Line of Control

{{Infobox border

|length={{convert|740|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{Cite web|date=2 July 1972|title=Clarifications on LoC|url=https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19004/|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2021|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India|quote=...thus clearly delineating the entire stretch of Line of Control running through 740 Km starting from Sangam and ending at Pt NJ-9842.|archive-date=7 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907104803/https://mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?19004%2F}} to {{convert|776|km|mi|abbr=on}}{{Sfn|Arora|Kumar|2016|p=6}}{{Efn|{{convert|767|km}} long according to Mahmud Ali Durrani (2001){{Sfn|Durrani|2001|p=26}}}}

|territory1={{flagicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan

|territory2={{flagicon|India}} India

|established=2 July 1972

|treaties=Simla Agreement

|image=Kashmir Region November 2019.jpg|caption=Political map of the Kashmir region showing the Line of Control (LoC)

|establishedreason=Resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971 and after ratification of the Shimla Treaty}}

File:Un-kashmir-jammu.png map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near Siachen Glacier.|302x302px]]

The Line of Control (LoC) is a military control line between the Indian{{hyphen}} and Pakistani{{hyphen}}controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the de facto border. It was established as part of the Simla Agreement at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.{{harvnb|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of 17 December 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.' Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original 1949 cease-fire line.

The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into Azad Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as NJ9842, beyond which lies the Siachen Glacier, which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, Akhnoor), lies the border between Pakistani Punjab and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=10}}

Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as Aksai Chin. Lying further to the east, it is known as the Line of Actual Control (LAC).{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=20}}

Background

After the partition of India, present-day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir – India because of the ruler's accession to the country, and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim-majority population. The First Kashmir War in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through UN mediation. Both sides agreed on a ceasefire line.{{sfn|Wirsing| 1998|pp=4–7}}

After another Kashmir War in 1965, and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 (which saw Bangladesh become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing Simla Agreement in 1972, both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" (LoC) and observe it as a de facto border that armed action should not violate. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}{{cite web|date=2 July 1972|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|url-status=live|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.|publisher=|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117165259/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5541%2FSimla+Agreement}} The United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFVs), however their role decreased after 1971.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=110–111}} In 2000, US President Bill Clinton referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|date=23 March 2000|title=Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?|newspaper=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|date=11 March 2000|title='Most dangerous place'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825134326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-status=live}}

Characteristics

= Terrain =

The LoC from Kargil to Gurez comprises mountain passes and valleys with small streams and rivers.{{Sfn|Durrani|2001|p=27}} The area up to around {{convert|14,000|ft}} is wooded while the peaks rise higher.{{Sfn|Durrani|2001|p=27}} Winter is snowy while summers are mild. From Gurez to Akhnoor, the area is mountainous and hilly respectively and is generally forested. There are tracks and minor roads connecting settlements.{{Sfn|Durrani|2001|p=27}} The mix of flora and elevation affects visibility and line of sight significantly.{{Sfn|Durrani|2001|p=39}}

= Ceasefire violations =

In 2018, two corps and a number of battalions of the Border Security Force manned the Indian side of the LoC.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} The Rawalpindi Corps manned the Pakistani side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=109}} Ceasefire violations (CFV's) are initiated and committed by both sides and show a symmetry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=145}}{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=86}} The response to a CFV at one location can lead to shooting at an entirely different area.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=85}} Weapons used on the LoC include small arms, rocket-propelled grenades, recoilless rifles, mortars, automatic grenade launchers, rocket launchers and a number of other direct and indirect weaponry.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=18}} Military personnel on both sides risk being shot by snipers in moving vehicles, through bunker peepholes and during meals.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=82}}

