Right-wing populism

{{See also|Populism#Authoritarianism}}

Right-wing populism is an ideology that primarily espouses neo-nationalism, social conservatism, and economic nationalism.{{Cite book|last=Zembylas|first=Michalinos|title=Affect and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism}}

Cas Mudde argues that what he calls the "populist radical right" starts with the idea of 'the nation'. He however rejects the use of nationalism as a core ideology of right-wing populism on the ground that there are also purely "civic" or "liberal" forms of nationalism, preferring instead the term nativism: a xenophobic form of nationalism asserting that "states should be inhabited exclusively by members of the native group ('the nation'), and that non-native elements (persons and ideas) are fundamentally threatening to the homogeneous nation-state". Mudde further argues that "while nativism could include racist arguments, it can also be non-racist (including and excluding on the basis of culture or even religion)", and that the term nativism does not reduce the parties to mere single-issue parties, such as the term anti-immigrant does. In the maximum definition, to nativism is added authoritarianism—an attitude, not necessarily anti-democratic or autocratic, to prefer "law and order" and the submission to authority{{Efn|Mudde: authoritarianism "is the belief in a strictly ordered society, in which infringements of authority are to be punished severely. In this interpretation, [it] includes law and order and "punitive conventional moralism". It does not necessarily mean an anti-democratic attitude, but neither does it preclude one. In addition, the authoritarian's submission to authority, established or not, is "not absolute, automatic, nor blind". In other words, while authoritarians will be more inclined to accept (established) authority than non-authoritarians, they can and will rebel under certain circumstances."|name=|group=lower-alpha}}—and populism—a "thin-centered ideology" that considers society to be ultimately separated into two homogeneous and antagonistic groups, "the pure people" versus "the corrupt elite", and which argues that politics should be an expression of the "general will of the people", regardless of human rights or constitutional guarantees.{{Efn|"Maximal" right-wing populists here give a preference for the état légal—which gives primacy to the law as expressed by the general will via election or referendum; against the Rechtsstaat—which limits the power of the democratic state (the majority) to protect the rights of minorities.|name=|group=lower-alpha}}{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7HmYngEACAAJ|title=Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe|last=Mudde|first=Cas|date=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-34143-4|pages=15–31|language=en}} Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser reiterated in 2017 that within European right-wing populism, there is a "marriage of convenience" of populism based on an "ethnic and chauvinistic definition of the people", authoritarianism, and nativism. This results in right-wing populism having a "xenophobic nature".{{cite book|title=Populism: A Very Short Introduction|last1=Mudde|first1=Cas|last2=Kaltwasser|first2=Cristóbal Rovira|author-link2=Cristóbal Rovira|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-023487-4|location=Oxford|pages=34–35}}

Roger Eatwell, Emeritus Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bath, writes that, "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics."Eatwell, Roger (2017) "Populism and Fascism" in Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira; Taggart, Paul; Espejo, Paulina Ochoa; and Ostiguy, Pierre eds. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. "whilst populism and fascism differ notably ideologically, in practice the latter has borrowed aspects of populist discourse and style, and populism can degenerate into leader-oriented authoritarian and exclusionary politics." According to left-wing media Vice, for populism to transition into fascism or proto-fascism it requires a "nihilistic culture and an intractable crisis".Brown, Drew (31 October 2018) [https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/qv9gkp/where-does-right-wing-populism-end-and-fascism-begin "Where Does 'Right-Wing Populism' End, and Fascism Begin?"] Vice

[P]opulism is like fascism in being a response to liberal and socialist explanations of the political. And also like fascism, populism does not recognize a legitimate political place for an opposition that it regards as acting against the desires of the people and that it also accuses of being tyrannical, conspiratorial, and antidemocratic. ... The opponents are turned into public enemies, but only rhetorically. If populism moves from rhetorical enmity to practices of enemy identification and persecution, we could be talking about its transformation into fascism or another form of dictatorial repression. This has happened in the past ... and without question it could happen in the future. This morphing of populism back into fascism is always a possibility, but it is very uncommon, and when it does happen, and populism becomes fully antidemocratic, it is no longer populism.Federico Finchelstein, Federico (2019) [https://books.google.com/books?id=h4qdDwAAQBAJ&dq=from%20fascism%20to%20populism%20in%20history%20pdf&pg=PA5 From Fascism to Populism in History] Berkeley, California: University of California Press. pp. 5–6. {{ISBN|978-0-520-30935-7}}.

Erik Berggren and Andres Neergard wrote in 2015 that, "[m]ost researchers agree [...] that xenophobia, anti-immigration sentiments, nativism, ethno-nationalism are, in different ways, central elements in the ideologies, politics, and practices of right-wing populism and Extreme Right Wing Parties."Berggren, Erik and Neergard, Andres [https://books.google.com/books?id=GFWsCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22right-wing+populism%22+xenophobic+racist+nativist&pg=PA179 "Populism: Protest, democratic challenge and right wing sxtremism"] in Dahlstedt, Magnus and Neergaard, Andres eds. (2015) International Migration and Ethnic Relations: Critical Perspectives/ New York: Routledge. p. 179. {{isbn|978-1-317-65590-9}} Similarly, historian Rick Shenkman describes the ideology presented by right-wing populism as "a deadly mix of xenophobia, racism, and authoritarianism".Shenkman, Rick (8 September 2019) [https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/09/08/shawn-rosenberg-democracy-228045 "The Shocking Paper Predicting the End of Democracy"] Politico Magazine Tamir Bar-On also concluded in 2018 that the literature generally places "nativism" or "ethnic nationalism" as the core concept of the ideology, which "implicitly posits a politically dominant group, while minorities are conceived as threats to the nation". It is "generally, but not necessarily racist";{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9FDwAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Radical Right|last=Rydgren|first=Jens|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-027455-9|page=56|language=en}} in the case of the Dutch PVV for instance, "a religious [minority, i.e. Muslims] instead of an ethnic minority constitutes the main 'enemy'".{{Cite journal|last=Rooduijn|first=Matthijs|date=2014|title=Vox populismus: a populist radical right attitude among the public?|journal=Nations and Nationalism|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|page=82|doi=10.1111/nana.12054|issn=1469-8129|url=http://dare.uva.nl/personal/pure/en/publications/vox-populismus-a-populist-radical-right-attitude-among-the-public(22286a6b-7e6a-4689-9a71-41ed47923500).html}}

Scholars use terminology inconsistently, sometimes referring to right-wing populism as "radical right"{{sfn|Kaplan|Weinberg|1998|pp=10–11}} or other terms such as new nationalism.{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2016/06/25/483400958/from-brexit-to-trump-nationalist-movements-gain-momentum-around-world|title=From 'Brexit' To Trump, Nationalist Movements Gain Momentum Around World|website=NPR.org|access-date=24 March 2017}} Pippa Norris noted that "standard reference works use alternate typologies and diverse labels categorising parties as 'far' or 'extreme' right, 'New Right', 'anti-immigrant' or 'neo-fascist', 'anti-establishment', 'national populist', 'protest', 'ethnic', 'authoritarian', 'anti-government', 'anti-party', 'ultranationalist', 'right-libertarian' and so on".{{sfn|Norris|2005|p=44}}{{Update inline|date=May 2024}} The term authoritarian populism can be used to describe right-wing populism,{{cite journal | last=AKGEMCİ | first=Esra | title=Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil | journal=Uluslararası İlişkiler / International Relations | publisher=Uluslararası İlişkiler Konseyi İktisadi İşletmesi | volume=19 | issue=74 | year=2022 | issn=1304-7310 | jstor=27130875 | pages=37–51 | doi=10.33458/uidergisi.1113367 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27130875 | access-date=2024-10-24 | quote=One could argue that authoritarian populism can also be combined with left-wing social policy. Still, I assert that the phenomenon was born to address specific conditions in which far-right leaders appealed to the "people" with populist attitudes to promote authoritarian measures. A leftist leader can also be both authoritarian and populist, but the term authoritarian populism, which Stuart Hall coined, can be applied as a distinctive version of far-right populism.}} although it is also used to refer to left-wing political movements.{{cite web | title=Authoritarian Populism Index 2024 | website=Timbro | date=2024 | url=https://iea.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/TAPI_2024_digital_2024-04-15-compressed.pdf | access-date=2024-10-24 | page=12}}{{cite journal | last=Corrales | first=Javier | title=Why Populism is the Sugar, Salt, and Fat of Our Politics. . . with Variations: A Reflection | journal=American Behavioral Scientist | publisher=SAGE Publications | date=2024-08-19 | volume=68 | issue=13 | pages=1804–1814 | issn=0002-7642 | doi=10.1177/00027642241268275 | quote=For comparable arguments for left-wing authoritarian populism, see Corrales (2011, 2018),. Carrión (2021), Cleary and Öztürk (2022). }}

In regard to the authoritarian aspect of right-wing populism, political psychologist Shawn W. Rosenberg asserts that its "intellectual roots and underlying logic" are best seen as "a contemporary expression of the fascist ideologies of the early 20th century".

Guided by its roots in ideological fascism ... and its affinity to the fascist governments of 1930s Germany and Italy, [right-wing populism] tends to delegate unusual power to its leadership, more specifically its key leader. This leader embodies the will of the people, renders it clear for everyone else and executes accordingly. Thus distinctions between the leadership, the people as a whole and individuals are blurred as their will is joined in a single purpose. (p.5) ... In this political cultural conception, individuals have a secondary and somewhat derivative status. They are rendered meaningful and valued insofar as they are part of the collective, the people and the nation. Individuals are thus constituted as a mass who share a single common significant categorical quality – they are nationals, members of the nation. ... In this conception, the individual and the nation are inextricably intertwined, the line between them blurred. As suggested by philosophers of fascism ... the state is realized in the people and the people are realized in the state. It is a symbiotic relation. Individuals are realized in their manifestation of the national characteristics and by their participation in the national mission. In so doing, individuals are at once defined and valued, recognized and glorified. (p. 12)Rosenberg cites Gentile, G. (1928) The philosophic basis of fascism. Foreign Affairs, v.6, n.2 pp. 290–304

According to Rosenberg, right-wing populism accepts the primacy of "the people", but rejects liberal democracy's protection of the rights of minorities, and favors ethno-nationalism over the legal concept of the nation as a polity, with the people as its members; in general, it rejects the rule of law. All of these attributes, as well as its favoring of strong political leadership, suggest right-wing populism's fascist leanings.Rosenberg, Shawn W. (2019) [https://www.academia.edu/38564962/Democracy_Devouring_Itself_The_Rise_of_the_Incompetent_Citizen_and_the_Appeal_of_Populism.docx "Democracy Devouring Itself: The Rise of the Incompetent Citizen and the Appeal of Right Wing Populism"] in Hur, Domenico Uhng and Sabucedo, José Manuel eds. (forthcoming) Psychology of Political and Everyday Extremisms Historian Federico Finchelstein defines populism as a form of authoritarian democracy while fascism is an ultraviolent dictatorship.{{Cite book |last=Finchelstein |first=Federico |title=From Fascism to populism in history: with a new preface |date=2019 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30935-7 |edition=First |location=Oakland, California |page=6 |quote=Populism is a form of authoritarian democracy, while Fascism is an ultraviolet dictatorship.}}

According to Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin, "National populists prioritize the culture and interests of the nation, and promise to give voice to a people who feel that they have been neglected, even held in contempt, by distant and often corrupt elites." They are part of a "growing revolt against mainstream politics and liberal values. This challenge is in general not anti-democratic. Rather, national populists are opposed to certain aspects of liberal democracy as it has evolved in the West. [...] [Their] 'direct' conception of democracy differs from the 'liberal' one that has flourished across the West following the defeat of fascism and which has gradually become more elitist in character." Furthermore, national populists question what they call the "erosion of the nation-state", "hyper ethnic change" and the "capacity to rapidly absorb [high] rates of immigration", the "highly unequal societies" of the West's current economic settlement. They are suspicious of "cosmopolitan and globalizing agendas". Populist parties use crises in their domestic governments to enhance anti-globalist reactions; these include refrainment towards trade and anti-immigration policies. The support for these ideologies commonly comes from people whose employment might have low occupational mobility. This makes them more likely to develop an anti-immigrant and anti-globalization mentality that aligns with the ideals of the populist party.{{cite journal |last1=Bisbee |first1=James |last2=Mosley |first2=Layna |last3=Pepinsky |first3=Thomas B. |last4=Rosendorff |first4=B. Peter |title=Decompensating domestically: the political economy of anti-globalism |journal=Journal of European Public Policy |date=2 July 2020 |volume=27 |issue=7 |pages=1090–1102 |doi=10.1080/13501763.2019.1678662|s2cid=211341396 }}

Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg see "national populism" as an attempt to combine the socio-economical values of the left and political values of the right and the support for a referendary republic that would bypass traditional political divisions and institutions as they aim for the unity of the political (the demos), ethnic (the ethnos) and social (the working class) interpretations of the "people", national populists claim to defend the "average citizen" and "common sense", against the "betrayal of inevitably corrupt elites".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=20 March 2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97153-0|pages=12–14|language=en}} As Front National ideologue François Duprat put in the 1970s, inspired by the Latin American right of that time, right-populism aims to constitute a "national, social, and popular" ideology. If both left and right parties share populism itself, their premises are indeed different in that right-wing populists perceive society as in a state of decadence, from which "only the healthy common people can free the nation by forming one national class from the different social classes and casting aside the corrupt elites".{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=20 March 2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97153-0|pages=178–179|language=en}}

