Pahari people (Kashmir)

The J&K Socially Economically Backward Classes Commission constituted by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2020 in its report has recommended to renaming the group 'Pahari Speaking People' (who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi) with the substitute nomenclature 'Pahari Ethnic Group' in terms of provisions that grant Reservation to them, as PSP, under J&K Reservation Rules 2004 and accordingly, the J&K government has issued instructions on October 19, 2022, and replaced 'Pahari Speaking People' with 'Pahari Ethnic Group' ,{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2020-03-19 |title=JK govt sets up backward classes commission |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/jk-govt-sets-up-backward-classes-commission-120031901694_1.html |access-date=2022-12-08}} which tends to identify them as an ethnic group to be brought under the purview of the Schedule of Tribes under the Constitution of India.{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Ronik |date=2022-11-07 |title=Opposition to ST Status to Pahari ethnic group |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/opposition-to-st-status-to-pahari-ethnic-group/}}{{Cite web |date=2022-10-23 |title=J&K amends rules: Pahari ethnicity, not language, to be criterion for reservation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/jk-amends-rules-pahari-ethnicity-not-language-to-be-criterion-for-reservation-8225527/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}

ST status was granted to Pahari Speaking People' (who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi) through an Act passed by Parliament. On 26 July 2023, the bill to add Pahari Ethnic Group along with the Paddari Tribe, Koli and Gadda Brahman in the existing list of scheduled tribes in Jammu and Kashmir was introduced in the Lok Sabha.{{Cite news |date=2023-07-26 |title=Bills to expand Jammu & Kashmir's Scheduled Castes, Schedule Tribes lists introduced in the Lok Sabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/bills-to-expand-jammu-kashmirs-scheduled-castes-schedule-tribes-lists-introduced-in-the-lok-sabha/article67124014.ece |access-date=2023-07-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} The bill was taken into consideration on February 6, 2024, and was passed the same day.{{Cite news |last=Lakshman |first=Abhinay |last2=Ashiq |first2=Peerzada |date=2024-02-06 |title=Amid protests in Jammu, Lok Sabha passes Bill to include Paharis in J&K's ST list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-protests-in-jammu-lok-sabha-passes-bill-to-include-paharis-in-jks-st-list/article67819092.ece |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}} The bill was further passed from the Rajya Sabha on February 9.{{Cite web |date=2024-02-09 |title=The new Scheduled Tribe in J&K: Paharis |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-new-scheduled-tribe-in-j-k-paharis-101707497121448.html |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}} The Act of Parliament received the President's Assent on the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, 2024. A gazette notification in this regard was issued by the Ministry of Law and Justice states on 12 February 2024.https://www.greaterkashmir.com/governance/president-gives-assent-to-jk-scheduled-tribes-amendment-act-2024/|St Status to Pahari granted through notification dated 12/02/2024

According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), all of Western Pahari languages, except for Dogri, are under either definitely endangered or critically endangered category.{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|website=TheGuardian.com|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}} None of these languages, except for Dogri, have any official status.

The Pahari people are mainly referred to two groups:

• Speakers of several languages/dialects which are classified as Western Pahari by G.A. Grierson in the first Linguistic Survey of India. Some of these include Chambeali, Kangri, Bhadarwahi (including Bhalesi), Padderi, Sarazi, Gaddi and Dogri.{{Cite web|last=Sharma |first= Vishal |last2=Hussain |first2=Serena |date=21 February 2021|title=Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/culture/international-mother-language-day-indigenous-language-movements-south-asia.html|access-date=22 October 2021|website=The Wire|language=en}} They are predominantly spoken in the Indian province of Himachal Pradesh and the Jammu region in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.{{cite web |title=Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/897/mode/1up |publisher=Digital South Asia Library}}{{cite web |title=Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/919/mode/1up |publisher=Digital South Asia Library}}File:Bhaderwahi folk.jpg The Pahari People who speak these languages are mainly drwan from Rajput clans popularly known as Rana, Parihar, Chandail, Charak, Chib etc. The Bhadarwahi, Sarazi, Bhalesi, Padri and Gaddi language mainly found in Doda district, Ramban district and Kishtwar district and Kathua district of Jammu region while speakers of Gujari speakers are found in entire J&K.{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/897/mode/1up|title= Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}{{cite web|url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=9-4&pages=998#page/919/mode/1up|title= Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī |publisher= Digital South Asia Library}}
• Speakers of Lahnda{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Survey of India |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/lsi/lsi.php?volume=8-1&pages=600#page/9/mode/1up}} dialects including Pahari–Pothwari in Azad Kashmir and Hindko. The dialects of the Pahari-Pothwari language complex cover most of the territory of Jammu and Azad Kashmir.{{Cite report| last1 = Lothers| first1 = Michael| last2 = Lothers| first2 = Laura| date = 2010| title = Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey| series = SIL Electronic Survey Reports| volume = 2010-012| url = https://www.sil.org/resources/publications/entry/9130}} People of Azad Kashmir despite not being ethnic Kashmiris possess a strong sense of Kashmiri national identity that overrides linguistic identification with closely related groups outside Azad Kashmir,{{sfn|Shackle|2007|p=114}} such as the Pothwari speaking Punjabis of the Pothohar region.{{Cite book |last=C |first=Mathew Joseph |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/991571023 |title=Understanding Pakistan : emerging voices from india |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-138-23490-1 |oclc=991571023}} The dialects are also spoken further east across the Line of Control into the Pir Panjal mountains in Indian Jammu and Kashmir. The population, estimated at 1 million,A 2000 estimate reported in {{harvtxt|Ethnologue|2017}} is found in the region between the Jhelum and Chenab rivers: most significantly in the districts of Poonch and Rajouri, to a lesser extent in neighbouring Baramulla and Kupwara,{{harvnb|Singh|2014|p=18}}; {{harvnb|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 38, 40}} and also – as a result of the influx of refugees during the Partition of 1947 – scattered throughout the rest of Jammu and Kashmir.Lists of regions and settlements are found in {{harvtxt|Bhat|2014|loc=ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44}} and {{harvtxt|Kour|2014}}.