The civilian population at the LoC, at some points ahead of the forward most post, has complicated the situation.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=113}} Shelling and firing by both sides along the LoC has resulted in civilian deaths.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=96, 100}}{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Naveed|date=25 December 2017|title=3 Pakistani soldiers martyred in 'unprovoked' cross-LoC firing by Indian army: ISPR|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789|url-status=live|access-date=30 August 2021|website=DAWN|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830022349/https://www.dawn.com/news/1378789}} Bunkers have been constructed for these civilian populations for protection during periods of CFV's.{{Cite news|date=7 February 2021|title=J&K completes 84% of underground bunkers along LoC to protect residents during border shelling|work=ThePrint|agency=PTI|url=https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212011812/https://theprint.in/defence/jk-completes-84-of-underground-bunkers-along-loc-to-protect-residents-during-border-shelling/600614/|url-status=live}} India and Pakistan usually report only casualties on their own sides of the LoC,{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=xxiv-xxv}} with the media blaming the other side for the firing and each side claiming an adequate retaliation.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|pp=17–18}}

According to Happymon Jacob, the reasons for CFVs along the LoC include{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=152–153}} operational reasons (defence construction like observation facilities, the rule of the gun, lack of bilateral mechanisms for border management, personality traits and the emotional state of soldiers and commanders),{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=158–180}} politico-strategic reasons,{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=181–187}} proportional response (land grab, sniping triggered, "I am better than you", revenge firing),{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=187–202}} accidental CFVs (civilian related, lack of clarity where the line is){{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=207–212}} and other reasons (like testing the new boys, honour, prestige and humiliation, fun, gamesmanship).{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=202–207}} Jacob ranks operational reasons as the main cause for CFVs, followed by retributive and politico-strategic reasons .{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=152–153}}

= Landmines and IEDs =

Mines have been laid across the India–Pakistan border and the LoC in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 2001.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=97}} The small stretch of land between the rows of fencing is mined with thousands of landmines.{{cite news|last=Umar|first=Baba|date=30 April 2011|title=Mines of war maim innocents|work=Tehelka|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp|access-date=7 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017152757/http://tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne3000411Mines.asp|archive-date=17 October 2011}} During the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff thousands of acres of land along the LoC were mined.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}} Both civilians and military personnel on both sides have died in mine and improvised explosive device (IED)-related blasts, and many more have been injured.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}} Between January 2000 to April 2002, 138 military personnel were killed on the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=98}}

= Posts and bunkers =

Reinforced sandbagged and concrete posts and bunkers are among the first line of defence along the LoC.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148}}{{Cite web|agency=AP|date=3 April 2021|title=Pakistan-India peace move silences deadly LoC|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1616085|access-date=30 August 2021|website=Dawn|language=en|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830113602/https://www.dawn.com/news/1616085|url-status=live}} Armed soldiers man these positions with enough supplies for at least a week.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148–149}} The posts and bunkers allow soldiers to sleep, cook, and keep a watch on enemy positions round the clock.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148–149}} Some posts are located in remote locations. Animals are sometimes used to help transport loads, and at some posts animals are reared.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=148–149}} The living quarters and the forward facing bunker are located at some distance apart.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=150}} The locations of some posts do not follow any pre-ordained plan, rather they are in locations used during the First Kashmir War and the following cease-fire line, with minor adjustments made in 1972.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=151}}

= Indian LoC fencing =

File:Line of Control LoC.png

India constructed a {{convert|550|km|adj=on}} barrier along the {{convert|740|km}}–{{convert|776|km}}{{Sfn|Arora|Kumar|2016|p=6}} LoC by 2004.{{Cite news|last=Williams|first=Matthias|date=20 October 2008|title=FactBox – Line of control between India and Pakistan|language=en|work=Reuters|editor-last=Scrutton|editor-first=Alistair|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/kashmir-border-idINDEL18181520081020|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825142752/https://www.reuters.com/article/kashmir-border-idINDEL18181520081020|url-status=live}} The fence generally remains about {{convert|150|yd}} on the Indian-controlled side. Its stated purpose is to exclude arms smuggling and infiltration by Pakistani-based separatist militants. The barrier, referred to as an Anti-Infiltration Obstacle System (AIOS), consists of double-row of fencing and concertina wire {{convert|8|-|12|ft|m}} in height, and is electrified and connected to a network of motion sensors, thermal imaging devices, lighting systems and alarms. They act as "fast alert signals" for the Indian troops, who can be alerted and ambush the infiltrators trying to sneak in.{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Vinay|date=1 Feb 2004|title=LoC fencing in Jammu nearing completion|newspaper=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|access-date=23 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216000931/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/01/stories/2004020109130800.htm|archive-date=16 February 2004}}{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=30 April 2017|title=Army set to install smart fence along LoC|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-set-to-install-smart-fence-along-loc/article18340498.ece|access-date=31 July 2020|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022202213/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-set-to-install-smart-fence-along-loc/article18340498.ece|url-status=live}}

