Paleoconservatism#Individual liberty

Paleoconservatism is a political philosophy and a strain of conservatism in the United States stressing American nationalism, Christian ethics, regionalism, traditionalist conservatism, and non-interventionism. Paleoconservatism's concerns overlap with those of the Old Right that opposed the New Deal in the 1930s and 1940s{{sfn|Raimondo|1993}} as well as with paleolibertarianism.{{cite journal|url=http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|title=The Case for Paleo-libertarianism|last=Rockwell|first=Lew|journal=Liberty|issue=January 1990|pages=34–38|access-date=January 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144559/http://www.pericles.press/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Liberty_Magazine.pdf|archive-date=September 7, 2018|url-status=dead}}De Coster, Karen (December 2, 2003). [https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/paleolibertarianism/ "Paleolibertarianism"]. LewRockwell.com. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927123533/https://www.lewrockwell.com/lrc-blog/paleolibertarianism/|date=September 27, 2018}}. Retrieved January 28, 2020. By the start of the 21st century, the movement had begun to focus more on issues of race.{{Cite news |last=Greenberg |first=David |date=11 December 2016 |title=An Intellectual History of Trumpism |url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2016/12/trumpism-intellectual-history-populism-paleoconservatives-214518/ |work=Politico}}

The terms neoconservative and paleoconservative were coined by Paul Gottfried in the 1980s,{{cn|date=January 2025}} originally relating to the divide in American conservatism over the Vietnam War. Those supporting the war became known as the neoconservatives (interventionists), as they made a decisive split from traditional conservatism (nationalist isolationism), which then became known as paleoconservatism.{{sfn|Gottfried|1993}}{{sfn|Gottfried|2006}}{{sfn|Scotchie|2017}} Paleoconservatives press for restrictions on immigration, a rollback of multicultural programs and perceived large-scale demographic change, the decentralization of federal policy, the restoration of controls upon free trade, a greater emphasis upon economic nationalism, and non-intervention in the politics of foreign nations.{{sfn|Foley|2007|p=318}}

Historian George Hawley states that although influenced by paleoconservatism, Donald Trump is not a paleoconservative, but rather a nationalist and a right-wing populist.{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=129}} Hawley also argued in 2017 that paleoconservatism was an exhausted force in American politics{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=29}} but that for a time it represented the most serious right-wing threat to the mainstream conservative movement.{{sfn|Hawley|2017|p=29}} Regardless of how Trump himself is categorized, others regard the movement known as Trumpism as supported by,{{cite journal |last1=Drolet|first1=Jean-Francois |last2=Williams|first2=Michael|title=The view from MARS: US paleoconservatism and ideological challenges to the liberal world order |journal= International Journal |volume=74 |issue=1 |year=2019 |page=18 | doi= 10.1177/0020702019834716 |s2cid=151239862 |doi-access=free }} if not a rebranding of, paleoconservatism. From this view, the followers of the Old Right did not fade away so easily and continue to have significant influence in the Republican Party and the entire country.{{cite journal |last1=Morris|first1=Edwin Kent |title= Inversion, Paradox, and Liberal Disintegration: Towards a Conceptual Framework of Trumpism |journal= New Political Science |volume=41 |issue=1 |date= December 24, 2018 |page=21 |doi=10.1080/07393148.2018.1558037 |s2cid=149978398 }}

Terminology

The prefix paleo derives from the Greek root παλαιός (palaiós), meaning "ancient" or "old". It is somewhat tongue-in-cheek and refers to the paleoconservatives' claim to represent a more historic, authentic conservative tradition than that found in neoconservatism. Adherents of paleoconservatism often describe themselves simply as "paleo". Rich Lowry of National Review claims the prefix "is designed to obscure the fact that it is a recent ideological creation of post-Cold War politics".{{cite magazine |last=Lowry |first=Richard |author-link=Rich Lowry |year=2005 |title=Reaganism v. Neo-Reaganism |url=http://nationalinterest.org/article/reaganism-v-neo-reaganism-432 |url-access=subscription |magazine=The National Interest |issue=79 |publisher=Center for the National Interest |pages=35–41 |issn=1938-1573 |jstor=42897547 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}