The Gujjars who have been already listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 are opposing grant of ST status and other similar benefits to the Pahari Speaking People of J&K with the argument that such a step will dilute the entire Scheduled Tribe status. They (Gujjars) are constantly countering the move to grant Scheduled Tribe status to 'Pahari Speaking People' on the basis of (Pahari) Language.https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/gujjars-oppose-paharis-demand-for-st-status-420531 Gujjars oppose Paharis' demand for ST status{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujjars-paharis-spar-over-tribe-status/story-uSxhetWAfvOSroqkr1rU0H.html |title= Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status |date= December 2007 |publisher= The Hindustan Times }}{{cite web|url=http://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=63261 |title= J&K Gujjars meet Union Tribal Minister oppose ST status to Paharis |publisher= The Scoop News}}{{cite web | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/08/20/gujjar-and-bakerwal-oppose-st-status-to-paharis-in-jk-1187612232.html?story=3 | title=Gujjar and Bakerwal oppose ST status to 'Paharis' in J&K | date=20 August 2007 }} The Gujjars are of the view that such a move will dilute their share of reservation in the UT of J&K.

In order to oppose the demand of ST to Paharis, the tribal Gujjar youth started foot March in November 2022. After 21 days struggle the Joint Action Committee was invited by the Home Minister of India in New Delhi for a dialogue.{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-11-09 |title=Paharis in ST list: Gujjars, Bakerwals to boycott Union Tribal Minister's J&K visit in protest |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/paharis-in-st-list-gujjars-bakerwals-to-boycott-union-tribal-ministers-jk-visit-in-protest/article66115446.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=After Home Minister's assurance, Bakerwals, Gujjars discontinue foot march |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/after-home-minister-s-assurance-bakerwals-gujjars-discontinue-foot-march-101669657830211.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}{{cite web | url=https://twocircles.net/2022nov16/447449.html | title=Why are tribals from Jammu and Kashmir protesting inclusion of Paharis in ST list? | date=16 November 2022 }}{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-11-24 |title=Shah meets protesting Gujjar-Bakerwals, assures no dilution in their existing quota |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/shah-meets-protesting-gujjar-bakerwals-assures-no-dilution-in-their-existing-quota/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-11-28 |title=Gujjar, Bakerwals call off agitation against Paharis’ ST status after Amit Shah's assurances |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujjar-bakerwals-call-off-agitation-against-paharis-st-status-after-amit-shahs-assurances/article66196692.ece |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite web |date=2022-11-07 |title=Gujjar Leaders Protest in J&K Against Paharis Getting ST Tag, Say Their Inclusion Will Deter Upliftment |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/gujjar-leaders-protest-in-jk-against-st-tag-granted-to-paharis-say-their-inclusion-will-deter-upliftment-6331165.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}