Methodologically, by co-opting concepts from the left—such as multiculturalism and ethnopluralism, which is espoused by the left as a means of preserving minority ethnic cultures within a pluralistic society—and then jettisoning their non-hierarchical essence, right-wing populists can, in the words of sociologist Jens Rydgren, "mobilize on xenophobic and racist public opinions without being stigmatized as racists".Rydgren, Jens (2005) "Is Extreme Right-Wing Populism Contagious? Explaining the Emergence of a New Party Family" European Journal of Political Research n.44, pp.413–37 Sociologist Hande Eslen-Ziya argues that right-wing populist movements rely on "troll science", namely "(distorted) scientific arguments moulded into populist discourse" that creates an alternative narrative.{{cite journal |last1=Eslen-Ziya |first1=Hande|author-link=Hande Eslen-Ziya |title=Right-wing populism in New Turkey: Leading to all new grounds for troll science in gender theory |journal=HTS Teologiese Studies |date=2020 |volume=76 |issue=3 |doi=10.4102/hts.v76i3.6005|s2cid=224856495 |doi-access=free |hdl=11250/2682420 |hdl-access=free }} In addition to rhetorical methods, right-wing populist movements have also flourished by using tools of digital media, including websites and newsletters, social media groups and pages, as well as Youtube channels and messaging chat groups.{{Cite web |title=Juan Branco, le populisme par le complotisme |url=https://www.liberation.fr/politique/juan-branco-le-populisme-par-le-complotisme-20220215_7JTTEYR7OFA5LHYL5K7VTH663M/ |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=Libération |language=fr}}{{Cite journal |last1=Boulianne |first1=Shelley |last2=Koc-Michalska |first2=Karolina |last3=Bimber |first3=Bruce |date=April 2020 |title=Right-wing populism, social media and echo chambers in Western democracies |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1461444819893983 |journal=New Media & Society |language=en |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=683–699 |doi=10.1177/1461444819893983 |s2cid=215801488 |issn=1461-4448}}{{Cite journal |last=Harsin |first=Jayson |date=1 March 2018 |title=Post-Truth Populism: The French Anti-Gender Theory Movement and Cross-Cultural Similarities |url=https://academic.oup.com/ccc/article/11/1/35/4953076 |journal=Communication, Culture and Critique |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=35–52 |doi=10.1093/ccc/tcx017 |issn=1753-9129}}

While immigration is a common theme at the center of many national right-wing populist movements, the theme often crystallizes around cultural issues, such as religion, gender roles, and sexuality, as is the case with the transnational anti-gender theory movements.{{Cite book |last1=Kuhar |first1=Roman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aObaDwAAQBAJ&q=kuhar+The+Anti-Gender+Movement+in+Europe |title=Anti-Gender Campaigns in Europe: Mobilizing against Equality |last2=Paternotte |first2=David |date=7 August 2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-78660-001-1 |language=en}} A body of scholarship has also found populist movements to employ or be based around conspiracy theories, rumors, and falsehoods.{{Cite journal |last1=Kay |first1=Jack |last2=Ziegelmueller |first2=George W. |last3=Minch |first3=Kevin M. |date=February 1998 |title=From Coughlin to contemporary talk radio: Fallacies & propaganda in American populist radio |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19376529809384526 |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=9–21 |doi=10.1080/19376529809384526 |issn=1095-5046}}{{Cite book |last1=Mammone |first1=Andrea |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TzNhKmOATHkC&q=populiste+complot+droite |title=Varieties of Right-Wing Extremism in Europe |last2=Godin |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Jenkins |first3=Brian |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-16750-8 |language=en}}{{Cite book |last=Jamin |first=Jérôme |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UY-l6wMhEIC&q=populiste+complot+droite |title=L'imaginaire du complot: discours d'extrême droite en France et aux Etats-Unis |date=2009 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=978-90-8964-048-2 |language=fr}} Some scholars argue that right-wing populism's association with conspiracy, rumor and falsehood may be more common in the digital era thanks to widely accessible means of content production and diffusion.{{Cite journal |last=Harsin |first=Jayson |title=The Rumour Bomb: Theorising the Convergence of New and Old Trends in Mediated US Politics |url=https://search.informit.org/doi/abs/10.3316/ielapa.264848460677220 |journal=Southern Review |date=24 December 2020 |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=84–110 }} These media and communication developments in the context of specific historical shifts in immigration and cultural politics have led to the association of right-wing populism with post-truth politics.

German and French right-wing populism can be traced back to the period 1870–1900 in the aftermath of the Franco-Prussian War, with the nascence of two different trends in Germany and France: the Völkisch movement and Boulangism.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=20 March 2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97153-0|pages=12–14, 16–17|language=en}} Völkischen represented a romantic nationalist, racialist, and from the 1900s, antisemitic tendency in German society, as they idealized a bio-mystical "original nation" that still could be found in their views in the rural regions, a form of "primitive democracy freely subjected to their natural elites".{{cite web|url=https://tempspresents.com/2009/08/24/stephane-francoisqu%e2%80%99est-ce-que-la-revolution-conservatrice/|title=Qu'est ce que la Révolution Conservatrice ?|last=Stéphane François|date=24 August 2009|website=Fragments sur les Temps Présents|language=fr-FR|access-date=23 July 2019}} In France, the anti-parliamentarian Ligue des Patriotes, led by Boulanger, Déroulède, and Barrès, called for a "plebiscitary republic", with the president elected by universal suffrage, and the popular will expressed not through elected representatives (the "corrupted elites"), but rather via "legislative plebiscites", another name for referendums. It also evolved to antisemitism after the Dreyfus affair (1894).{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kpGGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|title=French Intellectuals and Politics from the Dreyfus Affair to the Occupation|last=Drake|first=D.|date=5 April 2005|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-00609-6|page=32|language=en}} Today, the populist parties in Germany and France are the AfD and the RN respectively.

Modern national populism—what Pierro Ignazi called "post-industrial parties"{{sfn|Ignazi|2002|p=26}}—emerged in the 1970s, in a dynamic sustained by voters' rejection of the welfare state and of the tax system, both deemed "confiscatory"; the rise of xenophobia against the backdrop of immigration which, because originating from outside Europe, was considered to be of a new kind; and finally, the end of the prosperity that had reigned since the post–World War II era, symbolized by the oil crisis of 1973. Two precursor parties consequently appeared in the early 1970s: the Progress Party, the ancestor of the Danish People's Party, and Anders Lange's Party in Norway.

A new wave of right-wing populism arose after the September 11 attacks. "Neo-populists" are nationalist and Islamophobic politicians who aspire "to be the champions of freedoms for minorities (gays, Jews, women) against the Arab-Muslim masses"; a trend first embodied by the Dutch Pim Fortuyn List and later followed by Geert Wilders' Party for Freedom and Jean Marie and his daughter Marine Le Pen's National Rally. According to Jean-Yves Camus and Nicolas Lebourg, those parties are not a real syncretism of the left and right, as their ideology and voter base are interclassist.{{Efn|Neo-populists, contrary to the Marxist worldview, do not oppose the "working class" to the "bourgeoisie" and capitalists, but rather the "people" to the "elites" and immigrants.|name=|group=lower-alpha}}{{Cite book|last=Betz|first=Hans-Georg|title=Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe}} Furthermore, neo-populist parties went from a critique of the welfare state to that of multiculturalism, and their priority demand remains the reduction of immigration.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_j5YDgAAQBAJ|title=Far-Right Politics in Europe|last1=Camus|first1=Jean-Yves|last2=Lebourg|first2=Nicolas|date=20 March 2017|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-97153-0|pages=48–49, 178–179, 198|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Wodak|first=Ruth|title=Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse}}

The roots of the right-wing populist movement in Hungary are deep, and over the past few decades it has significantly influenced politics in the country. Right-wing populism is growing in Hungary at present because its origins can be found in the post-communist era, particularly in the economic and political chaos of the 1990s.

In the early 2000s, the Jobbik Party, formally known as the Movement for a Better Hungary, emerged and rapidly became the country's most successful far-right political party. Jobbik, which was founded in 2003, exploited anti-Semitic and anti-Roma feelings to rally support, as well as strong nationalist rhetoric and hostility to capitalism and liberalism. The party's successful use of internet channels to attract and mobilize young people resulted in tremendous popularity and influence.{{Cite web |title=Populism in Europe: Hungary |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/populism-europe-hungary |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=www.opensocietyfoundations.org |language=en}}

Viktor Orbán's Fidesz Party is also a prominent factor in Hungarian right-wing populism. Since taking office in 2010, Orbán has changed Fidesz from a center-right party to a right-wing populist organization. Under Orbán's leadership, the party has stressed national sovereignty, anti-immigrant policies, and conservative social values, frequently battling with the EU on a variety of topics. Orbán's administration has centralized authority, controlled media, and altered legal frameworks to keep power.{{Cite journal |last=Gross |first=Stephen G. |date=August 2023 |title=Understanding Europe's Populist Right: The State of the Field |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/article/understanding-europes-populist-right-the-state-of-the-field/103B49F3F21CDBAE34D321DF47419B28 |journal=Contemporary European History |language=en |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=489–497 |doi=10.1017/S0960777322000261 |issn=0960-7773}}

{{ill|Piero Ignazi|it}}, an Italian political scientist, divided right-wing populist parties, which he called "extreme right parties", into two categories: he placed traditional right-wing parties that had developed out of the historical right and post-industrial parties that had developed independently. He placed the British National Party, the National Democratic Party of Germany, the German People's Union, and the former Dutch Centre Party in the first category, whose prototype would be the disbanded Italian Social Movement. In contrast, he placed the French National Front, the German Republicans, the Dutch Centre Democrats, the former Belgian Vlaams Blok (which would include certain aspects of traditional extreme right parties), the Danish Progress Party, the Norwegian Progress Party and the Freedom Party of Austria in the second category.{{sfn|Ignazi|2002|p=26}}{{cite book|title=The Ideology of the Extreme Right|author=Mudde, C.|date=2002|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-6446-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=spT-NgRm3f8C|access-date=3 January 2015}}

Right-wing populist parties in the English-speaking world include the UK Independence Party, Reform UK, and Australia's One Nation.{{sfn|Norris|2005|pp=68–69, 72}} The U.S. Republican Party, Conservative Party of Canada, Conservative Party (UK) and the Liberal Party of Australia include right-wing populist factions.

{{Original research|section|date=May 2024|reason=Sources do not closely match the text by discussing right-wing populism (or a synonym) when there are sources}}

{{Tone|date=May 2024|section}}

Rabiu Kwankwaso, as well as his New Nigeria People's Party, are generally as populist{{cite web |title=Nigeria • Africa Elects |url=https://africaelects.com/nigeria/ |website=Africa Elects}} and ultraconservative.{{cite web |title=Nigeria presidential election results 2023 by the numbers |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/28/nigeria-presidential-election-results-2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Styling himself off of Aminu Kano, Kwankwaso has voiced support for the welfare state and building more universities, while also increasing the size of the Nigerian Armed Forces and Nigerian Police Force.{{cite web |last1=Olurounbi |first1=Eromo Egbejule, Ruth |title=How Rabiu Kwankwaso became wildcard in Nigerian presidential race |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2023/2/1/kwankwaso-went-from-unpopular-governor-to-nigerian-presidential-wildcard |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}} Kwankwaso is seen as being strongly culturally conservative and a deeply pious Muslim, although he is no Islamist. Even with Kwankwaso's cultural conservatism, he has expressed support for women's rights in Nigeria.{{cite web |last1=Ezeama |first1=Victor |title=Nigeria election 2023: Who is Rabiu Kwankwaso of the NNPP? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64503296 |website=BBC |date=3 February 2023}}

{{Main|Afrikaner nationalism|Libertarianism in South Africa}}

{{Synthesis|section|date=May 2024}}

According to John Campbell from the Council on Foreign Relations, Freedom Front Plus is a white and coloured dominated political party that promotes Afrikaner nationalism. The current party manifesto, written by Pieter Groenewald, calls for an end to affirmative action and Black Economic Empowerment while supporting proportional representation. Freedom Front Plus has always promoted policies which are conservative in nature and support Afrikaans-speakers and Christians from the Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa.{{cite web |last1=Campbell |first1=John |title=Right-Wing White Party Releases Election Manifesto in South Africa |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/right-wing-white-party-releases-election-manifesto-south-africa |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}

File:Yoweri Museveni September 2015.jpg

President Yoweri Museveni and his party, National Resistance Movement, are usually considered right-wing populist,{{cite web |last1=Kazeem |first1=Yomi |title=Africa's populists and strongmen are some of the first to welcome a Trump presidency |url=https://qz.com/africa/832598/election-2016-africas-populists-and-strongmen-are-some-of-the-first-to-welcome-a-trump-presidency |website=Quartz |language=en |date=9 November 2016}}{{Cite journal |last=Lacatus |first=Corina |date=20 January 2023 |title=Populism, Competitive Authoritarianism, and Foreign Policy: The Case of Uganda's 2021 Election |url=https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/doi/10.1093/isagsq/ksac081/6994369 |journal=Global Studies Quarterly |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |doi=10.1093/isagsq/ksac081 |issn=2634-3797|doi-access=free }} anti-LGBT,{{cite web |title=Ugandan court upholds anti-LGBTQ law but says some rights infringed |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ugandas-constitutional-court-upholds-anti-homosexuality-law-2024-04-03/ |website=Reuters}}{{cite web |title=Uganda's President Signs Repressive Anti-LGBT Law {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/05/30/ugandas-president-signs-repressive-anti-lgbt-law |language=en |date=30 May 2023}} and Ugandan nationalist. According to Corina Lacatus, "Museveni came to power in 1986 as a populist figure who adopted an authoritarian leadership style and converted over the years in an authoritarian leader. Over the years, he has continued to rely on a tried-and-tested populist discourse that granted him political success in the first place, to continue the advancement of his regime and to promote his election campaigns."