Samuel T. Francis, Thomas Fleming, and some other paleoconservatives deemphasize the conservative part of the paleoconservative label, claiming they do not want the status quo preserved.{{sfn|Francis|1994}}{{cite magazine |last=Foer |first=Franklin |author-link=Franklin Foer |date=July 22, 2002 |title=Home Bound |url=http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |magazine=The New Republic |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001193300/http://www.tnr.com/article/home-bound |archive-date=October 1, 2009 |access-date=January 27, 2018}} Fleming and Paul Gottfried called such thinking "stupid tenacity" and described it as "a series of trenches dug in defense of last year's revolution".{{sfn|Gottfried|Fleming|1988|p=xv}} Francis defined authentic conservatism as "the survival and enhancement of a particular people and its institutionalized cultural expressions".{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=July 1992 |title=The Buchanan Revolution |url=http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040723154821/http://www.samfrancis.net/pdf/all1992.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2004 |access-date=January 27, 2018 |via=SamFrancis.net}}{{cite magazine |last=Francis |first=Samuel |author-link=Samuel T. Francis |date=March 2004 |title=(Con)fusion on the Right |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |magazine=Chronicles |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404042145/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/Chronicles/March2004/0304Principalities.html |archive-date=April 4, 2007 |access-date=January 27, 2018}}

Ideology

Paleoconservatives support restrictions on immigration, decentralization, trade tariffs and protectionism, economic nationalism, isolationism, and a return to traditional conservative ideals relating to gender, race, sexuality, culture, and society.{{cite web |last1=Matthews |first1=Dillon |title=The alt-right is more than warmed-over white supremacy. It's that, but way way weirder. |url=https://www.vox.com/2016/4/18/11434098/alt-right-explained |website=Vox |date=April 18, 2016 |publisher=Vox Media Inc |access-date=August 4, 2019 |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155255/https://www.vox.com/2016/4/18/11434098/alt-right-explained |url-status=live }}

Paleoconservatism differs from neoconservatism in opposing free trade and promoting republicanism. Paleoconservatives see neoconservatives as imperialists and themselves as defenders of the republic.{{cite web |last=Larison |first=Daniel |title=How Paleo and Fusionist Conservatism Differ |url=http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |publisher=American Conservative Union Foundation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040205201328/http://acuf.org/issues/issue3/040107med.asp |archive-date=February 5, 2004 |url-status=usurped |access-date=January 27, 2018}}{{cite news |last=Judis |first=John B. |author-link=John Judis |date=October 3, 1999 |title=The Buchanan Doctrine |url= https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/10/03/reviews/991003.03judist.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 27, 2018}}

Paleoconservatives tend to oppose abortion, gay marriage, and LGBTQ rights.{{cite magazine |last=Fleming |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Fleming (political writer) |date=September 8, 2005 |title=Ethics 01A.1: Gay Marriage, Democracy |url=http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |url-status=dead |magazine=Chronicles |location=Rockford, Illinois |publisher=Rockford Institute |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060927173854/http://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/cgi-bin/hardright.cgi/Ethics_01A___Gay_Ma.writeback |archive-date=September 27, 2006 |access-date=August 27, 2006}}

= Human nature, tradition, and reason =

Paleoconservatives believe that tradition is a form of reason, rather than a competing force. Mel Bradford wrote that certain questions are settled before any serious deliberation concerning a preferred course of conduct may begin. This ethic is based in a "culture of families, linked by friendship, common enemies, and common projects",{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M. E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990

|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |page=129}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}. so a good conservative keeps "a clear sense of what Southern grandmothers have always meant in admonishing children, 'we don't do that'".{{cite book |last=Bradford |first=M. E. |author-link=Mel Bradford |year=1990

|title=The Reactionary Imperative: Essays Literary and Political |location=Peru, Illinois |publisher=Sherwood Sugden |pages=119, 121}} Quoted in {{harvnb|Murphy|2001|p=233}}.