The barrier's construction began in the 1990s but slowed in the early 2000s as hostilities between India and Pakistan increased. After a November 2003 ceasefire agreement, building resumed and was completed in late 2004. LoC fencing was completed in the Kashmir Valley and Jammu region on 30 September 2004.{{cite news|date=16 December 2004|title=LoC fencing completed: Mukherjee|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/LoC-fencing-completed-Mukherjee/articleshow/960859.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112105/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-12-16/india/27151889_1_loc-fencing-infiltration-barak|archive-date=22 October 2012}} According to Indian military sources, the fence has reduced the numbers of militants who routinely cross into the Indian side of the disputed region by 80%.{{cite web|last=Gilani|first=Iftikhar|date=4 March 2005|title=Harsh weather likely to damage LoC fencing|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165205/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_4-3-2005_pg7_41|archive-date=30 September 2007|access-date=31 July 2007|publisher=Daily Times}} In 2017, a proposal for an upgraded smart fence on the Indian side was accepted.

= Border villages =

A number of villages lie between the Indian fence and the zero line. Pakistan has not constructed a border fence, however a number of villages lie near the zero line.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=155}} In the Tithwal area, 13 villages are in front of the Indian fence.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=155}} The total number between the fence and zero line on the Indian side is estimated to be 60 villages and at least one million people are spread over the districts adjacent to the LoC from Rajouri to Bandipora.{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=Ashutosh|date=1 April 2021|title=Caught in the twilight zone between India and Pakistan, border villages struggle to survive|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/loc-international-border-villages-india-pakistan-aios|url-status=live|access-date=7 September 2021|website=The Caravan|archive-date=8 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908223828/https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/loc-international-border-villages-india-pakistan-aios}}

= Infiltration and military cross-LoC movement =

According to the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, 1,504 "terrorists" attempted to infiltrate India in 2002.{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=156–157}} Infiltration was one of India's main issues during the 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff.{{Cite web|date=12 June 2002|title=British and US surveillance may monitor Kashmir|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/12/kashmir.india|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=The Guardian|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902141749/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/12/kashmir.india}} There has been a decrease in infiltration over the years. Only a select number of individuals are successful; in 2016, the Ministry reported 105 successful infiltrations.{{Sfn|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018|pp=156–157}} The Indian LoC fence has been constructed with a defensive mindset to counter infiltration.{{Cite journal|last=Katoch|first=Dhruv C|date=Winter 2013|title=Combatting Cross-Border Terrorism: Need for a Doctrinal Approach|url=https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/combattingcrossborder.pdf|journal=CLAWS Journal|page=10|access-date=2 September 2021|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902141749/https://indianarmy.nic.in/WriteReadData/Documents/combattingcrossborder.pdf|url-status=live}} The reduction in infiltration also points to a reduction in support of such activities within Pakistan.{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Aarish Ullah|date=September 2005|title=The Terrorist Threat and the Policy Response in Pakistan|url=https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP11.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2021|website=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|page=35|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905050013/https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/files/PP/SIPRIPP11.pdf}} SIPRI Policy Paper No. 11 During the 2019 Balakot airstrike, Indian planes crossed the LoC for the first time in 48 years.{{Cite book|last=Gokhale|first=Nitin A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-_KDwAAQBAJ|title=Securing India the Modi Way: Balakot, Anti Satellite Missile Test and More|date=2019|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-89449-27-3|language=en|chapter=1. Pulwama: Testing Modi's Resolve|access-date=6 September 2021|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928155021/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-_KDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}