File:Presidente Javier Milei 2023-12-10.jpg Javier Milei]]

Javier Milei, the incumbent president of Argentina, is known for his flamboyant personality, distinctive personal style, and strong media presence. Milei's views distinguish him in the Argentine political landscape and have garnered him significant public attention and polarizing reactions. He has been described politically as a right-wing libertarian and right-wing populist, that supports laissez-faire economics, aligning specifically with minarchist and anarcho-capitalist principles. Milei has proposed a comprehensive overhaul of the country's fiscal and structural policies. He supports freedom of choice on drug policy, firearms, prostitution, same-sex marriage, sexual preference, and gender identity, while opposing abortion and euthanasia. In foreign policy, he advocates closer relations with the United States, supporting Ukraine in response to the Russian invasion of the country. He is also distancing Argentina from geopolitical ties with China.{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Argentinian President Javier Milei's Stance: Anti-Abortion, Anti-Socialism and More |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/world/argentinian-president-javier-mileis-stance-anti-abortion-anti-socialism-and-more-1503242413.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=The Statesman}} He has been variously described as far right,{{cite news |last=Buschschlüter |first=Vanessa |date=19 November 2023 |title=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549 |access-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite news |last=Phillips |first=Tom |date=20 November 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei? Argentina's new far-right president 'El Loco' takes the stage |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/20/who-is-javier-milei-argentina-new-president-far-right-what-does-he-stand-for |access-date=3 December 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}{{cite web |last=Oner |first=Imdat |date=22 November 2023 |title=Javier Milei's Victory: A New Chapter for Right-Wing Populism in Argentina? |url=https://www.populismstudies.org/javier-mileis-victory-a-new-chapter-for-right-wing-populism-in-argentina/ |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Populism Studies}} far-right populist,{{cite web |last=Kahn |first=Carrie |date=19 November 2023 |title=Javier Milei, a radical libertarian populist, elected president of Argentina |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/11/19/1214092698/javier-milei-a-radical-libertarian-populist-elected-president-of-argentina |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=NPR}}{{cite news |date=20 November 2023 |title=Argentina elects far-right populist Javier Milei 'the madman' as new president |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2023-11-20/argentina-elects-far-right-populist-javier-milei-as-new-president |access-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Far-right populist Javier Milei becomes Argentina's new president |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/11/20/far-right-populist-javier-milei-becomes-argentinas-new-president |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Euronews}} right-wing libertarian,{{cite news |date=20 November 2023 |title=Analyst View Argentine far-right libertarian Milei sweeps to victory |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/analyst-view-argentine-far-right-libertarian-milei-sweeps-victory-2023-11-20/ |access-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title=Argentina election: What's next after Javier Milei's victory? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/20/argentina-election-whats-next-after-javier-mileis-victory |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Al Jazeera}}{{cite web |last=Meredith |first=Sam |date=21 November 2023 |title=China says it stands ready to work with Argentina despite Milei criticism |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/11/21/milei-china-says-it-would-be-a-huge-mistake-for-argentina-to-cut-ties.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=CNBC}} ultraconservative,{{cite news |last=Feldman |first=Ella |date=16 October 2023 |title=As inflation skyrockets, Argentina must choose: Far-right outsider or status quo for president? |work=Courthouse News Service |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/as-inflation-skyrockets-argentina-must-choose-outsider-or-status-quo-for-president/ |access-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite web |last=Criales |first=José Pablo |date=13 November 2023 |title=Sergio Massa drags Javier Milei through the mud in Argentina's last presidential debate: 'Is Margaret Thatcher your role model?' |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-11-13/sergio-massa-drags-javier-milei-through-the-mud-in-argentinas-latest-presidential-debate-is-margaret-thatcher-your-role-model.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=El País English}}{{cite web |last=Bulbul |first=Nuray |date=20 November 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new hard-right president? |url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/javier-milei-argentinas-hard-president-142340903.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Yahoo Finance}} and ultra-liberal.{{cite news |last=Genoux |first=Flora |date=8 November 2023 |title=Argentina: Far-right candidate Javier Milei leaves the business community skeptical |work=Le Monde |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/08/argentina-ultraliberal-candidate-javier-milei-leaves-the-business-community-skeptical_6235644_4.html |access-date=3 December 2023}}{{cite web |last=Fest |first=Sebastián |date=19 November 2023 |title=Javier Milei, el ultraliberal que promete poner patas arriba a Argentina y llevar a mínimos el vínculo con España |url=https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2023/11/20/655a9a8cfdddffc8b48b4578.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=El Mundo |language=es}}{{cite web |last=Chitre |first=Manjiri |date=20 November 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, Argentina's new 'shock therapy' libertarian President? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/who-is-javier-milei-argentinas-new-shock-therapy-libertarian-president-101700441962055.html |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}} A philosophical anarcho-capitalist who is for practical purposes a minarchist, Milei advocates minimal government, focusing on justice and security,{{cite web|date=14 August 2023|title=Javier Milei, il leader di estrema destra che ha vinto le primarie in Argentina|url=https://www.ilpost.it/2023/08/14/chi-e-javier-milei-il-leader-di-estrema-destra-che-ha-vinto-le-primarie-in-argentina |access-date=23 August 2023|website=Il Post|language=it |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816173456/https://www.ilpost.it/2023/08/14/chi-e-javier-milei-il-leader-di-estrema-destra-che-ha-vinto-le-primarie-in-argentina/ |url-status=live}} with a philosophy rooted in life, liberty, and property, and free market principles. He criticizes socialism and communism,{{cite web |date=12 February 2019 |title=La charla TEDx de Milei donde explica la 'belleza' del capitalismo |url=https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=Cronista |language=es |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174443/https://www.cronista.com/infotechnology/online/La-charla-TEDx-de-Milei-donde-explica-la-belleza-del-capitalismo-20190212-0002.html |url-status=live }} advocating economic liberalization and the restructuring of government ministries.{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Punto por punto: el plan de gobierno que presentó Javier Milei |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/punto-por-punto-el-plan-de-gobierno-que-presento-javier-milei-nid02082023/ |access-date=5 September 2023 |website=La Nación |language=es |archive-date=30 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030105011/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/economia/punto-por-punto-el-plan-de-gobierno-que-presento-javier-milei-nid02082023/ |url-status=live }} He opposes the Central Bank of Argentina and current taxation policies.{{cite web |last1=Centenera |first1=Mar |last2=Criales |first2=José Pablo |date=14 August 2023 |title=Ultra-conservative Javier Milei capitalizes on the protest vote and wins Argentina's primaries |url=https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=El País English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815234239/https://english.elpais.com/international/2023-08-14/ultra-conservative-javier-milei-capitalizes-on-the-protest-vote-and-wins-argentinas-primaries.html |archive-date=15 August 2023 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |last1=Gillespie |first1=Patrick |last2=Tobías |first2=Manuela |date=14 August 2023 |title=Who is Javier Milei, the Central Bank-Hating Economist Who Upended Argentine Polls? |url=https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/who-is-javier-milei-the-central-bank-hating-economist-who-upended-argentine-polls |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Bloomberg Línea |archive-date=24 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824084112/https://www.bloomberglinea.com/english/who-is-javier-milei-the-central-bank-hating-economist-who-upended-argentine-polls/ |url-status=live }}

Economically, Milei is influenced by the Austrian school of economics and admires former president Carlos Menem's policies.{{cite web |last=Fiore Viani |first=Gonzalo |date=10 September 2021 |title=Milei y los libertarios: una corriente (no tan) nueva en la política argentina |url=https://agendapublica.elpais.com/noticia/17145/milei-libertarios-corriente-no-tan-nueva-politica-argentina |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=Agenda Pública |language=es |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819220045/https://agendapublica.elpais.com/noticia/17145/milei-libertarios-corriente-no-tan-nueva-politica-argentina |url-status=live }} He supports capitalism, viewing socialism as embodying envy and coercion. Milei proposes reducing government ministries and addressing economic challenges through spending cuts and fiscal reforms, criticizing previous administrations for excessive spending.{{cite news|last=Viriglio|first=Veronique|date=16 August 2023|url=https://www.agi.it/estero/news/2023-08-16/argentina-milei-outsider-contro-kirchnerismo-22630111|title=Il 'Trump argentino' che sfida Kirchner|trans-title=The "Argentine Trump" who challenges Kirchner|language=it|agency=AGI|access-date=18 August 2023|archive-date=18 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818050757/https://www.agi.it/estero/news/2023-08-16/argentina-milei-outsider-contro-kirchnerismo-22630111/|url-status=live}}{{cite tweet|number=1691737260813688997|user=electo_mania|title=La propuesta de Javier Milei con los ministerios|author=EM-electomania.es|date=16 August 2023|access-date=16 August 2023|language=es}} He has praised the economic policies of former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and called her "a great leader".{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/13/javier-milei-argentina-thatcher-praise-falklands-veterans|title=Argentina's far-right Milei angers Falklands veterans with Thatcher praise|work=The Guardian |date=13 November 2023|access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118174842/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/nov/13/javier-milei-argentina-thatcher-praise-falklands-veterans|url-status=live|last=Goñi|first=Uki}}{{cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/margaret-thatcher-a-great-leader-argentine-candidate-declares-02x387520|title=Margaret Thatcher 'a great leader', Argentine candidate declares|website=The Times |date=14 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=15 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115013850/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/margaret-thatcher-a-great-leader-argentine-candidate-declares-02x387520|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentinas-javier-milei-radical-who-could-blow-up-political-status-quo-2023-11-16/|title=Argentina's Javier Milei: the radical who could blow up political status quo|work=Reuters |date=17 November 2023 |access-date=20 November 2023|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119115205/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/argentinas-javier-milei-radical-who-could-blow-up-political-status-quo-2023-11-16/|url-status=live |last1=Heath |first1=Maximilian }}

File:Jair Bolsonaro 2019 Portrait (3x4 cropped).jpg, Brazilian president from 2019 to 2023]]

In Brazil, right-wing populism began to rise roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 presidential election.{{cite journal|last=Boulos|first=Guilherme|title=Onda Conservadora|url=https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:fhDXDYBqEFcJ:scholar.google.com/+onda+conservadora&hl=pt-BR&lr=lang_pt&as_sdt=0,5|access-date=11 October 2017}}{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} In the Brazilian general election of 2014, Levy Fidelix, from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party,{{Cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/sao-paulo/eleicoes/2014/noticia/2014/06/prtb-oficializa-candidatura-de-levy-fidelix-presidencia-da-republica.html|title=PRTB oficializa candidatura de Levy Fidelix à Presidência da República|date=15 June 2014|work=Eleições 2014 em São Paulo|access-date=23 November 2018|language=pt-BR}} presented himself with a conservative speech and, according to him, the only right-wing candidate. He spoke for traditional family values and opposed abortion, legalization of marijuana, and same-sex marriage and proposed that homosexual individuals be treated far away from the good citizens' and workers' families.{{Cite news|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2014/06/17/levy-se-assume-como-candidato-da-direita-e-promete-defender-ditadura.htm|title=Levy se assume como candidato da direita e promete defender ditadura – Notícias – Política|work=Política|access-date=23 November 2018|language=pt-BR}} In the first round of the general election, Fidelix received 446,878 votes, representing 0.43% of the popular vote.{{cite web|url=https://placar.eleicoes.uol.com.br/2014/1turno/|title=Apuração de votos e resultado das Eleições 2014 (Fonte: TSE): Presidente e candidatos eleitos – UOL Eleições 2014|website=UOL Eleições 2014|language=pt-BR|access-date=23 November 2018}} Fidelix ranked 7th out of 11 candidates. In the second round, Fidelix supported candidate Aécio Neves.{{Cite news|url=http://g1.globo.com/politica/eleicoes/2014/noticia/2014/10/levy-fidelix-anuncia-apoio-aecio-neves-no-segundo-turno.html|title=Levy Fidelix anuncia apoio a Aécio Neves no segundo turno|date=15 October 2014|work=Eleições 2014|access-date=23 November 2018|language=pt-BR}}

In addition, according to the political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the "re-democratization" movement, noting an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military, the police, and the religious right. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue fiscally and socially conservative ideas in opposition to the left-wing policies of the Workers' Party. At the same time, right-libertarians, such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement, emerged among many others. For Manheim (1952), within a single real generation, there may be several generations which he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, although it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".{{cite journal|last=Soares|first=José Manoel Montanha da Silveira|date=2017|title=A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil|journal=Revista Em Pauta|volume=15|issue=39|issn=2238-3786|doi=10.12957/rep.2017.30390|doi-broken-date=13 November 2024 |url=http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistaempauta/article/view/30390|doi-access=free}}

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of President Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/accused-of-graft-popularity-near-zero-so-why-is-brazils-president-still-in-office|title=Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?|last1=Phillips|first1=Don|date=17 October 2017|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Guardian }} facing a corruption scandal after accusations of obstructing justice and racketeering against him.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41755666|title=Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial|last1=Watson|first1=Kay|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=BBC}} He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress of Brazil. On the other hand, President of the Senate Renan Calheiros, acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and a member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement, was removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/brazil-senate-president-ousted-embezzlement-renan-calheiros|title=Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges|date=6 December 2016|access-date=5 November 2017|agency=The Guardian }}

In March 2016, after entering the Social Christian Party, far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro decided to run for President of the Republic. In 2017, he tried to become the presidential nominee of Patriota, but, eventually, Bolsonaro entered the Social Liberal Party and, supported by the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party, he won the 2018 presidential election, followed by left-wing former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.{{cite news |author1=Pepe Escobar |title=Future of Western Democracy Being Played Out in Brazil |url=https://consortiumnews.com/2018/10/09/future-of-western-democracy-being-played-out-in-brazil/ |access-date=15 October 2018 |work=Consortium News |date=9 October 2018}}{{cite news |title=Trump Cements Alliance With Far-Right Brazilian President Bolsonaro |url=https://theglobepost.com/2019/03/19/trump-bolsonaro-alliance/ |work=The Globe Post |date=19 March 2019}}{{cite news|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml|title=Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha|date=2 December 2017|access-date=7 December 2017|agency=Poder}} Lula was banned from running after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and imprisoned.{{cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/lula-e-condenado-na-lava-jato-no-caso-do-triplex.ghtml|title=Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex|publisher=G1|first1=Alana|last1=Fonseca|first2=Erick|last2=Gimenes|first3=Thais|last3=Kaniak|first4=Bibiana|last4=Dionísio|language=pt|date=12 July 2017|access-date=23 September 2017}}{{Cite news | url=https://www.oantagonista.com/brasil/urgente-lula-e-condenado-por-unanimidade-pelo-trf-4/ |title = Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4|newspaper = O Antagonista|date = 24 January 2018}} Bolsonaro has been accused of racist,{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/wtf/is-this-the-worlds-most-repulsive-politician/news-story/926a4a59cf6132f770dfdbd46f610e97|title=Is this the world's most repulsive politician?|author=Gavin Fernando|newspaper=News.com.au|date=29 April 2016}} xenophobic,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/08/world/americas/conservatives-star-rises-in-brazil-as-polarizing-views-tap-into-discontent.html|title=Conservative's Star Rises in Brazil as Polarizing Views Tap Into Discontent|author=Simon Romero|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 May 2016}} misogynistic,{{cite web|url=https://firstlook.org/theintercept/2014/12/11/misogynistic-hateful-elected-official-democacratic-world-brazils-jair-bolsonaro/|title=The Most Misogynistic, Hateful Elected Official in the Democratic World: Brazil's Jair Bolsonaro – The Intercept|website=The Intercept|date=11 December 2014}} and homophobic rhetoric. His campaign was centered on opposition to crime, political corruption, and queer identity, and support for tax cuts, militarism, catholicity, and evangelicalism.{{cite news |title=A lightning rod for attacks by Brazil's right wing |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/brazil/la-fg-brazil-congressman-20151128-story.html |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |access-date=7 September 2018}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/apr/18/dilma-rousseff-congress-impeach-brazilian-president|title=Dilma Rousseff: Brazilian congress votes to impeach president|last=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=18 April 2016|newspaper=The Guardian |access-date=18 April 2016|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}

File:Pierre Poilievre in 2023 (edited).jpg]]

Canada has a history of right-wing populist protest parties and politicians, most notably in Western Canada, partly due to the idea of Western alienation. The highly successful Social Credit Party of Canada consistently won seats in British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan but fell into obscurity by the 1970s.