Pat Buchanan argues that a good politician must "defend the moral order rooted in the Old and New Testament and Natural Law"—and that "the deepest problems in our society are not economic or political, but moral".[http://www.buchanan.org/pma-00-0621-fulani.html Pat Buchanan Responds To Lenora Fulani's Resignation – Buchanan Campaign Press Releases – theinternetbrigade – Official Web Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005164216/http://www.buchanan.org/pma-00-0621-fulani.html |date=October 5, 2006 }}

= Southern traditionalism =

According to historian Paul V. Murphy, paleoconservatives developed a focus on localism and states' rights. From the mid-1980s onward, Chronicles promoted a Southern traditionalist worldview focused on national identity, regional particularity, and skepticism of abstract theory and centralized power.{{sfn|Murphy|2001|p=218}} According to Hague, Beirich, and Sebesta (2009), the antimodernism of the paleoconservative movement defined the neo-Confederate movement of the 1980s and 1990s. During this time, notable paleoconservatives argued that desegregation, welfare, tolerance of gay rights, and church-state separation had been damaging to local communities, and that these issues had been imposed by federal legislation and think tanks. Paleoconservatives also claimed the Southern Agrarians as forebears in this regard.{{cite book |last1=Hague |first1=Euan |last2=Beirich |first2=Heidi |last3=Sebesta |first3=Edward H. |title=Neo-Confederacy: A Critical Introduction |date=2009 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=9780292779211 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfWdaR9wHEEC |access-date=December 3, 2018 |language=en |pages=25–27}}

= Opposition to Israel =

Paleoconservatives are generally critics of Israel and supporters of the Arab cause in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; they have argued that supporting the country damages foreign relations with the Islamic world and American interests abroad.{{Cite web |last=Postel |first=Danny |date=2023-11-07 |title=The Conservative Fault Lines Revealed by Debates Over Israel |url=https://newlinesmag.com/argument/the-conservative-fault-lines-revealed-by-debates-over-israel/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=New Lines Magazine |language=en}} Buchanan has asserted that "Capitol Hill is Israeli occupied territory". Russell Kirk argued that "Not seldom has it seemed... as if some eminent Neoconservatives mistook Tel Aviv for the capital of the United States".{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Adam |title=Israel and the Neoconservatives: Zionism and American Interests |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781498567343 |pages=8}} During the Israel-Gaza War, paleoconservative Tucker Carlson argued Israel was guilty of war crimes, and that President Joe Biden's support of the country risked American complicitness in the actions.{{Cite web |last=Schorr |first=Isaac |date=2023-10-24 |title=Tucker Carlson and Douglas Macgregor Suggest Israel Is Committing 'War Crimes' and Mock 'Moral Victories' |url=https://www.mediaite.com/news/tucker-carlson-and-pro-putin-guest-suggest-israel-is-committing-war-crimes-and-mock-moral-victories/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=Mediaite |language=en}}

Notable people

= Philosophers and scholars =

Mel Bradford (1934–1993){{sfnm|1a1=Hawley|1y=2017|2a1=Newman|2a2=Giardina|2y=2011|2p=50}}
Paul Gottfried (born 1941){{sfnm|1a1=Clark|1y=2016|1p=77|2a1=Dueck|2y=2010|2p=258|3a1=Hawley|3y=2017|4a1=Newman|4a2=Giardina|4y=2011|4p=50}}
E. Christian Kopff (born 1946){{sfn|Ansell|1998|p=34}}
William S. Lind (born 1947){{cite web |last1=Robertson|first1=Derek|title=The Canadian Psychologist Beating American Pundits at Their Own Game|url=https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2018/04/08/jordan-peterson-beating-pundits-own-game-217773|website=Politico|publisher=Capitol News Company|access-date=August 6, 2019}}
Clyde N. Wilson (born 1941){{sfnm|1a1=Newman|1a2=Giardina|1y=2011|1p=50|2a1=Wilson|2y=2017}}

