in pre-colonial Morocco: state-society relations during the French conquest of Algeria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O169ZaEdOuoC |location=United Kingdom |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page= |isbn=9781135788148}}
• {{cite book |last=El Hamel |first=Chouki |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Black Morocco A History of Slavery, Race, and Islam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UwogAwAAQBAJ |location=United States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=27 February 2014 |page= |isbn=9781139620048}}
• {{cite book |last=Miller |first=Susan Gibson |author-link= |title=A History of Modern Morocco |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/A_History_of_Modern_Morocco/vochAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA15&printsec=frontcover |location=United States |publisher=Cambridge University Press |publication-date=8 April 2013 |page= |year=2013 |isbn=9781139619110}}

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