In the late 1980s, the Reform Party of Canada, led by Preston Manning, became another right-wing populist movement formed due to the policies of the center-right Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, which alienated many Blue Tories and led to a feeling of neglect in the West of Canada. Initially motivated by a single-issue desire to give a voice to Western Canada, the Reform Party expanded its platform to include a blend of socially conservative and right-wing populist policies. It grew from a fringe party into a major political force in the 1990s and became the official opposition party before reforming itself as the Canadian Alliance. The Alliance ultimately merged with the Progressive Conservative Party to form the modern-day Conservative Party of Canada, after which the Alliance faction dropped some of its populist and socially conservative ideas.

In recent years, right-wing populist elements have existed within the Conservative Party of Canada and mainstream provincial parties and have most notably been espoused by Ontario MP Kellie Leitch; businessman Kevin O'Leary; Quebec Premier François Legault; the former Mayor of Toronto Rob Ford; and his brother, Ontario Premier Doug Ford.{{cite news|title='Irresponsible' populism: Lisa Raitt slams Kevin O'Leary, Kellie Leitch|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/conservative-leadership-raitt-oleary-leitch-1.3921244}}{{Cite news|url=https://psmag.com/could-trumpism-take-root-in-canada-59e1af004574#.xkk8hpxea|title=Could Trumpism Take Root in Canada?|date=15 March 2017|work=Pacific Standard|access-date=24 March 2017}}{{cite news|work=Toronto Star|date=28 March 2018|title=Patrick Brown returns to Queen's Park for budget speech|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/queenspark/2018/03/28/patrick-brown-returns-to-queens-park-for-budget-speech.html}}{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|title=Anti-elitist politicians in Canada are courting immigrants|date=19 April 2018|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21740782-no-reason-liberals-be-complacent-anti-elitist-politicians-canada-are-courting}}

In August 2018, Conservative MP Maxime Bernier left the party, and the following month he founded the People's Party of Canada, which has self-described as "smart populism" and been described as a "hard-right populist" party by Canadian journalists.{{Cite AV media | work = YouTube | title = Maxime Bernier says his new party offers 'smart populism'| date = 11 October 2018 | time = 1:56 |series=Canadian Press| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89mA6iJQdNE}}{{cite web |title=Why the Conservatives aren't worried — at least not yet — about vote-splitting with Maxime Bernier's PPC| url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/election-2021/will-a-rising-ppc-split-the-vote-on-the-right-why-the-conservatives-arent-worried-yet| last=Platt |first=Brian |date=September 11, 2021|website=National Post}} Bernier lost his seat in the 2019 Canadian federal elections, and the People's Party scored just above 1% of the vote; however, in the 2021 election, it saw improved performance and climbed to nearly 5% of the popular vote.{{cite news|work=Complex|title=Maxime Bernier Launches 'The People's Party of Canada'|url=https://www.complex.com/life/2018/09/maxime-bernier-launches-peoples-party-canada|date=14 September 2018}}

Pierre Poilievre, who has been described as populist by some journalists,{{cite web |last1=Blatchford |first1=Andy |title=Conservative frontrunner deploys populist strike on Ottawa's elites |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/25/pierre-poilievre-pm-canada-trudeau-00034809 |website=Politico |access-date=25 August 2022 |date=25 May 2022}}{{cite news |ref={{SfnRef|CBS News|2018}} |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/pierre-poilievre-canada-conservatives-elect-right-wing-populist-vs-justin-trudeau/|title=Canadian Conservatives elect "right-wing populist" Pierre Poilievre to lead fight against Justin Trudeau|publisher=CBS News|date=12 September 2022|access-date=2 October 2022}} won the 2022 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election and became the leader of both the Conservative Party and the Official Opposition. Some journalists have compared Poilievre to American Republican populists such as Donald Trump and Ted Cruz,{{cite web |title=Opinion: There are several good reasons Pierre Poilievre will never be prime minister — and one reason he just might| url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/contributors/there-are-several-good-reasons-pierre-poilievre-will-never-be-prime-minister-and-one-reason/article_1f27e9a3-f45a-51f6-b872-f05e20f8be7c.html|date=June 19, 2022|website=Toronto Star}} however many journalists have dismissed these comparisons due to Poilievre's pro-choice, pro-immigration, and pro-same-sex marriage positions.{{cite web |title=NP View: The unstoppable Pierre Poilievre |url=https://nationalpost.com/opinion/np-view-the-unstoppable-pierre-poilievre |website=National Post |date=5 August 2022 |quote=Trying to demonize Poilievre as a "populist" or as Canada's Trump, or implying that he is a white supremacist or opposed to women's rights is unlikely to succeed. He is pro-choice, pro-immigration and has forcefully denounced white replacement theory and all of "that kind of thinking."}}{{cite web |last=Forrest |first=Maura|title=The quick take on Canada's new Conservative leader |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/09/12/canada-conservative-leader-poilievre-00056205 |website=Politico |date=12 September 2022 |quote=He has been compared to former President Donald Trump for his populist overtures, but in terms of substance, he has largely confined himself to pocketbook issues. He is pro-immigration — his wife is a Venezuelan immigrant — and now calls himself pro-choice.}}{{cite web |title=Is there room for centrists in the current Conservative Party?: Tasha Kheiriddin on the right path forward for Conservatives in Canada |url=https://thehub.ca/2022-08-09/is-there-any-room-for-centrists-in-the-current-conservative-party-tasha-kheiriddin-on-the-right-path-forward-for-conservatives-in-canada/ |website=The Hub |date=9 August 2022 |quote=And second, what parts of his program—which, to be fair to him, he is pro-immigration, pro-same-sex marriage, and pro-choice—do you take exception to?}}{{cite web |last=McConkey |first=David|title=Pierre Poilievre, populist politician? |url=https://www.brandonsun.com/opinion/2022/10/24/pierre-poilievre-populist-politician |website=The Brandon Sun |date=23 October 2022 |quote=In several ways, Poilievre does not fit the mould of a new populist. For one, Poilievre is not new. He was a cabinet minister in the Stephen Harper government and he has been a member of Parliament for almost 20 years. For another, he is not your stereotypical reactionary. He is at ease with the non-traditional family, he is pro-choice, he is pro-immigration.}}{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Clark|title=The making of Pierre Poilievre, conservative proselytizer |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-the-making-of-pierre-poilievre-conservative-proselytizer/ |website=The Globe and Mail |date=16 September 2022 |quote=But he is no Donald Trump in tenets or temperament. He doesn't echo the anti-immigrant rhetoric, and abhors Mr. Trump's gargantuan deficits. He is so calculated that he could never be the erratic bundle of impulses that rambles at a Trump rally.}}{{cite news |title=Canada's Conservatives pick a brainy brawler as leader |url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2022/09/15/canadas-conservatives-pick-a-brainy-brawler-as-leader |newspaper=The Economist |date=15 September 2022 |quote=His rhetorical style evokes populists such as Donald Trump. But his enemies list is more circumscribed. Unlike Mr Trump, he favours immigration.}}{{cite web |title=Pierre Poilievre: Canada's next Prime Minister? |url=https://cherwell.org/2022/11/04/pierre-poilievre-canadas-next-pm/ |last=Moore |first=Samuel |website=Cherwell |date=4 November 2022 |quote=Moreover, in a way that distinguishes him from Trump and other right-wing populists, Poilievre's social policies are progressive. He is pro-choice and pro-LGBT rights and has actually criticised the Trudeau ministry for not being pro-immigration enough, belittling the inefficiencies of the current immigration system as yet another example of big government "gatekeeping".}}{{cite web |title=Liberals risk drowning in the Poilievre wave |url=https://financialpost.com/opinion/joe-oliver-liberals-risk-drowning-in-the-poilievre-wave |last=Oliver |first=Joe |website=Financial Post |date=7 September 2022 |quote= The "Trump North" label has failed to stick because he has been consistently pro-choice, supports gay marriage and favours immigration.}} Zack Beauchamp writing for Vox in 2024 described Poilievre as a "tame populist" and stated that he doesn't fit the far right because "on policy substance, he's actually considerably more moderate than Trump or European radicals" and "he's unwilling to attack immigrants and ethnic minorities in the way that others in the global far right do".{{cite web |first=Zack |last=Beauchamp |title=Canada's polite Trumpism|url=https://www.vox.com/politics/24140480/canada-pierre-poilievre-conservative-party-populism-democracy |website=Vox |publisher=Vox Media |date=26 April 2024}} Beauchamp further described "relatively neutered populism" as a strength of Canada's politics rather than a failure.

In the 2018 political campaign, both Evangelical Christian candidate Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz{{cite news |last1=Editorial Board |title=Costa Rica shows an admirable resistance to demagoguery |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/costa-rica-shows-an-admirable-resistance-to-demagoguery/2018/04/03/93336b1e-3766-11e8-9c0a-85d477d9a226_story.html?noredirect=on |access-date=10 December 2018 |agency=The Washington Post |date=2018}}{{cite news |last1=Henley |first1=Jon |title=Costa Rica: Carlos Alvarado wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/apr/02/costa-rica-quesada-wins-presidency-in-vote-fought-on-gay-rights |access-date=10 December 2018 |agency=The Guardian |date=2 April 2018}} and right-wing anti-establishment candidate Juan Diego Castro Fernández{{cite news |title=Costa Rica's Election: It Wasn't the Economy, Stupid! |url=https://qcostarica.com/costa-ricas-election-it-wasnt-the-economy-stupid/ |access-date=10 December 2018 |agency=Q |date=19 February 2018}}{{cite news |last1=Arco |first1=Eduardo |title=Costa Rica's Rollercoaster Election Was About More Than Gay Marriage |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24159/costa-rica-s-rollercoaster-election-was-about-more-than-gay-marriage |access-date=10 December 2018 |agency=WPR |date=9 February 2018}} were described as examples of right-wing populists.

{{See also|Trumpism}}

{{Update section|date=October 2021}}

File:Donald Trump official portrait, 2025 (cropped headshot).jpg]]

In the United States, right-wing populism is frequently aligned with evangelical Christianity,{{cite web|url=https://politicaltheology.com/symposium/white-evangelicals-and-right-wing-populism/|title=White Evangelicals and Right-wing Populism|author=Marcia Pally|date=7 October 2022 }} segregationism, nationalism, nativism{{cite web| url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/20/1177148170/ghost-of-william-jennings-bryan-haunts-trumps-next-run-for-the-white-house |title=Ghost of William Jennings Bryan haunts Trump's next run for the White House |author=Ron Elving |publisher=National Public Radio |date=20 May 2023}} anti-intellectualism and anti-Semitism.{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/19/opinion/right-wing-antisemitism-populism.html |author=David French |title=An Old Hate Cracks Open on the New Right |date=19 November 2023 |work=New York Times}} The Republican Party (United States), particularly supporters of Donald Trump, includes right-wing populist factions.{{Cite journal |last1=Campani |first1=Giovanna |last2=Fabelo Concepción |first2=Sunamis |last3=Rodriguez Soler |first3=Angel |last4=Sánchez Savín |first4=Claudia |date=December 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |issn=2075-4698 |doi-access=free }}

Moore (1996) argues that "populist opposition to the growing power of political, economic, and cultural elites" helped shape "conservative and right-wing movements" since the 1920s.Leonard J. Moore, "Good Old-Fashioned New Social History and the Twentieth-Century American Right," Reviews in American History vol 24#4 (1996) pp. 555–73, quote at p. 561 Historical right-wing populist figures in both major parties in the United States have included Thomas E. Watson (D-GA), Strom Thurmond,{{efn|Thurmond was a segregationist from South Carolina and began as member of the Democratic Party, but in 1964 switched to becoming a member of the Republican Party until his death in 2003.}} Joseph McCarthy (R-WI), Barry Goldwater (R-AZ), George Wallace (D-AL), and Pat Buchanan (R-VA).{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1996/02/right-wing-populist/306027/|title=Right-Wing Populist|work=The Atlantic|first=Steven|last=Stark|date=February 1996}}

Several of the prominent members of the Populist Party of the 1890s and 1900s, while economically liberal, supported social aspects of right-wing populism. Watson, the vice-presidential nominee of the Populist Party in 1896 and presidential nominee in 1900, eventually embraced white supremacy and anti-Semitism.{{Cite web|url=https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/thomas-e-watson-1856-1922|title=Thomas E. Watson|last=Pierannunzi|first=Carol|date=23 January 2004|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|access-date=29 April 2019}} William Jennings Bryan, the 1896 Populist presidential nominee, was socially and theologically conservative, supporting creationism, Prohibition and other aspects of Christian fundamentalism. Bradley J. Longfield posits Bryan was a "theologically conservative Social Gospeler".{{cite book |last1=Longfield |first1=Bradley J. |title=The Presbyterian Controversy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3Q8DwAAQBAJ&q=bradley+j+longfield+theologically+conservative+social+gospeler&pg=PA67 |access-date=17 August 2018| isbn=978-0-19-508674-4 |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press }} An article by National Public Radio's Ron Elving likens the populism of Bryan to the later right-wing populism of Trump.