The Gujjars argue that majority of Pahari Speaking People belongs to upper class Muslims such as Syeds, Qazi, Per, Beg, Raja, Malik, Mirza, Khan, Mughals, Rajputs, Kashmiris and upper caste Sikhs, Hindus including Brahmins, Rajputs, Mahajans and they do not face any social stigma or caste inequality like Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis and other tribes of Jammu and Kashmir do.https://www.news9live.com/india/jks-gujjar-bakkerwal-communities-up-in-arms-against-st-status-for-paharis-140426 Gujjars up in arms against ST status to Paharis{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-12 |title=Gujjars-Bakerwals, Gaddis oppose ST status to ‘Paharis’ |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gujjars-bakerwals-gaddis-oppose-st-status-to-paharis/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}https://www.risingkashmir.com/-Gujjars--Bakerwals--Gaddis-oppose-ST-status-to--Paharis---appeal-HM-to-intervene-113337 Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis oppose ST status to 'Paharis'; appeal HM to intervene{{Cite web |last=KO |date=2021-12-28 |title=Gujjar-Pahari: The Vicious Divide in Pir Panjal Region |url=https://kashmirobserver.net/2021/12/28/gujjar-pahari-the-vicious-divide-in-pir-panjal-region/ |access-date=2022-12-08 |website=Kashmir Observer |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Ashiq |first=Peerzada |date=2022-06-06 |title=Pir Panjal emerges key electoral battleground to capture power in J&K |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pir-panjal-emerges-key-electoral-battleground-to-capture-power-in-jk/article65501342.ece |access-date=2022-12-08 |issn=0971-751X}}{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=BJP on their side, Pahari leaders have effectively put their Gujjar counterparts in spot |url=https://www.thedispatch.in/bjp-on-their-side-pahari-leaders-have-effectively-put-their-gujjar-counterparts-in-spot/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=The Dispatch |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |title=J&K: Pahari-Gujjar divide sharpens before Amit Shah visit |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/jk-pahari-gujjar-divide-sharpens-before-amit-shah-visit/cid/1890127 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}} They said as per 2011 census the literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes of J&K is 50% and 59% in STs across India but in Pahari Speaking People especially in Poonch, Rajouri districts it is 68% and if Paharis entered into ST status the existing tribes will get affected adversely.https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/AnnualReport/AREnglish2021.pdf Tribal Affairs, Govt of India Report 2021 on tribes of India{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-09-24 |title=The Peak Fault Line |url=https://kashmirlife.net/the-peak-fault-line-vol-14-issue-26-300890/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}http://www.schedujammu.nic.in/district%20poonch.html Literacy Rate of Poonch{{Cite web |title=Rajouri Population 2023, District Tehsils List, Jammu And Kashmir |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Jammu_And_Kashmir/Rajouri_District |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=www.indiagrowing.com}} The Gujjars further arguing that the 'Pahari Speaking People' do not belong to a Socially, Economically and Educationally backward class like Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis, Sippis and Shina who are in ST list of J&K. Gujjars are opposing ST status to Paharis as they believe Paharis are already enjoying 4% reservation under Actual Control Line habitat, 10% under RBA, 4% under Other Social Castes, 10% under Economically Weaker Section, 4% under Pahari Speaking besides 48% General Category and now they are trying to get the share in 10% granted to Gujjars under ST.{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/gujjars-paharis-spar-over-tribe-status/story-uSxhetWAfvOSroqkr1rU0H.html | title=Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status | date=December 2007 }}{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/gujjars-oppose-st-status-for-paharis-274563 | title=Gujjars oppose ST status for Paharis }}{{cite web|url=https://www.5dariyanews.com/news/110673-Govt-to-push-grant-of-ST-status-to-Pahari-community-Mufti-Mohammad-Sayeed|title= Govt push to grant ST status to Pahari community -Mufti |publisher= 5 Darya News}}{{cite web|url=http://earlytimesnews.com/newsdet.aspx?q=26388|title= CM promises ST status to Paharis|publisher= Early Times News}}

Meanwhile, a number of organisations of displaced communities consisting of West Pakistan refugees who were exiled during partition now residing primarily in Jammu have been struggling and demanding ST status for them as they are also Paharis.{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date= |title=MJR-47 demands ST status for PoJK DPs of 1947 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/mjr-47-demands-st-status-for-pojk-dps-of-1947/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date= |title=PoJK refugees call on BJP govt to fulfil their demands before elections |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/pojk-refugees-call-on-bjp-govt-to-fulfil-their-demands-before-elections-1503238448.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}} In addition to this, they are urging for a share in 4% reservations in Govt Jobs/ Admissions granted to 'Pahari Speaking People' as these communities belongs to same clans of PSP and they speaks Pahari dialects fall under Lahnda Group.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-08-29 |title=Scheduled tribe status for POJK displaced |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/scheduled-tribe-status-for-pojk-displaced/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=DailyExcelsior |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-04-21 |title=PoJK refugee leader threatens self-immolation if 'Pahari' status denied |url=https://theprint.in/india/pojk-refugee-leader-threatens-self-immolation-if-pahari-status-denied/925113/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}

