Paha language
{{Short description|Kra language of Yunnan, China}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Paha
|region=China
|speakers=600
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Tai–Kadai
|fam2=Kra
|iso3=yha
|glotto=baha1256
|glottorefname=Baha Buyang
}}
Paha or Baha (autonym: {{IPA|[pāhā]}}) is a Kra language spoken in northern Guangnan County, Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan. The two villages are located near the border with Longlin County, Guangxi. Paha is often considered to be part of the Buyang dialect cluster and is the most divergent form. Although listed in Ethnologue as Baha Buyang (ISO 639-3: [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yha yha]), Weera Ostapirat classifies Paha separately from the other Buyang varieties.{{Cite book |last=Ostapirat |first=Weera |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf |title=Proto-Kra |date=2000 |series=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, Vol. 23 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022126/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/weera2000proto.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-12}}
Demographics
Within Guangnan County (广南县), Yunnan, the Paha language is spoken in the two villages of Yangliancun (央连村){{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Dǐxū Xiāng Pǔlóng Cūnmín Wěiyuánhuì Yānglián Zìráncūn |script-title=zh:广南县底圩乡普龙村民委员会央联自然村 |trans-title=Yanglian Natural Village, Pulong Village Committee, Dixu Township, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213502 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412082236/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=213502 |archive-date=2018-04-12 |access-date=2012-09-17 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} (from Zhuang {{IPA|jaaŋ24 lɛŋ31}} "lonely Buyang [village]") in Dixu Township (底圩乡) and Anshecun (安舍村){{Cite web |title=Guǎngnán Xiàn Bàměi Zhèn Luòlǐ Cūnwěihuì Ānshècūn |script-title=zh:广南县坝美镇洛里村委会安社村 |trans-title=Anshecun, Luoli Village Committee, Bamei Town, Guangnan County |url=http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=266267 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304214603/http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=266267 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |access-date=2014-10-11 |website=ynszxc.gov.cn |language=zh}} in Bada Township 八达乡. While Yanglian has around 500 Paha speakers, Anshe only has about 100 speakers left. Paha speakers are shifting rapidly to Zhuang and Southwestern Mandarin, particularly in Anshe village. Many Buyang men in Yanglian village are also married to Zhuang women.{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jinfang |title=The Buyang Language of South China: Grammatical Notes, Glossary, Texts and Translations |last2=Luo |first2=Yongxian |date=2010 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |location=Canberra |language=en |hdl=1885/146755 |author-link=Li Jinfang |hdl-access=free}}
Phonology
=Consonants=
Paha Buyang has the following consonants.{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Jinfang |last2=Luo |first2=Yongxian |date=2006 |title=Notes on Paha Buyang |url=http://sealang.net/archives/ltba/pdf/LTBA-29.1.1.pdf |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |language=en |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–40}}
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! colspan="3" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Coronal ! colspan="2" | Postalveolar ! colspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Uvular ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |
| class=small
! plain ! pal. ! bilab. ! plain ! bilab. ! plain ! bilab. ! plain ! bilab. ! plain ! bilab. |
| rowspan="2"| Nasal
! voiceless | {{IPA|m̥}}|| || | {{IPA|n̥}}|| | {{IPA|ɲ̊}}|| | {{IPA|ŋ̊}}|| | || | |
|---|
| voiced
| {{IPA|m}} || {{IPA|mʲ}} || {{IPA|mʷ}} | {{IPA|n}} || | {{IPA|ɲ}} || | {{IPA|ŋ}} || {{IPA|ŋʷ}} | || | |
| rowspan="4" | Plosive
! plain voiceless | {{IPA|p}} || {{IPA|pʲ}} || {{IPA|pʷ}} | {{IPA|t}} || {{IPA|tʷ}} | {{IPA|tɕ}}|| {{IPA|tɕʷ}} | {{IPA|k}} || {{IPA|kʷ}} | {{IPA|q}} || {{IPA|qʷ}} | {{IPA|ʔ}} |
| voiceless aspirated
| {{IPA|pʰ}} || {{IPA|pʲʰ}} || {{IPA|pʷʰ}} | {{IPA|tʰ}} || | {{IPA|tɕʰ}}|| | {{IPA|kʰ}} || {{IPA|kʷʰ}} | {{IPA|qʰ}} || | |
| plain voiced
| {{IPA|b}} || {{IPA|bʲ}} || {{IPA|bʷ}} | {{IPA|d}} || | || | {{IPA|ɡ}} || {{IPA|ɡʷ}} | || | |
| devoiced aspirated
| {{IPA|b̥ʱ}}|| {{IPA|b̥ʲʱ}}|| | {{IPA|d̥ʱ}}|| | || | {{IPA|ɡ̊ʱ}}|| | || | |
| rowspan="2"| Fricative
! voiceless | {{IPA|f}} || || rowspan=4| {{IPA|ʍ}} | {{IPA|θ}} || {{IPA|θʷ}} | {{IPA|ɕ}}|| {{IPA|ɕʷ}} | || | || | {{IPA|h}} |
| voiced
| || | {{IPA|ð}} || {{IPA|ðʷ}} | || | {{IPA|ɣ}} || | {{IPA|ʁ}}|| | |
| rowspan="2"| Approximant
! voiceless | || || || || {{IPA|ȷ̊}} || || || || || || |
| voiced
| || || || || {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɥ}} || || || || || |
| rowspan="2"|Laterals
! voiceless | || || || {{IPA|l̥}}|| || || || || || || || |
| voiced
| || || || {{IPA|l}} || || || || || || || || |
=Vowels=
Paha Buyang has the following vowels.
| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" | !! rowspan="2" | Front !! rowspan="2" | Central !! colspan="2" | Back |
| Unround
!Round |
|---|
| High
| {{IPA|i}} || || {{IPA|ɯ}} || {{IPA|u}} |
| Hi-Mid
| {{IPA|e}} || {{IPA|ə}} || || {{IPA|o}} |
| Lo-Mid
| {{IPA|ɛ}} || || || {{IPA|ɔ}} |
| Low
| || {{IPA|a}} || || |
The three high vowels and the low vowel can be long.
Grammar
Unlike the Buyang dialects of Langjia, Ecun, and Yalang, Paha negatives (such as {{IPA|pi45}}) precede the verb, whereas the Buyang dialects always place negatives at the end of a sentence. This phenomenon in Paha is probably due to Chinese influence.{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Jinfang 李锦芳 |title=Gēyāng yǔyán tànsuǒ |last2=Zhou |first2=Guoyan 周国炎 |date=1999 |publisher=Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe |location=Beijing |language=zh |script-chapter=zh:仡央语言探索}}
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20160518113336/http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=694 ABVD: Paha word list]
{{Languages of China}}
{{Tai-Kadai languages}}