In 2010, Rasmussen and Schoen characterized the Tea Party movement as "a right-wing anti-systemic populist movement". They added, "Today our country is in the midst of a...new populist revolt that has emerged overwhelmingly from the right – manifesting itself as the Tea Party movement."Scott Rasmussen and Doug Schoen, Mad As Hell: How the Tea Party Movement Is Fundamentally Remaking Our Two-Party System (2010) quotes on p. 19 In 2010, David Barstow wrote in The New York Times: "The Tea Party movement has become a platform for conservative populist discontent."David Barstow, "Tea Party Lights Fuse for Rebellion on Right," [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/16/us/politics/16teaparty.html New York Times Feb 6, 2010] Some political figures closely associated with the Tea Party, such as U.S. Senator Ted Cruz and former U.S. Representative Ron Paul, have been described as appealing to right-wing populism.{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/09/ted-cruz-donald-trump-endorsement|work=Vanity Fair|title=What On Earth Is Ted Cruz Doing?|date=23 September 2016}}{{cite news|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21679792-america-and-europe-right-wing-populist-politicians-are-march-threat|title=Playing with fear|date=12 December 2015}}{{cite book|first=Yuri|last=Maltsev|title=The Tea Party Explained: From Crisis to Crusade|year=2013|publisher=Open Court|page=26}} In the U.S. House of Representatives, the Freedom Caucus, associated with the Tea Party movement, has been described as right-wing populist.{{cite web|work=The Atlantic|date=7 April 2017|title=In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/in-the-freedom-caucus-trump-meets-his-match/522243/}}{{Cite book|last=Matthew N. Lyons|first=Chip Berlet|title=Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort}}

Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, noted for its anti-establishment, anti-immigration, and protectionist rhetoric, was characterized as right-wing populist.{{sfnm |1a1=Dolgert |1y=2016 |2a1=Greven |2y=2016}}{{cite magazine |last=Neiwert |first=David |author-link=David Neiwert |year=2016 |title=Trump and Right-Wing Populism: A Long Time Coming |url=http://www.politicalresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PE_Spring16_Neiwert.pdf |magazine=The Public Eye |issue=86 |pages=3, 19 |location=Somerville, Massachusetts |publisher=Political Research Associates |issn=0275-9322 |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-date=30 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130002059/http://www.politicalresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/PE_Spring16_Neiwert.pdf }} The ideology of Trump's former Chief Strategist, Steve Bannon, has also been described as such.{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/united-states/2017/08/25/the-future-of-bannonism|title=The future of Bannonism|newspaper=The Economist |date=25 August 2017}} Donald Trump's policies and rhetoric as have been frequently described as right-wing populist by academics and political commentators.{{Cite journal |last1=Campani |last2=Concepción |last3=Soler |last4=Savín |date=2 November 2022 |title=The Rise of Donald Trump Right-Wing Populism in the United States: Middle American Radicalism and Anti-Immigration Discourse |journal=Societies |volume=12 |issue=6 |page=154 |doi=10.3390/soc12060154 |doi-access=free }}{{Cite news |date=30 November 2022 |title=Trump, Bolsonaro, Meloni and the New Wave of Populism |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/trump-bolsonaro-meloni-and-the-new-wave-of-populism/2022/11/26/57a4e1fc-6d50-11ed-8619-0b92f0565592_story.html |access-date=2023-06-05}}

File:Pauline Hanson 2017 05 (cropped).jpg]]

Right-wing populism in Australia often utilizes narratives on having a national identity based on

Settler colonialism with a deeply rooted thought on being the rightful occupants of the land and downplaying the presence and rights of Indigenous Population such as opposition to Indigenous land rights, and resistance to Indigenous recognition.{{Cite journal |last=Tout|first=Dan |date=14 March 2024 |title='Australia' as competing projects of settler nationalism |journal= Settler Colonial Studies|language=en |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1080/2201473X.2024.2408142|doi-access=free }}

Right-wing populism has also been represented by Pauline Hanson's One Nation, led by Pauline Hanson, Senator for Queensland{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-39111317|title=The rise of populist politics in Australia|date=1 March 2017|work=BBC}} and typically preferences votes to the mainstream Liberal-National Coalition.,{{cite news|work=Sydney Morning Herald|url=https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/pauline-hansons-one-nation-emerges-as-governments-most-reliable-senate-voting-partner-20170304-guqo6i.html|title=Pauline Hanson's One Nation emerges as government's most reliable Senate voting partner|date=4 March 2017}} and Katter's Australian Party, led by Queensland MP Bob Katter.{{cite book|chapter=The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?|chapter-url=http://theconversation.com/the-mice-that-may-yet-roar-who-are-the-minor-right-wing-parties-17305|date=28 August 2013|title=The Conversation}}{{Cite news|title=Bernardi's alliance intends to bloc Xenophon|work=The Australian|date=27 April 2017|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/cory-bernardis-alliance-intends-to-bloc-nick-xenophon-in-senate/news-story/02c0a616b6c7d66c7a181cee58c5f210}}

Furthermore, the main center-right party the Coalition has certain members belonging to the right-wing populist faction known as National Right including the current opposition leader Peter Dutton.{{cite web | url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2023/may/malcolm-turnbull/libs-are-all-right#mtr | title=The Libs are all right | date=May 2023 }}

In the 2010s, the wave of refugees caused by the Syrian crisis caused a wave of anti-immigration sentiment on the Chinese internet, and many narratives have been similar to those of the populist right have since been observed, such as anti-"western leftism", Islamophobia, and anti-multiculturalism.{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Chenchen |title=Right-wing populism with Chinese characteristics? Identity, otherness and global imaginaries in debating world politics online |journal=European Journal of International Relations |date=March 2020 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=97–100 |doi=10.1177/1354066119850253 |s2cid=181854953 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1354066119850253 |access-date=17 April 2023}}

{{See also|Bhartiya Janata Party}}

File:Shri Narendra Modi, Prime Minister of India.jpg]]

Right-wing politics in India primarily centers around nationalism, cultural conservatism, and economic reform aimed at self-reliance and growth. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, is the leading right-wing party, closely associated with the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu nationalist organization. The BJP and the RSS promote the idea of Hindutva, or "Hinduness", which emphasizes India's Hindu cultural heritage. This ideology is often contrasted with secularism and is sometimes seen as favoring policies that strengthen Hindu identity in the nation’s cultural and political fabric.

Key figures in right-wing Indian politics include Narendra Modi, known for his policies on economic reform, digital infrastructure, and a strong stance on national security, and Amit Shah, the BJP’s chief strategist. The party’s policies often prioritize military modernization, anti-corruption measures, and regional development projects.

The Bharatiya Janata Party has successfully gained support through welfare programs aimed at the rural population, as well as through appeals to traditional values and the narrative of a strong, unified India. This approach has reshaped Indian politics by shifting the focus toward nationalist and development-oriented policies, making the BJP a dominant force in recent decades.

{{See also|Neo-Zionism}}

File:Benjamin Netanyahu, February 2023.jpg]]

Right-wing populism in Japan encompasses two distinct factions. One faction includes conservatives such as Nippon Ishin no Kai, who are either unaffiliated with or opposed to the Liberal Democratic Party's (LDP) 1955 System.{{Cite news |last=McCurry |first=Justin |date=1 November 2021 |title=Japan election: rightwing populists sweep vote in Osaka |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/01/japan-election-rightwing-populists-sweep-vote-in-osaka |access-date=2024-07-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} The other faction resembles Western far-right populists{{how|date=November 2024}} and includes parties such as Japan First Party, Sanseito, and the Conservative Party of Japan.{{cite book |title=The International Alt-Right: Fascism for the 21st Century? |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |editor=Patrik Hermansson |editor2=David Lawrence |editor3=Joe Mulhall}}

{{Main|Populism in New Zealand}}

Right-wing populism is thought to have emerged in New Zealand with Robert Muldoon, the New Zealand National Party prime minister from 1975 to 1984. A economic nationalist and social conservative, Muldoon has been cited as having appealed to the masses through his animosity towards the media and leftists and his own abrasive and colourful public persona.{{cite web |last1=Cowen |first1=Tyler |date=13 February 2017 |title=Feisty, Protectionist Populism? New Zealand Tried That |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-02-13/feisty-protectionist-populism-new-zealand-tried-that |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301144234/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-02-13/feisty-protectionist-populism-new-zealand-tried-that |archive-date=1 March 2017 |access-date=18 June 2017 |publisher=Bloomberg L.P. }} He also often made rude or unusually frank comments about foreign leaders, including American president Jimmy Carter and Australian prime minister Malcolm Fraser, whom he ridiculed and even bullied.{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=NZ and Australia: Standing together, and apart |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-and-australia-standing-together-and-apart/PQZH32HL5TZBXOWBHPCDKDBVKQ/ |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

In Pakistan, Pakistan Tehreek Insaaf (PTI) has recently been described as centrist-populist while sharing some characteristics with right-wing populists.{{Cite news|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/284544/populism-visits-pakistan/|title=Populism visits Pakistan – Daily Times|date=17 August 2018|work=Daily Times|access-date=29 October 2018|language=en-US}} Its leader Imran Khan has furiously attacked traditional politicians and made people believe that only he has the solutions. British journalist Ben Judah, in an interview, compared Imran Khan with Donald Trump on his populist rhetoric.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/282706-the-limits-of-populism|title=The limits of populism|access-date=29 October 2018|language=en}}

File:Shinzō Abe and Hong Jun-pyo at the Japanese Prime Minister's Office (cropped 2).jpg, former leader of the Liberty Korea Party]]

File:South Korea President Yoon Suk Yeol portrait.jpg, President of South Korea]]

File:Han Dong-hoon 20240901.jpg, former Minister of Justice of South Korea]]

Conservatism in South Korea has traditionally been more inclined toward elitism than populism. However, since the 2016 South Korean political scandal, Korean conservative forces have changed their political lines to populism as the distrust of the elite spread among the Korean public.{{cite web |author=Jang Hoon |url=https://news.joins.com/article/22508544 |title=Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future |work=JoongAng Ilbo |access-date=5 April 2018 }}

Hong Joon-pyo, Yoon Suk Yeol, and Han Dong-hoon of the People Power Party are leading right-wing populists advocating anti-homosexuality, and social conservative views. Although figures like Hong Joon-pyo and Lee Eon-ju have expressed anti-immigration and nationalist sentiments, other right-wing leaders support immigration due to labor supply concerns. For example, Yoon Suk-yeol and Han Dong-hoon have advocated for immigration from Southeast Asia and have established the Korea Immigration Service under of Ministry of Justice, where Han served as a minister to oversee immigration procedures.{{cite news |date= 21 November 2018|title= 이언주는 '젊은 세대'로서 '자국민 중심주의'를 외친다|url= https://www.huffingtonpost.kr/entry/story_kr_5bf4ec6ce4b03b230f9c9ca4|access-date= 21 November 2018}}{{Cite news | url=https://news.v.daum.net/v/20180126144726240 |title = 홍준표 "중소기업 외국인노동자도 최저임금 올려줘야 하나"|newspaper = 이데일리}}{{Cite news | url= https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20240202123900371 |title = 한동훈표 '이민청 신설' 정부안 첫 국회 제출…후속조치 주목 |newspaper = 연합뉴스}} Yoon Suk Yeol, president of South Korea and candidate for the PPP in the 2022 South Korean presidential election, has been criticized as a "populist" for using hostile sentiment toward feminism.{{cite news|url=https://m.pressian.com/m/pages/articles/2021111117450458319 |title="혐오를 이용하는 치졸한 정치, 이제는 멈추자" |trans-title= "Cheap politics that uses hatred. Let's stop now". |work=프레시안 |date=13 November 2021 |access-date=14 November 2021}}

South Korean right-wing circles insist that the impeachment of former president Park Geun-hye is wrong, stimulating conservative public nostalgia for the Park Chung Hee administration.{{cite news |title=한국당 '당권 레이스' 마지막까지 '극우 포퓰리즘' (LKP is an 'extreme right populism' until the end of the 'party race') |url=https://m.pressian.com/m/pages/articles/230695 |work=프레시안(Pressian) |access-date=2021-02-12 |date=27 February 2019}} It also shows a radical anti-North Korea, anti-Chinese and anti-communist stance.{{cite news |title=자유도 시장도 몰라 우파 유튜버의 황당 세상 (The absurd world of right-wing YouTubers who don't know freedom or market) |url=https://www.sisain.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=41027 |work=시사IN |access-date=2021-02-12 |date=7 January 2020}}

Taiwan's right-wing populists tend to deny the independent identity of their country's 'Taiwan' and emphasize their identity as a 'Republic of China'. Taiwan's left-wing Taiwanese nationalists have strong pro-American tendencies, so Taiwan's major and minor conservatives are critical of this.{{cite news |title=마잉주 전 대만 총통 "차이잉원 친미노선 전쟁 위험 야기" (Former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou said, "Tsai Ing-wen's pro-American line poses a war risk.") |url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20200822040900083 |work=Yonhap News Agency |language=korean

|access-date=2021-02-12 |date=22 August 2020}} In particular, Taiwan's right-wing populists demand that economic growth and right-wing Chinese nationalist issues be more important than liberal democracy and that they become closer to the People's Republic of China. Some of Taiwan's leading right-wing populists include Terry Gou, Han Kuo-yu, and Chang Ya-chung.{{cite news |title=Can Taiwan's President fend off a populist wave? |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/can-taiwan-s-president-fend-populist-wave |work=The Interpreter |access-date=2021-02-12 |date=29 July 2019}}{{cite news |title=Taiwan's 2020 Presidential Elections |url=https://thediplomat.com/2019/12/taiwans-2020-presidential-elections/ |quote= These supporters, called "Han maniacs," elevated Han to presidential nominee. Ultimately, though, they were a minority, possibly some twenty percent of the overall electorate, and Han's political position, friendly to Beijing and inclined to right-wing populism, started to erode his support. |work=The Diplomat |access-date=2021-02-12 |date=12 December 2019}}{{cite news|url=https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25009082 |title="중국과 평화냐 전쟁이냐 묻겠다"…'대만판 트럼프' 신드롬 |trans-title= "Is it peace or war with China?" ... 'Taiwanese version of Trump' syndrome. |language=korean |work=JoongAng Ilbo|date=9 July 2019 |access-date=9 November 2021}}