=Crossing points=

{{OSM Location map

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| mark-description21 =

}}

Pakistan and India officially designated five crossing points following the 2005 Kashmir earthquake—Nauseri-Tithwal; Chakoti-Uri; Hajipur-Uri; Rawalakot-Poonch and Tattapani-Mendhar.{{Cite web|date=30 October 2005|title=Pakistan, India agree to open five LoC points|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=DAWN|language=en|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170855/https://www.dawn.com/news/163590/pakistan-india-agree-to-open-five-loc-points}}{{Cite web|last=Hussain|first=Aijaz|date=21 November 2005|title=Kashmir earthquake: Opening of relief points along LoC becomes high point of Indo-Pak ties|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051121-kashmir-earthquake-opening-of-relief-points-along-loc-becomes-high-point-of-indo-pak-ties-786572-2005-11-21|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826113232/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20051121-kashmir-earthquake-opening-of-relief-points-along-loc-becomes-high-point-of-indo-pak-ties-786572-2005-11-21}}{{Cite web|date=30 October 2005|title=India, Pakistan to open military border|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/30/india-pakistan-to-open-military-border|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=Al Jazeera|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826113234/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/10/30/india-pakistan-to-open-military-border}}

According to Azad Jammu and the Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016, the following crossing points are listed:[https://law.ajk.gov.pk/assets/lawlibrary/2019-02-13-5c64687ee21671550084222.pdf Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Act, 2016] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826113236/https://law.ajk.gov.pk/assets/lawlibrary/2019-02-13-5c64687ee21671550084222.pdf |date=26 August 2021 }}. Act XVI of 2016. Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department, AJK Government. Retrieved 26 August 2021.

Rawalakot–Poonch
Chakothi–Uri
Chaliana–Tithwal
Tatta Pani–Mendher
Haji Peer–Silli Kot

Trade points include: Chakothi – Salamabad and Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh). The ordinance passed in 2011.{{Cite web|title=The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance, 2011 (AJK Ordinance No. XXXII of 2011)|url=http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=|via=nasirlawsite.com|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630082530/http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm}}{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=1 January 2013|title=Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India–Pakistan Line of Control (LoC)|journal=International Studies|language=en|volume=50|issue=1–2|pages=71–91|doi=10.1177/0020881715605237|s2cid=157985090|issn=0020-8817}}

Between 2005 and 2017, and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14,000, while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=114–115}} Crossing legally for civilians is not easy. A number of documents are required and verified by both countries, including proof of family on the other side.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} Even a short-term, temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals.{{Cite news|date=14 August 2021|title=Indian, Pakistani troops exchange sweets along LoC in Kashmir on Pak's I-Day|work=Business Standard India|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826121019/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|date=22 June 2021|title=India, Pakistan forces exchange Eid sweets for first time since Pulwama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms}}{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=26 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan hold brigade commanders-level meet to discuss peace at LoC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26}} On 21 October 2008, for the first time in 61 years, cross-LoC trade was conducted between the two sides.{{Sfn|Hafeez|2014|p=80}} Trade across the LoC is barter trade.{{Cite web|last=Naseem|first=Ishfaq|date=11 January 2017|title=Kashmir's Cross-Border Barter Trade|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=The Diplomat|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115213/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/}}{{Cite journal|last1=Taneja|first1=Nisha|last2=Bimal|first2=Samridhi|date=2015|title=Revisiting India Pakistan Cross-LoC Trade|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=50|issue=6|pages=21–23|jstor=24481356|issn=0012-9976|quote=Two key features form the core of the LOC trading arrangement: (i) barter exchange, and (ii) zero customs duty.}} In ten years, trade worth nearly PKR 11,446 crore or {{INRConvert|5000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} has passed through the Chakothi – Salamabad crossing.{{Cite web|last=Ehsan|first=Mir|date=2018-05-29|title=Border business: Where Kashmir unites India, Pakistan via trade|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|location=Salamadad (Uri)|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html}}