=Commentators and columnists=

Pat Buchanan (born 1938), White House Communications Director (1985–1987), 1992 and 1996 Republican presidential candidate, 2000 Reform Party presidential nominee{{sfn|Dueck|2010|p=258}}
Peter Brimelow (born 1947){{cite web|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2003/paleoconservatives-decry-immigration|title='Paleoconservatives' Decry Immigration|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|access-date=November 14, 2020}}
Tucker Carlson (born 1969){{cite magazine|last=Continetti|first=Matthew|date=June 1, 2019|title=Making Sense of the New American Right|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/06/new-american-right-schools-of-thought/|magazine=National Review}}
John Derbyshire (born 1945){{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/re-paleocons-immigration-john-derbyshire/|title=Re: Paleocons On Immigration|website=National Review|date=March 19, 2003}}{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan|title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained|first=Dylan|last=Matthews|date=May 6, 2016|website=Vox|access-date=August 23, 2020}}
Thomas Fleming (born 1945){{sfn|Clark|2016|p=77}}
Samuel T. Francis (1947–2005){{sfnm|1a1=Dueck|1y=2010|1p=258|2a1=McDonald|2y=2004|2p=216}}
Robert Novak (1931–2009){{cite magazine|last=Frum|first=David|date=March 25, 2003|title=Unpatriotic Conservatives|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2003/03/unpatriotic-conservatives-david-frum/|magazine=National Review}}
Steve Sailer (born 1958){{cite magazine|url=https://washingtonmonthly.com/2007/05/01/the-american-conservative-crackup/|title=The American Conservative Crackup|date=May 1, 2007|magazine=Washington Monthly}}
Joseph Sobran (1946–2010){{sfnm|1a1=Nash|1y=2006|1p=568|2a1=Newman|2a2=Giardina|2y=2011|2p=50}}
Taki Theodoracopulos (born 1936){{cite web|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/intellectual-history-of-trumpism-white-house/|title=An intellectual history of Trumpism|date=December 12, 2016|website=Politico}}

Notable organizations and outlets

= Organizations =

Abbeville Institute{{sfn|Newman|Giardina|2011|p=50}}
John Birch Society{{cite web | last1=Matthews | first1=Dylan | title=Paleoconservatism, the movement that explains Donald Trump, explained | url=https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan | date=May 6, 2016 | work=Vox | access-date=August 23, 2020 | archive-date=June 23, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623235749/https://www.vox.com/2016/5/6/11592604/donald-trump-paleoconservative-buchanan | url-status=live }}

= Periodicals and websites =

The American Conservative{{sfn|Schneider|2009|p=212}}
Chronicles (magazine){{sfnm|1a1=Clark|1y=2016|1p=77|2a1=Hawley|2y=2017|3a1=Schneider|3y=2009|3p=170}}
[http://sidestream.press/or111-dyga Observer & Review]
Intercollegiate Review{{sfn|Clark|2016|p=77}}
Taki's Magazine{{Cite web|url=https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/story/why-i-love-takis-magazine|work=Charleston City Paper|title=Why I Love Taki's Magazine|date=May 30, 2008|access-date=March 18, 2021|archive-date=March 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318141623/https://www.charlestoncitypaper.com/story/why-i-love-takis-magazine|url-status=live}}

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{{cite journal|last=Woltermann|first=Chris|year=1993|title=What Is Paleoconservatism?|journal=Telos|volume=1993|issue=97|pages=9–20|doi=10.3817/0993097009|s2cid=147206456|issn=1940-459X}}