{{main|Radical right (Europe)}}

In May 2019, Foreign Policy magazine described Ireland, Malta and Portugal as the only three European Union countries without far-right populist parties in their parliament.{{cite web | last=Hockenos | first=Paul | title=Is There a Secret Recipe for Preventing Far-Right Populism? | website=Foreign Policy | date=2019-05-09 | url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/05/09/is-there-a-secret-recipe-for-preventing-far-right-populism/ | access-date=2024-10-22}} Portugal subsequently elected the Chega party to its parliament in October 2019.{{cite web | last=Chiappa | first=Claudia | title=Chega: 5 things to know about Portugal's surging far-right party | website=POLITICO | date=2024-03-12 | url=https://www.politico.eu/article/5-things-portugal-surging-far-right-party-chega-ventura/ | access-date=2024-10-22}} The French-speaking Belgian region of Wallonia is also described as a rare place in Europe without a significant right-wing populism presence, in part due to a media cordon sanitaire which prohibits far-right candidates from live media appearances.{{cite journal | last=de Jonge | first=Léonie | title=The Curious Case of Belgium: Why is There no Right-Wing Populism in Wallonia? | url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/05D6B4081B60B2D7318809C228791575/S0017257X20000081a.pdf/the-curious-case-of-belgium-why-is-there-no-right-wing-populism-in-wallonia.pdf | journal=Government and Opposition | volume=56 | issue=4 | date=2021 | issn=0017-257X | doi=10.1017/gov.2020.8 | pages=598–614}}{{cite web | last=Kasteel | first=Jean van | title=The Walloons do not send any far-right elected officials either to the Region, nor to the Federal, nor to Europe | website=DHnet | date=2024-06-11 | url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/belgique/2024/06/11/les-wallons-nenvoient-aucun-elu-dextreme-droite-ni-a-la-region-ni-au-federal-ni-a-leurope-MLW7OZWL7JFAVABFA4VWHEJKN4/ | language=fr | access-date=2024-06-12}}

In 2016, Senior European Union diplomats cited growing anxiety in Europe about Russian financial support for far-right and populist movements and told the Financial Times that the intelligence agencies of "several" countries had scrutinized possible links with Moscow.{{cite news|title=EU leaders to hold talks on Russian political meddling|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ff1f1cdc-9227-11e6-8df8-d3778b55a923|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=29 January 2017}} Also in 2016, the Czech Republic warned that Russia was trying to "divide and conquer" the European Union by supporting right-wing populist politicians across the bloc.{{cite news|title=Czech Republic accuses Putin of backing EU's rightwing|url=https://www.ft.com/content/3d6b68aa-2d57-11e6-bf8d-26294ad519fc|newspaper=Financial Times|access-date=29 January 2017}} However, as there in the United States of America, there seems to be an underlying problem that is not massively discussed in the media. That underlying problem is that of housing. A 2019 study shows an immense correlation between the price of housing and voting for populist parties.{{cite journal |last1=Adler |first1=David |last2=Ansell |first2=Ben |title=Housing and populism |journal=West European Politics |date=2019 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=344–365 |doi=10.1080/01402382.2019.1615322 |doi-access=free }} In that study, it was revealed that the French citizens that saw the price of their houses stagnate or drop were much more likely to vote for Marine Le Pen in the 2017 French presidential election. Those who saw the price of their house rise were much more likely to vote for Emmanuel Macron. The same pattern emerged in the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, in which those that saw the price of their house rise voted to Remain. Whereas those that saw it flatline or drop voted to Leave.

File:Heinz-Christian Strache - Wahlkampfauftakt am 29. Aug. 2020 (4).JPG, former leader of the Freedom Party of Austria and Vice-Chancellor of Austria]]

The Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ), established in 1955, claims to represent a "Third Camp" (Drittes Lager) beside the Socialist Party and the social Catholic Austrian People's Party. It succeeded the Federation of Independents founded after World War II, adopting the pre-war heritage of German nationalism, although it did not advocate Nazism and placed itself in the political center. Although it did not gain much popularity for decades, it exercised a considerable balance of power by supporting several federal governments, be it right-wing or left-wing, e.g., the Socialist Kreisky cabinet of 1970 (see Kreisky–Peter–Wiesenthal affair).

From 1980, the Freedom Party adopted a more moderate stance. Upon the 1983 federal election, it entered a coalition government with the Socialist Party, whereby party chairman Norbert Steger served as Vice-Chancellor of Austria. The liberal interlude, however, ended when Jörg Haider was elected chairman in 1986. Haider re-integrated the party's nationalist base voters through his down-to-earth manners and patriotic attitude. Nevertheless, he also obtained votes from large sections of the population disenchanted with politics by publicly denouncing the corruption and nepotism of the Austrian Proporz system. The electoral success was boosted by Austria's accession to the European Union in 1995.

Upon the 1999 federal election, the Freedom Party (FPÖ), with 26.9% of the votes cast, became the second strongest party in the National Council parliament. Having entered a coalition government with the People's Party, Haider had to face the disability of several FPÖ ministers and the impossibility of agitation against members of his cabinet. In 2005, he finally countered the FPÖ's loss of reputation with the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) relaunch to carry on his government. The remaining FPÖ members elected Heinz-Christian Strache chairman, but since the 2006 federal election, both right-wing parties have run separately. After Haider was killed in a car accident in 2008, the BZÖ lost a measurable amount of support.

The FPÖ regained much of its support in subsequent elections. Its candidate Norbert Hofer made it into the runoff in the 2016 presidential election, although he narrowly lost the election. After the 2017 legislative elections, the FPÖ formed a government coalition with the Austrian People's Party but lost seats in 2019.

The FPÖ won 2024 legislative elections for the first time in history with over 29% of the vote.

File:President Costa meets Prime Minister of Belgium (cropped + rotated).jpg from the New Flemish Alliance, Belgian prime minister since 2025]]

Vlaams Blok, established in 1978, operated on a platform of law and order, anti-immigration (with a particular focus on Islamic immigration), and secession of the Flanders region of the country. The secession was originally planned to end in the annexation of Flanders by the culturally and linguistically similar Netherlands until the plan was abandoned due to the multiculturalism in that country. In the elections to the Flemish Parliament in June 2004, the party received 24.2% of the vote, within less than 2% of being the largest party.{{cite web|url=http://polling2004.belgium.be/en/vla/results/results_graph_etop.html|title=Elections 2004 – Flemish Council – List Results|publisher=polling2004.belgium.be|access-date=3 January 2015}} However, in November of the same year, the party was ruled illegal under the country's anti-racism law for, among other things, advocating segregated schools for citizens and immigrants.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3994867.stm | work=BBC News | title=Court rules Vlaams Blok is racist | date=9 November 2004}}

In less than a week, the party was re-established under the name Vlaams Belang, initially with a near-identical ideology before moderating parts of its statute. It advocates the adoption of the Flemish culture and language by immigrants who wish to stay in the country. It also calls for a zero-tolerance stance on illegal immigration and the reinstatement of border controls.{{cite web|url=http://www.vlaamsbelang.org/files/20041212_programma.pdf|date=7 January 2005|title=Programmaboek 2004|author=Vlaams Belang|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305053004/http://www.vlaamsbelang.org/files/20041212_programma.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016}} Despite some accusations of antisemitism from Belgium's Jewish population, the party has demonstrated a staunch pro-Israel stance as part of its opposition to Islam.{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/far-right-belgian-party-vlaams-belang-says-invited-to-jerusalem-meet-1.259364|title=Advertisement|publisher=haaretz.com|access-date=3 January 2015|newspaper=Haaretz|date=12 December 2008|last1=Liphshiz|first1=Cnaan}} In Antwerp, sections of the city's significant Jewish population have begun to support the party.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/12/international/europe/12belgium.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|title=Fear of Islamists Drives Growth of Far Right in Belgium|date=12 February 2005|location=Antwerp|first=Craig S. |last=Smith|access-date=10 January 2010}} With 23 of 124 seats, Vlaams Belang leads the opposition in the Flemish Parliament.{{cite web |url=http://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vp/index.html |title=Vlaams Parlement |publisher=vlaamsparlement.be |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107195132/http://www.vlaamsparlement.be/vp/index.html |archive-date=7 January 2015 }} It also holds 11 out of the 150 seats in the Belgian Chamber of Representatives.{{cite web|url=https://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628010415/http://www.dekamer.be/kvvcr/showpage.cfm?section=%2Fdepute&language=fr&rightmenu=right_depute&cfm=cvlist53.cfm%3Fsorttype%3Dgroup&legis=53|title=De Belgische Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers|website=www.dekamer.be|archive-date=28 June 2013|access-date=20 September 2020}}

The Flemish nationalist and conservative liberal New Flemish Alliance party has been described as populist or containing right-wing populist elements by foreign media such as the German Die Zeit magazine. However, the party has rebutted the term and does not label itself as such.{{cite web|title=ZEIT ONLINE {{!}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder imPUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl.|url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Ffeature%2Fpopulismus-extremismus-europa|access-date=2020-07-15|website=zeit.de}}

In the French-speaking Wallonia, Mischaël Modrikamen, an associate of Steve Bannon, was chairman of the Parti Populaire (PP), which contested elections in Wallonia. Political analysts have generally observed that right-wing populist parties tend to perform better with the Flemish electorate over French-speaking Belgian voters, on the whole, owing to the Flemish vote moving to the right in recent decades and Flemish parties intertwining Flemish nationalism with other issues.

As of the 2019 federal, regional, and European elections, Vlaams Belang has surged from 248,843 votes in 2014 to 783,977 on 26 May 2019.{{cite web |url=https://vp2019.vlaanderenkiest.be/resultaten/#/parlement/02000 |title=Vlaams Parlement 2019 |access-date=30 May 2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528000522/https://vp2019.vlaanderenkiest.be/resultaten/#/parlement/02000 }}

There are several right-wing populist parties in Bulgaria, including VMRO – Bulgarian National Movement, Conservative Bulgaria, and Attack. For the 2017 Bulgarian parliamentary election, they formed the United Patriots electoral alliance, which won 27 seats in Parliament. United Patriots entered a coalition with GERB to form the Third Borisov Government. Volya Movement, another right-wing populist party with 12 seats in Parliament, also supported the government.

Following the 2021 Bulgarian general election, another right-wing populist party, Revival, entered Parliament, while VMRO, Conservative Bulgaria, Attack, and the Volya Movement failed to win any seats.

File:Pia Kjaersgaard, Bornholm 2011.jpg, former leader of the Danish People's Party from 1995 to 2012. She held the post of Speaker of the Folketing from 2015 to 2019.]]

In the early 1970s, the home of the strongest right-wing populist party in Europe was in Denmark, the Progress Party.Jens Rydgren. "Explaining the Emergence of Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties: The Case of Denmark" West European Politics, Vol. 27, No. 3, May 2004, pp. 474–502." In the 1973 election, it received almost 16% of the vote.{{cite book|first=Terri E.|last=Givens|title=Voting radical right in Western Europe|publisher=Cambridge University|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-85134-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDY2CGcPJwkC|pages=136–39}} In the following years, its support dwindled, but the Danish People's Party replaced it in the 1990s, becoming an important support party for the governing coalition in the 2000s.{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/head-danish-populist-party-resign-16955245|title=Head of Danish Populist Party to Resign|agency=Associated Press|date=8 August 2012|access-date=8 August 2012}} At the height of its popularity, it won 21% of the vote (corresponding to 37 seats) in the 2015 Danish general election,{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/19/world/anti-immigrant-party-gains-in-denmark-elections.html|title=Anti-Immigrant Party Gains in Denmark Elections|last=Eddy|first=Melissa|date=18 June 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 March 2017|issn=0362-4331}} becoming the second-largest party in the Folketing and serving once again as support party for two minority governments 2015–2019 before being reduced to 16 seats in the 2019 Danish general election and 5 seats (2.6% of the vote) in 2022. In 2015 the New Right party was founded,{{cite news|url=http://nyheder.tv2.dk/2015-10-20-her-er-danmarks-nye-borgerlige-parti-vil-udfordre-df-og-la|title=Her er Danmarks nye borgerlige parti: Vil udfordre DF og LA|publisher=TV 2 News|language=da|date=20 October 2015|access-date=27 December 2016}} which gained six seats (3.7% of the vote) at the 2022 election.{{Cite web |title=Resultater – Hele landet – Folketingsvalg tirsdag 1. november 2022 – Danmarks Statistik |url=https://www.dst.dk/valg/Valg1968094/valgopg/valgopgHL.htm |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.dst.dk}} In 2022 the Denmark Democrats were founded as the most recent right-wing populist party in the Folketing, gaining 8% of the vote and 14 seats at the 2022 general election.{{cite web |last1=Kosiara-Pedersen |first1=Karina |title=Danmarksdemokraterne – Politisk parti stiftet 2022 – lex.dk |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Danmarksdemokraterne |website=Den Store Danske |access-date=1 August 2023 |language=da |date=11 May 2023}}

In Finland, the most popular right wing to far-right party is the Finns Party. The most recent parliamentary election took place on 2 April 2023. After the 2023 election the Orpo Cabinet was formed by the National Coalition, Finns and Swedish People's Party as well as the Christian Democrats.{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister Orpo's Government appointed |url=https://valtioneuvosto.fi/en/-/10616/prime-minister-orpo-s-government-appointed |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Valtioneuvosto}}{{Cite web |title=Finland's conservative party picks ministers for right-wing coalition government – The Seattle Times |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/finlands-conservative-party-picks-ministers-for-right-wing-coalition-government/?amp=1 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=www.seattletimes.com| date=18 June 2023 }}{{Cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=Petteri Orpo to be Finland's new prime minister |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/finland-petteri-oppo-prime-minister-national-coalition-party-parliament-election/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Natasha |date=18 June 2023 |title=Here are the ministers of basic Finns – Speaker from Halla-ahota |url=https://thetimeshub.in/here-are-the-ministers-of-basic-finns-speaker-from-halla-ahota/ |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=The Times Hub |language=en-US}}

{{See also|Gaullism}}

File:Marine Le Pen 2025 (cropped).jpg, leader of the National Rally and 2017 and 2022 presidential candidate]]

Gaullism is considered part of (right-wing) populism because it is based on charisma, popular mobilization, French nationalism, and exceptionalism. Gaullism is deeply embedded in modern right-wing politics in France.{{cite book|editor=Rene Remond |title=The Right Wing in France: From 1815 to de Gaulle |date=2016 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press}}{{cite book|editor=Geoffrey K. Roberts |editor2=Bill Jones |editor3=Patricia Hogwood |title=The Politics Today Companion to West European Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zc5RAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22populist%22+Gaullist&pg=RA3-PP3 |quote= In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the French Gaullist Party adopted a populist approach, appealing to the nation to support the personal leadership of General de Gaulle. |date=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5421-1 }}

France's National Front (NF)—renamed in 2018 as the "National Rally"—has been cited as the "prototypical populist radical right-wing party". The party was founded in 1972 by Jean-Marie Le Pen as the unification of several French nationalist movements of the time; he developed it into a well-organized party. After struggling for a decade, the party reached its first peak in 1984. By 2002, Le Pen received more votes than the Socialist candidate in the first round of voting for the French presidency, becoming the first NF candidate to qualify for a presidential runoff election. After Le Pen's daughter, Marine Le Pen, took over as the head of the party in 2011, the National Front established itself as one of the main political parties in France. Marine Le Pen's policy of "de-demonizing" or normalizing the party resulted in her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen, being first suspended and then ejected from the party in 2015. Marine Le Pen finished second in the 2017 election and lost in the second round of voting versus Emmanuel Macron, which was held on 7 May 2017. However, polls published in 2018 showed that a majority of the French population considers the party to be a threat to democracy.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/10/world/europe/steve-bannon-france-national-front.html|title='Let Them Call You Racists': Bannon's Pep Talk to National Front|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|date=10 March 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=30 March 2018|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}

Right-wing populism in France has also congealed around cultural issues such as the anti-gay marriage and anti-gender theory movements exemplified by La Manif pour tous.