== Chilliana – Teetwal ==

{{Multiple image

| image1 = Neelumvalleyborder.jpg

| image2 = Azad Kashmire of Pakistan Side.jpg

| footer = Neelam Valley and the Chilliana – Teetwal border crossing.

| caption1 = August 2015

| caption2 = February 2018

}}

The Teetwal crossing is across the Neelum River between Muzaffarabad and Kupwara. It is usually open only during the summer months,{{Cite news|last=Iqbal|first=Mir|date=3 November 2016|title=Teetwal LoC crossing point reopens after 3 months|work=Greater Kashmir|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/teetwal-loc-crossing-point-reopens-after-3-months/232593.html|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107063805/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/kashmir/teetwal-loc-crossing-point-reopens-after-3-months/232593.html|archive-date=7 November 2016}} and unlike the other two crossings is open only for the movement of people, not for trade.{{Cite web|title=Crossing Points|url=http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615163142/http://www.ajktata.gok.pk/crossing-points/|archive-date=15 June 2019|access-date=9 March 2019|website=ajktata.gok.pk (AJK Travel and Trade Authority)}} The Tithwal bridge, first built in 1931, has been rebuilt twice.{{Cite news|last=Philip|first=Snehesh Alex|date=16 October 2020|title=A shut LoC bridge, and a Kashmir village living under the shadow of Pakistani snipers|work=ThePrint|url=https://theprint.in/india/a-shut-loc-bridge-and-a-kashmir-village-living-under-the-shadow-of-pakistani-snipers/524598/|access-date=27 August 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008235308/https://theprint.in/india/a-shut-loc-bridge-and-a-kashmir-village-living-under-the-shadow-of-pakistani-snipers/524598/|url-status=live}}

== Chakothi – Salamabad ==

The Salamabad crossing point, or the Kamran Post, is on the road between Chakothi and Uri in the Baramulla district of Jammu and Kashmir along the LoC.{{Cite press release |date=10 November 2005|title=Pakistan: Second border crossing-point opens to allow relief from India |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/pakistan-second-border-crossing-point-opens-allow-relief-india|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826104710/https://reliefweb.int/report/india/pakistan-second-border-crossing-point-opens-allow-relief-india|archive-date=26 August 2021|access-date=26 August 2021|website=ReliefWeb}}{{cite news |title=Jammu and Kashmir: Goods over Rs 3,432 crore traded via two LoC points in 3 years |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62429258.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=9 January 2018 |archive-date=17 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817121207/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/62429258.cms |url-status=live }} It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side. The English name for the bridge in Uri translates as "bridge of peace". The Indian Army rebuilt it after the 2005 Kashmir earthquake when a mountain on the Pakistani side caved in.{{cite news|date=21 February 2008|title=J&K CM inaugurates rebuilt Aman Setu|work=Hindustan Times|agency=IANS|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/j-k-cm-inaugurates-rebuilt-aman-setu/story-J8rVhViLWXHhl6NHHz1VbL.html|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/j-k-cm-inaugurates-rebuilt-aman-setu/story-J8rVhViLWXHhl6NHHz1VbL.html|url-status=live}} This route was opened for trade in 2008 after being closed for 61 years.{{cite news|last=Ramasubbu|first=Krishnamurthy|date=21 October 2008|title=Trucks start rolling, duty-free commerce across LoC opens|publisher=Livemint|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rkyV94TJ7QOHhPUMS5wqDN/Trucks-start-rolling-dutyfree-commerce-across-LoC-opens.html|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005910/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/rkyV94TJ7QOHhPUMS5wqDN/Trucks-start-rolling-dutyfree-commerce-across-LoC-opens.html|url-status=live}} The Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus crosses this bridge on the LoC.{{cite news|date=19 February 2006|title=Re-erected Kaman Aman Setu will be inaugurated on Monday|publisher=Outlook|agency=PTI|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/re-erected-kaman-aman-setu-will-be-inaugurated-on-monday/356510|access-date=25 July 2018|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726005653/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/re-erected-kaman-aman-setu-will-be-inaugurated-on-monday/356510|url-status=live}}