The Government of Jammu and Kashmir has established an advisory board for the development of Pahari Speaking People in 1989 for the welfare of Pahari People.{{cite web|url=http://www.jksocialwelfare.nic.in/pdf/citizensw.pdf |title= Schemes State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People|publisher= Social Welfare Department, Jammu and Kashmir Government -Pahari Speaking People Board}}{{cite web|url= http://www.jkpahariboard.org/about.php |title= State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People|publisher=Jammu and Kashmir Government - Pahari Speaking People Board}} Nevertheless, core demands – like that for a Scheduled Tribe status and the associated affirmative action benefits – were not met (until 2024). In 1989, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recommended to the Union Government of India that the Paharis of Kashmir should be granted such status,{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pahari-speaking-people-meet-pm-with-st-status-demand/|title= Pahari Speaking People meet PM with ST status demand |date= 3 February 2019 |publisher= Excelsior News}}{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2014/kashmir20140121d.html|title= Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status|publisher= Jammu Kashmir Archives }} and this recommendation was reiterated in 1994 by the governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the chief ministers of the state.{{cite web|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/archives/archives2014/kashmir20140121d.html|title= Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status| publisher= Jammu Kashmir Archives}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=2111|title= Scheduled Tribe Status for Paharis in J&K|publisher= IPCS News }}

In April 2020, the government of Jammu and Kashmir granted to "Pahari-speaking people" four percent reservation for direct recruitment and admission and distribution of seats in professional institutions.{{cite web |title=Govt of Jammu and Kashmir ordered granting 4% Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://jksocialwelfare.nic.in/pdf/acts/SO127.pdf |publisher=IPEC}} This has sparked disagreements between representatives of the two unrelated "Pahari" communities – those of eastern Kashmir and those of mountains of western Jammu – as to which group of the two constitutes the "genuine Paharis" with a more disadvantaged status, and therefore stronger claim to receiving the benefits of the reservation policy.{{cite web |title=NC demands Pahari status to erstwhile Doda distt |date=10 September 2020 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/nc-demands-pahari-status-to-erstwhile-doda-distt/ |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=Daily Excelsior Jammu}}{{cite web |title=Row over decision on quota issue Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir refugees claim to be the 'real Paharis' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/row-over-decision-on-quota-issue-36965 |access-date=1 November 2020 |publisher=Daily Excelsior Jammu}}

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri.{{Cite web|last=Serena Hussain|first= Vishal Sharma|date=21 February 2021|title=Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/culture/international-mother-language-day-indigenous-language-movements-south-asia.html|access-date=22 October 2021|website=The Wire|language=en}}

In October 2021 a PIL was also filed in the Himachal Pradesh High Court which re-ignited the quest for recognizing Pahari (Himachali) or Western Pahari dialect chain spoken in Himachal as one of official languages of Himachal Pradesh.The petitioners through the PIL also requested the court to direct the State government to promote Pahari (Himachali) and other local languages as the medium of instruction in primary and middle-level schools as per the National Education Policy, 2020. As well as also prayed that the court direct the state government to include Pahari (Himachali) language as a separate category for the 2021 census of India and simultaneously undertake an awareness campaign to create awareness amongst the masses, especially the youth of the State who speak Pahari (Himachali), to get it marked as their mother tongue in the upcoming Census. A bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Justice Sabina while disposing off the PIL stated,“The direction as has been prayed for, cannot be issued to the State Government until and unless it is established on record that the Pahari (Himachali) language has its own script and that a common Pahari dialect is spoken throughout the State of Himachal Pradesh.  We, however, set the petitioner at liberty to approach the Department of Language Art & Culture to the Government of Himachal Pradesh with his demand for undertaking research to promote a common Pahari (Himachali) nuclear language structure and nuclear Tankri script. If the petitioner approaches the respondents-State through its Additional Chief Secretary (Language Art & Culture) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh) for the prayer made in the Civil Writ Public Interest Litigation, it would be for the said authority to consider the same in accordance with the law.” Additionally, the petition had emphasised that Sanskrit, which is the second official language of the state, had only 936 speakers according to the 2011 census and Pahari (Himachali) dialect chain which is spoken by more than 40 lakh people was being neglected and has not been made an official language even after having so many speakers.{{Cite web|last=D|first=Madan|date=12 November 2021|title=PIL Filed in HP High Court Re-Ignites Quest for Recognizing Pahari (Himachali) as Hill State's Official Language|url=https://himachalwatcher.com/2021/11/12/pil-filed-in-hp-high-court-re-ignites-quest-for-recognizing-pahari-himachali-as-hill-states-official-language/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=Himachal Watcher|language=en}}

{{Cite web|last=The Wire|first=Staff|date=16 November 2021|title=Himachal High Court Passes Order in PIL To Make Pahari Official State Language|url=https://m.thewire.in/article/law/himachal-high-court-directs-state-to-promote-preserve-pahari-language|access-date=18 November 2021|website=The Wire|language=en}}

• Pahari-Pothwari

{{reflist}}

• [http://llmap.org/assets/maps/LinguisticSurveyIndia/wpah.png Map of Western Pahari languages] from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India

Category:Social groups of Azad Kashmir

Category:Social groups of Jammu and Kashmir