File:AfD Logo 2021.svg is a political party, founded in 2013 and now led by Alice Weidel and Tino Chrupalla, which is now Germany's leading right-wing populist party.]]

Since 2013, the most popular right-wing populist party in Germany has been Alternative for Germany, which managed to finish third in the 2017 German federal election, making it the first right-wing populist party to enter the Bundestag, Germany's national parliament. Before, right-wing populist parties had gained seats in German State Parliaments only. Left-wing populism is represented in the Bundestag by The Left party.

Right-wing populist movements such as Pro NRW and Citizens in Rage (Bürger in Wut, BIW) sporadically attract some support. In 1989, The Republicans (Die Republikaner), led by Franz Schönhuber, entered the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin and achieved more than 7% of the German votes cast in the 1989 European election, with six seats in the European Parliament. The party also won seats in the Landtag of Baden-Württemberg twice in 1992 and 1996. However, after 2000 the Republicans' support eroded in favor of the far-right German People's Union and the Neo-Nazi National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), which in the 2009 federal election held 1.5% of the popular vote (winning up to 9% in regional Landtag parliamentary elections).

In 2005, a nationwide Pro Germany Citizens' Movement (pro Deutschland) was founded in Cologne. The Pro-movement appeared as a conglomerate of numerous small parties, voters' associations, and societies, distinguishing themselves by campaigns against extremism{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-right-wing-populists-provoke-salafist-violence-in-bonn-a-831810.html|title=Salafists and Right-Wing Populists Battle in Bonn|publisher=Spiegel|date=5 July 2012}} and immigrants. Its representatives claim a zero-tolerance policy and combat corruption. Their politics extend to far-right positions with the denial of a multiethnic society (Überfremdung) and the spread of Islam. Other minor right-wing populist parties include the German Freedom Party, founded in 2010, the former East German German Social Union (DSU), and the dissolved Party for a Rule of Law Offensive ("Schill party").

The AfD has grown in popularity, particularly in eastern Germany, where it has benefited from economic dissatisfaction and immigration fears. According to studies, the AfD will be the second most popular party in Germany by 2023, with rising influence at both the national and provincial levels.Their stance has gotten more radical, advocating for Germany's exit from the EU and NATO and opposing climate protection measures.{{Cite web |title=AfD's success: A turning point for Germany's far right – DW – 07/27/2023 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-afd-far-right-success/a-66363781 |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=dw.com |language=en}} The party's popularity might be attributed to internal disputes and policy debates inside Germany's ruling coalition, which have eroded public trust in traditional parties.{{Cite web |date=7 June 2023 |title=Far-right surge triggers alarm in Germany |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/alternative-for-germay-far-right-surge-warning-bells-election-polls/ |access-date=2024-07-09 |website=POLITICO |language=en-GB}}

In 2024, the AfD won the state election in Thuringia and finished a close second in Saxony and Brandenburg.

File:Panos Kammenos.jpg, leader of Independent Greeks and Greek Minister for National Defence]]

The most prominent right-wing populist party in Greece is the Independent Greeks (ANEL).{{cite book|author=Boyka M. Stefanova|title=The European Union beyond the Crisis: Evolving Governance, Contested Policies, and Disenchanted Publics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDSaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA261|date=14 November 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-1-4985-0348-8|page=261}}{{cite book|author1=Christian Karner|author2=Bram Mertens|title=The Use and Abuse of Memory: Interpreting World War II in Contemporary European Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZFgAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA168|date=30 September 2013|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-1-4128-5203-6|page=168}} Despite being smaller than the more extreme Golden Dawn party, after the January 2015 legislative elections, ANEL formed a governing coalition with the left-wing Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA), thus making the party a governing party and giving it a place in the Cabinet of Alexis Tsipras.{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-30981950|title=Greece anti-bailout leader Tsipras made prime minister|newspaper=BBC News |date=26 January 2015}}

The Neo-Nazi Golden Dawn has grown significantly in Greece during the economic downturn, gaining 7% of the vote and 18 out of 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. The party's ideology includes annexing territory in Albania and Turkey, including the Turkish cities of Istanbul and İzmir.{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=283673 |title=Greek far-right leader vows to 'take back' İstanbul, İzmir |publisher=todayszaman.com |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103095534/http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=283673 |archive-date=3 November 2013 }} Controversial measures by the party included a poor people's kitchen in Athens, which only supplied Greek citizens and was shut down by the police.{{cite news| url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/10034010/Golden-Dawns-Greeks-only-soup-kitchen-ends-in-chaos.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/greece/10034010/Golden-Dawns-Greeks-only-soup-kitchen-ends-in-chaos.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Nick |last=Squires |title=Golden Dawn's 'Greeks only' soup kitchen ends in chaos |date=2 May 2013}}{{cbignore}}

The Popular Orthodox Rally is not represented in the Greek legislature but supplied 2 of the country's 22 MEPS until 2014. It supports anti-globalization, lower taxes for small businesses, and opposition to Turkish accession to the European Union and the Republic of Macedonia's use of the name Macedonia and immigration only for Europeans.{{cite web|url=http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf |title=Laos.gr |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202607/http://www.laos.gr/PROGRAM_LAOS.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2011 }} Its participation in government has been one of the reasons why it became unpopular with its voters who turned to Golden Dawn in Greece's 2012 elections.{{cite web|url=https://carleton.ca/rera/wp-content/uploads/2012-issue7-v1-Nedelcupdf1.pdf |title=Tribunes and Patricians: Radical Fringe Parties in the 21st Century |publisher=carleton.ca |access-date=3 January 2015 |date=16 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714203430/http://carleton.ca/rera/wp-content/uploads/2012-issue7-v1-Nedelcupdf1.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2014 }}

The Greek Solution is right-wing to far-right and has been described as ideologically ultranationalist and right-wing populist. The party garnered 3.7% of the vote in the 2019 Greek legislative election, winning 10 out of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament and 4.18% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliament election in Greece, winning one seat in the European Parliament.

{{See also|Berlusconism}}

File:Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped.jpg (1936–2023)]]

In Italy, Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi served four separate term between 1994 and 2011, and is considered the first prominent populist politician in modern Europe, fueling anti-immigrant sentiments, denying the results of the 2006 general election,{{cite web|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2013/02/18/news/berlusconi_avverte_la_lega-52925108/|title=Berlusconi: "Nel 2006 sconfitti per i brogli". Pisanu: "Bugiardo incallito e alterato"|date=18 February 2013 }} and often making offensive comments towards the judiciary and political opponents,{{cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/08_giugno_25/berlusconi_confesercenti_a63176fa-429f-11dd-94ab-00144f02aabc.shtml?fr=correlati|title=Berlusconi: «I giudici sono un cancro» E la Confesercenti fischia il premier}} although his Forza Italia party is considered to be more moderate.{{Citation|title=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right|first=Christina|last=Liang|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|page=187}}{{cite web|work=Foreign Policy in Focus|title=What Europe Can Teach Us about Trump|date=23 November 2016|first=John|last=Feffer|url=http://fpif.org/europe-can-teach-us-trump/}} Instead, the most prominent right-wing populist party in the last twenty years was the Lega, formerly Lega Nord (LN),{{cite news|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,719842,00.html|title=Continent of Fear: The Rise of Europe's Right-Wing Populists |publisher=spiegel.de|access-date=3 January 2015|newspaper=Spiegel Online |date=28 September 2010 }} whose leaders reject the right-wing label,{{cite web|url=http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/8528|title=Così la Lega conquista nuovi elettori (non solo al nord)|publisher=ilfoglio.it|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521161601/http://www.ilfoglio.it/soloqui/8528|archive-date=21 May 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.asca.it/news-Lega_Nord__Maroni_ne__destra_ne__sinistra__alleanze_dopo_congresso-1156873.html|title=Lega Nord: Maroni ne' destra ne' sinistra, alleanze dopo congresso|publisher=asca.it|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521161933/http://www.asca.it/news-Lega_Nord__Maroni_ne__destra_ne__sinistra__alleanze_dopo_congresso-1156873.html|archive-date=21 May 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www.termometropolitico.it/109110_intervista-matteo-salvini-lega-renzi-peggio-di-monti-vergognoso-con-la-merkel.html|title=INTERVISTA Matteo Salvini (Lega): "Renzi? Peggio di Monti, vergognoso con la Merkel |publisher=termometropolitico.it|access-date=3 January 2015|date=20 March 2014 }} although not the "populist" one.{{cite web|url=http://www.leganord.org/index.php/notizie2/12498-europee-salvini-sono-referendum-meglio-populista-che-fesso|title=Lega Nord|publisher=leganord.org|access-date=3 January 2015|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624192026/https://www.leganord.org/index.php/notizie2/12498-europee-salvini-sono-referendum-meglio-populista-che-fesso}} The Lega is a federalist, regionalist, and sometimes secessionist party, founded in 1991 as a federation of several regional parties of northern and central Italy, most of which had arisen and expanded during the 1980s. LN's program advocates the transformation of Italy into a federal state, fiscal federalism, and greater regional autonomy, especially for the northern regions. At times, the party has advocated for the secession of the north, which it calls Padania. The party generally takes an anti-southern Italian stance as members are known for opposing southern Italian emigration to northern Italian cities, stereotyping southern Italians as welfare abusers and detrimental to Italian society, and attributing Italy's economic troubles and the disparity of the north–south divide in the Italian economy to supposed inherent negative characteristics of the southern Italians, such as laziness, lack of education, or criminality.{{cite book|last1=Tambini|first1=Damian|title=Nationalism in Italian Politics: The Stories of the Northern League, 1980–2000|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pW009kl_z2AC&q=northern+league+terroni&pg=PT25|isbn=978-1-134-54001-3}}{{cite news|last1=Willey|first1=David|title=The rise and fall of Northern League founder Umberto Bossi|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-17703460|access-date=28 October 2015|agency=BBC News |date=14 April 2012}}{{cite news|last1=Pullella|first1=Philip|title=Italy unity anniversary divides more than unites|url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSLNE72706B20110308|access-date=28 October 2015|work=Reuters|date=8 March 2011}} Certain LN members have been known to publicly deploy the offensive slur terrone, a common pejorative term for southern Italians evocative of negative southern Italian stereotypes.{{cite book|last1=Russo Bullaro|first1=Grace|title=From Terrone to Extracomunitario: New Manifestations of Racism in Contemporary Italian Cinema: Shifting Demographics and Changing Images in a Multi-cultural Globalized Society|date=2010|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|pages=179–81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yBTMi_XXCgYC&q=northern+league+terroni&pg=PA180|isbn=978-1-84876-176-6}}{{cite book|last1=Garau|first1=Eva|title=Politics of National Identity in Italy: Immigration and 'Italianità'|date=17 December 2014|publisher=Routledge|pages=110–11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2vfBQAAQBAJ&q=northern+league+terroni+denigration&pg=PA110|access-date=28 October 2015|isbn=978-1-317-55766-1}} As a federalist, regionalist, populist party of the north, LN is also highly critical of the centralized power and political importance of Rome, sometimes adopting to a lesser extent an anti-Roman stance in addition to an anti-southern stance.