== Tetrinote – Chakan Da Bagh ==

A road connects Kotli and Tatrinote on the Pakistan side of the LoC to the Indian Poonch district of Jammu and Kashmir through the Chakan Da Bagh crossing point.{{Cite web|date=14 August 2014|title=Chakan-Da-Bagh in Poonch|url=https://zeenews.india.com/404.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117072828/http://zeenews.india.com/tags/Chakan-Da-Bagh_in_Poonch.html|archive-date=17 January 2013|website=Zee News}} It is a major route for cross LoC trade and travel. Banking facilities and a trade facilitation centre are being planned on the Indian side for the benefit of traders.{{cite news |title=Cross-LoC trade at Rs 2,800 crore in last three years |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/cross-loc-trade-at-rs-2800-crore-in-last-three-years/articleshow/52730540.cms |access-date=25 July 2018 |agency=PTI |publisher=The Economic Times |date=13 June 2016 |archive-date=26 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726040823/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/cross-loc-trade-at-rs-2800-crore-in-last-three-years/articleshow/52730540.cms |url-status=live }}

Most of the flag meetings between Indian and Pakistani security forces are held here.{{cite news |title=India, Pakistan hold flag meeting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pak-hold-flag-meeting/article19546903.ece |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=23 August 2017 |archive-date=24 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824231523/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-pak-hold-flag-meeting/article19546903.ece |url-status=live }}

== Tattapani – Mendhar ==

The fourth border crossing between Tattapani and Mendhar was opened on 14 November 2005.{{Cite web|date=2005-11-15|title=Fourth Kashmir crossing opens|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=DAWN|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170856/https://www.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens}}

Impact on civilians

The Line of Control divided the Kashmir into two and closed the Jhelum valley route, the only way in and out of the Kashmir Valley from Pakistani Punjab. This ongoing territorial division severed many villages and separated family members.Ranjan Kumar Singh, Sarhad: Zero Mile, (Hindi), Parijat Prakashan, {{ISBN|81-903561-0-0}}{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?q=line+of+control+separated+villages+families+relatives+in+kashmir&btnG=Search+Books|title=Closer to ourselves: stories from the journey towards peace in South Asia|publisher=WISCOMP, Foundation for Universal Responsibility of His Holiness the Dalai Lama|year=2008|page=75|access-date=19 June 2013}} Some families could see each other along the LoC in locations such as the Neelum River, but were unable to meet.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=84}} In certain locations, women on the Pakistan side on the LoC have been instrumental in influencing infiltration and ceasefire violations; they have approached nearby Pakistani Army camps directly and insisted infiltration stop, which reduces India's cross LoC firing.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|pp=107–109}}

In popular culture

Documentaries covering the LoC and related events include A journey through River Vitasta,{{Cite web|title=Film-making beyond borders: The process is the message|url=https://www.c-r.org/news-and-views/stories/film-making-beyond-borders-process-message|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Conciliation Resources|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072531/https://www.c-r.org/news-and-views/stories/film-making-beyond-borders-process-message}} Raja Shabir Khan's Line of Control{{Cite web|date=2016|title=Line of Control|url=https://www.dmzdocs.com/eng/addon/00000002/history_film_view.asp?m_idx=101183&QueryYear=2017|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=DMZ International Documentary Film Festival|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072531/https://www.dmzdocs.com/eng/addon/00000002/history_film_view.asp?m_idx=101183&QueryYear=2017}} and HistoryTV18's Kargil: Valour & Victory.{{Cite web|date=23 January 2021|title=HistoryTV18 brings viewers true stories of courage and sacrifice in the Kargil War|url=https://www.adgully.com/historytv18-brings-viewers-true-stories-of-courage-and-sacrifice-in-the-kargil-war-100222.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Adgully.com|language=en-US|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072532/https://www.adgully.com/historytv18-brings-viewers-true-stories-of-courage-and-sacrifice-in-the-kargil-war-100222.html}} A number of Bollywood films on the 1999 Kargil conflict have involved depictions and scenes of the line of control including LOC: Kargil (2003),{{Sfn|Budha|2012|p=8}} Lakshya (2004){{Cite web|last=Dsouza|first=Vinod|date=17 August 2018|title=Atal Bihari Vajpayee's Tenure As PM Inspired Hrithik Roshan's Lakshya & John Abraham's Parmanu|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/hrithik-roshan-lakshya-john-abraham-parmanu-inspired-when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-was-prime-minister-276412.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Filmibeat|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072529/https://www.filmibeat.com/bollywood/news/2018/hrithik-roshan-lakshya-john-abraham-parmanu-inspired-when-atal-bihari-vajpayee-was-prime-minister-276412.html}} and Gunjan Saxena: The Kargil Girl (2020).{{Cite news|date=19 August 2020|title=Gunjan Saxena: India female pilot's war biopic flies into a row|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53778420|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611183853/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53778420|url-status=live}} Other Bollywood films include Uri: The Surgical Strike (2019){{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Nivedita|date=15 August 2019|title=Independence Day 2019: How Uri The Surgical Strike changed the way Indian patriotic films are made|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/independence-day-2019-how-uri-the-surgical-strike-changed-the-way-indian-patriotic-films-are-made/story-izVBaYJlXQTHfxg9yUMs0M.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072529/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/independence-day-2019-how-uri-the-surgical-strike-changed-the-way-indian-patriotic-films-are-made/story-izVBaYJlXQTHfxg9yUMs0M.html}} and Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015),{{Cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Ipsita|date=27 July 2015|others=Scroll.in|title=How Bajrangi Bhaijaan brought peace to the LoC and solved the Kashmir issue|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1196694|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Dawn|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010015136/https://www.dawn.com/news/1196694}} and streaming television shows such as Avrodh (2020).{{Cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=31 July 2020|title='Avrodh' review: Show about 2016 surgical strike goes beyond Line of Control in more ways than one|url=https://scroll.in/reel/968727/avrodh-review-show-about-2016-surgical-strike-goes-beyond-line-of-control-in-more-ways-than-one|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903072531/https://scroll.in/reel/968727/avrodh-review-show-about-2016-surgical-strike-goes-beyond-line-of-control-in-more-ways-than-one}}

References

;Notes

;Citations

;Bibliography

{{citation |last=Wirsing |first=Robert G. |chapter=War or Peace on the Line of Control? |editor=Clive Schofield |title=Boundary and Territory Briefing, Volume 2, Number 5 |isbn=1-897643-31-4 |year=1998 |chapter-url=https://www.durham.ac.uk/research/institutes-and-centres/ibru-borders-research/maps-and-publications/publications/publications-catalogue/war-or-peace-on-the-line-of-control-the-india-pakistan-dispute-over-kashmir-turns-fifty.php}} (Page numbers cited per the e-document)
{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMrfCgAAQBAJ|title=Filming the Line of Control: The Indo–Pak Relationship through the Cinematic Lens|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=978-1-136-51606-1|editor-last=Bharat|editor-first=Meenakshi|editor-last2=Kumar|editor-first2=Nirmal}}
— {{Citation|last=Budha|first=Kishore|title=Genre Development in the Age of Markets and Nationalism: The War Film|date=2012|chapter=1}}
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— {{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|title=Line on Fire: Ceasefire Violations and India–Pakistan Escalation Dynamics|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-19-909547-6|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018}}}} (e-book version)
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