With the rise of immigration into Italy since the late 1990s, LN has increasingly turned its attention to criticizing mass immigration to Italy. The LN, which opposes illegal immigration, is critical of Islam, and proposes Italy's exit from the Eurozone, is considered a Eurosceptic movement and, as such, is a part of the Identity and Democracy (ID) group in the European Parliament. LN was or is part of the national government in 1994, 2001–2006, 2008–2011, and 2018–2019. Most recently, the party, including among its members the presidents of Lombardy and Veneto, won 17.4% of the vote in the 2018 general election, becoming the third-largest party in Italy (largest within the centre-right coalition). In the 2014 European election, under the leadership of Matteo Salvini, it took 6.2% of votes. Under Salvini, the party has, to some extent, embraced Italian nationalism and emphasized Euroscepticism, opposition to immigration, and other "populist" policies while allying with right-wing populist parties in Europe.{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-20/italy-s-northern-league-is-suddenly-in-love-with-the-south|title=Italy's Northern League Is Suddenly In Love With the South|date=20 February 2018|access-date=2 March 2018|website=Bloomberg.com}}{{cite web|url=http://espresso.repubblica.it/attualita/2017/07/24/news/rivoluzione-nella-lega-cambiano-nome-e-simbolo-e-scompare-il-nord-1.306615|title=Rivoluzione nella Lega: cambiano nome e simbolo|date=24 July 2017|access-date=2 March 2018}}{{cite web|url=http://www.repubblica.it/politica/2017/10/27/news/lega_nord_nuovo_simbolo-179501278/|title=Lega, nuovo simbolo senza "nord". Salvini: "Sarà valido per tutta Italia"|date=27 October 2017|access-date=2 March 2018}}

File:Giorgia Meloni Official 2023 crop.jpg

Between the late 2010s and the early 2020s, another right-wing populist movement emerged within the centre-right coalition. The nationalist and national-conservative Brothers of Italy (FdI), led by Giorgia Meloni, gained 4.4% of votes in the 2018 election and, four years later, it became the most voted party in the 2022 general election, gaining 26% of votes. Meloni was appointed prime minister on 22 October, at the head of what it was considered as the most right-wing Italian government since 1945.{{cite news|last1=Braithwaite|first1=Sharon|last2=DiDonato|first2=Valentina|last3=Fox|first3=Kara|last4=Mortensen|first4=Antonia|last5=Nadeau|first5=Barbie Latza|last6=Ruotolo|first6=Nicola|date=26 September 2022|title=Giorgia Meloni claims victory to become Italy's most far-right prime minister since Mussolini|publisher=CNN |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/09/25/europe/italy-election-results-intl/index.html|access-date=26 September 2022}}{{cite news|date=26 September 2022|title=Italy election: Meloni says center-right bloc has 'clear' mandate|publisher=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/italy-election-meloni-says-center-right-bloc-has-clear-mandate/a-63233616|access-date=26 September 2022}}

Some national conservative, nationalist, and arguably right-wing populist parties are strong, especially in Lazio, the region around Rome, and southern Italy. Most of them originated due to the Italian Social Movement (a national-conservative party whose best result was 8.7% of the vote in the 1972 general election) and its successor National Alliance (which reached 15.7% of the vote in the 1996 general election). In addition to Brothers of Italy, they include New Force (0.3%), CasaPound (0.1%), Tricolour Flame (0.1%), Social Idea Movement (0.01%) and Progetto Nazionale (0.01%).

Additionally, in the German-speaking South Tyrol, South Tyrolean Freedom and Die Freiheitlichen are often described as a right-wing populist parties.

File:Geert WILDERS European Parliament EP-022080 (cropped).jpg, leader of the Party for Freedom]]

In the Netherlands, right-wing populism was represented in the 150-seat House of Representatives in 1982 when the Centre Party won a single seat. During the 1990s, a splinter party, the Centre Democrats, was slightly more successful, although its significance was still marginal. Not before 2002 did a right-wing populist party break through in the Netherlands, when the Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) won 26 seats and subsequently formed a coalition with the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD). Fortuyn, who had strong views against immigration, particularly by Muslims, was assassinated in May 2002, two weeks before the election. Ideologically, the LPF differed somewhat from other European right-wing populist movements by holding more liberal stances on certain social issues such as abortion, gay rights, and euthanasia (Fortuyn himself was openly gay) while maintaining an uncompromising stance on immigration, law and order, and the European Union. Fortuyn was also credited with shifting the Dutch political landscape by bringing the topics of multiculturalism, immigration, and the integration of immigrants into the political mainstream.{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/1971883.stm | work=BBC News | title=In pictures: Death of Pim Fortuyn | date=7 May 2002}} However, the coalition had broken up by 2003, and the LPF went into steep decline until it was dissolved.

Since 2006, the Party for Freedom (PVV) has been represented in the House of Representatives and described as inheriting the mantle of the Pim Fortuyn List. Following the 2010 general election, it has been in a pact with the right-wing minority government of CDA and VVD after it won 24 seats in the House of Representatives. The party is Eurosceptic and plays a leading role in the changing stance of the Dutch government towards European integration as they came second in the 2009 European Parliament election, winning 4 out of 25 seats. The party's main program revolves around strong criticism of Islam, restrictions on migration from new European Union countries and Islamic countries, pushing for cultural assimilation of migrants into Dutch society, opposing the accession of Turkey to the European Union, advocating for the Netherlands to withdraw from the European Union and advocating for a return to the guilder and abandoning the euro.{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/geert-wilders-netherlands-dutch-election-freedom-pvv-far-right-donald-trump-a7576456.html|title=Far-right outcast Geert Wilders vows to 'de-Islamise' the Netherlands after taking lead in Dutch polls|date=12 February 2017|work=The Independent|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en-GB}}

From 2017 onwards, the Forum for Democracy (FvD) emerged as another right-wing populist force in the Netherlands. The FvD also advocates a stricter immigration policy and a referendum on Dutch membership of the EU.{{cite web|work=Heinrich Böll Foundation|date=22 March 2017|title=The Dutch defeat 'the wrong kind of populism'|url=https://www.boell.de/en/2017/03/22/dutch-defeat-wrong-kind-populism}}{{cite journal|title=Is Dutch Bad Boy Thierry Baudet the New Face of the European Alt-Right?|journal=The Nation|url=https://www.thenation.com/article/is-dutch-bad-boy-thierry-baudet-the-new-face-of-the-european-alt-right/|date=5 April 2018|last1=Faber|first1=Sebastiaan|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=3 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503113736/https://www.thenation.com/article/is-dutch-bad-boy-thierry-baudet-the-new-face-of-the-european-alt-right/}}

The Farmer–Citizen Movement, described as a right-wing populist party,{{cite web |title=Column (Maarten van Nieuw Amerongen): Het populisme van van der Plas en Boswijk |url=https://www.rd.nl/artikel/940912-column-maarten-van-nieuw-amerongen-het-populisme-van-van-der-plas-en-boswijk |access-date=23 February 2022|archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317200523/https://www.rd.nl/artikel/940912-column-maarten-van-nieuw-amerongen-het-populisme-van-van-der-plas-en-boswijk |url-status=live}} won the 2023 Dutch provincial elections, winning the popular vote and receiving the most seats in all twelve provinces.{{cite web |first=Mike |last=Corder |title=Populist Farmer Citizen Movement wins big in Dutch election |publisher=Associated Press |date=16 March 2023 |url=https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-farmers-bbb-mark-rutte-cc59032d926a1585002ce9e10aee0886 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320190735/https://apnews.com/article/netherlands-election-farmers-bbb-mark-rutte-cc59032d926a1585002ce9e10aee0886 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |last=Camut |first=Nicolas |title=Dutch pro-farmers party wins big in provincial elections |website=Politico |date=16 March 2023 |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-farmers-party-bbb-mark-rutte-netherlands-big-winner-in-provincial-elections/ |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320190735/https://www.politico.eu/article/dutch-farmers-party-bbb-mark-rutte-netherlands-big-winner-in-provincial-elections/ |url-status=live}}

File:Jarosław Kaczyński i Viktor Orbán w Sejmie.jpg (PiS) leader Jarosław Kaczyński with Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán{{cite news |title=Can Europe's new xenophobes reshape the continent? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/03/europe-xenophobes-continent-poland-hungary-austria-nationalism-migrants |work=The Guardian |date=3 February 2018}}]]

The largest right-wing populist party in Poland is Law and Justice, which currently holds the presidency. It combines social conservatism and criticism of immigration with strong support for NATO and an interventionist economic policy.{{cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-poland-trump-2017-story.html |title=In Poland, a right-wing, populist, anti-immigrant government sees an ally in Trump |newspaper=LA Times |date=5 July 2017 |access-date=13 July 2017}}

The Polish Congress of the New Right, headed by Michał Marusik, aggressively promotes fiscally conservative concepts, such as radical tax reductions preceded by the abolishment of social security, universal public healthcare, state-sponsored education, and Communist Polish 1944 agricultural reform as a way to dynamical economic and welfare growth.{{cite web|url=http://nczas.com/publicystyka/korwin-mikke-feudalizmie-wroc/|title=Korwin-Mikke: Feudalizmie wróć! | Najwyższy Czas!|publisher=nczas.com|access-date=3 January 2015|date=7 January 2012}}{{cite web |url=http://www.nowaprawicajkm.pl/info/program-wyborczy/program-kongresu-nowej-prawicy/item/program-kongresu-nowej-prawicy |title=Program KNP |publisher=nowaprawicajkm.pl |access-date=3 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107122821/http://www.nowaprawicajkm.pl/info/program-wyborczy/program-kongresu-nowej-prawicy/item/program-kongresu-nowej-prawicy |archive-date=7 January 2015 }} The party is considered populist both by right-wing and left-wing publicists.{{cite web|url=http://www.wsieci.pl/korwin-mikke-guru-nonsensu-pnews-1010.html|title=Korwin-Mikke – guru nonsensu Gazeta wSieci|publisher=wsieci.pl|access-date=3 January 2015}}{{cite web|url=http://lewica.pl/blog/derebecki/29708/|title=Wirus korwinizmu – Krzysztof Derebecki – Mój lewicowy punkt widzenia|publisher=lewica.pl|access-date=3 January 2015}}

File:Simion & Gavrilă.jpg and Anamaria Gavrilă in Cluj-Napoca, 2025]]

The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR), a right-wing populist party,{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55211972|title=Romanian opposition takes narrow lead after election|date=7 December 2020|newspaper=BBC News|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208084302/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-55211972|archive-date=8 December 2020|url-status=live}} became the fourth-largest political force in Romania after the 2020 Romanian parliamentary election.{{cite news|url=https://www.euronews.com/2020/12/08/how-a-far-right-party-came-from-nowhere-to-stun-romania-in-sunday-s-election|title=How a far-right party came from nowhere to shock in Romania's election |first=Stephen|last=McGrath|newspaper=Euronews|date=8 December 2020}} The AUR became the largest opposition party after the 2024 Romanian parliamentary election, where other right-wing populist parties such as S.O.S. Romania and the Party of Young People (POT) entered the Parliament.{{Cite web|url=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/oc-pe-piata-politica-miron-mitrea-spune-ca-partidul-lui-osoaca-are-5-6-la-suta_2995058.html|title=Șoc pe piața politică: Miron Mitrea spune că partidul lui Șoșoacă are 5-6 la sută|date=July 17, 2023|website=Stiri pe surse}}{{cite news |last= McGrath |first= Stephen |date= 2 December 2024 |title= Romania’s leftists set to top polls in parliamentary election, but far-right populists see big gains |url= https://apnews.com/article/romania-election-europe-far-right-da223dff415a0fa333bea0b1ccdb0adb |work= Associated Press |access-date= 18 March 2025}} At the same time, Călin Georgescu won the first round of the 2024 presidential election, which was annulled, and was barred running in the 2025 presidential election.{{cite web |date=11 March 2025 |title=Nu pot exista alegeri libere atâta timp cât o parte semnificativă a societății este exclusă de la a putea fi reprezentată. |url=https://www.facebook.com/AlternativaDreaptaRo/posts/pfbid02kB4KYxADfyCwrTqhGVouVwPARcu3RrktvfsUnSTJ4CcEBfj8KZrh9oysAYh56rXVl |work=The Right Alternative |lang=ro}} AUR leader George Simion is currently among the front-runners in the May 2025 presidential election.

File:Santiago Abascal (54349274173) (cropped).jpg, leader of VOX party since 2014]]

In Spain, the appearance of right-wing populism began to gain strength after the December 2018 election for the Parliament of Andalusia, in which the right-wing populist party VOX managed to obtain 12 seats{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/03/inenglish/1543831474_046256.html|title=Vox: the far-right party that made shock gains in the regional polls|last=Gálvez|first=José María Jiménez|date=3 December 2018|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582}} and agreed to support a coalition government of the parties of the right People's Party and Citizens, although the Socialist Party won the elections.{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/03/inenglish/1543854156_283275.html|title=Spain's center-right mulls deal with Vox to gain control of Andalusia|last1=Marcos|first1=José|date=3 December 2018|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|last2=Sáiz|first2=Eva|language=en|issn=1134-6582|last3=Blas|first3=Elsa García de|last4=Junquera|first4=Natalia}} VOX, which has been frequently described as far-right, both by the left parties and by Spanish or international press,{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/27/spains-vox-party-hates-muslims-except-the-ones-who-fund-it-mek-ncri-maryam-rajavi-pmoi-vidal-quadras-abascal/|title=Spain's Vox Party Hates Muslims—Except the Ones Who Fund It|last=Loucaides|first=Sohail Jannessari, Darren|website=Foreign Policy|date=27 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2 May 2019}}{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/04/27/vox-spain-elections-trump-bannon/|title=Make Spain Great Again|last=Pardo|first=Pablo|website=Foreign Policy|date=27 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2 May 2019}} promotes characteristic policies of the populist right,{{cite web|url=https://www.voxespana.es/espana/programa-electoral|title=Programa electoral|website=VOX|language=es|access-date=2 May 2019}} such as the expulsion of all illegal immigrants from the country—even of legal immigrants who commit crimes—a generalized criminal tightening, combined with traditional claims of right-wing conservatives, such as the centralization of the State and the suppression of the Autonomous Communities, and has harshly criticized the laws against gender violence, approved by the socialist government of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, but later maintained by the PP executive of Mariano Rajoy, accusing the people and institutions that defend them of applying "gender totalitarianism".{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/03/inenglish/1543832942_674971.html|title=Far-right Spanish political party Vox: What are its policies?|last=Rodríguez|first=Jorge A.|date=3 December 2018|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430044324/https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/12/03/inenglish/1543832942_674971.html}}

Party official Javier Ortega Smith is being investigated for alleged hate speech after Spanish prosecutors admitted a complaint by an Islamic association in connection with a rally that talked about "the Islamist invasion".{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/03/inenglish/1554300350_838434.html|title=Vox party official under scrutiny for alleged hate speech against Muslims|last=González|first=Miguel|date=4 April 2019|work=El País|access-date=3 May 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582}} The party election manifesto that was finally published merged classic far-right-inspired policies with right-libertarianism in tax and social security matters.

After months of political uncertainty and protests against the party in Andalusia{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/01/15/inenglish/1547569050_141912.html|title=Protests outside Andalusian parliament as investiture debate begins|last1=Lucio|first1=Lourdes|date=15 January 2019|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|last2=Sáiz|first2=Eva|language=en|issn=1134-6582|last3=País|first3=El}} and other regions,{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/01/16/inenglish/1547626335_145006.html|title=Thousands of women march across Spain against far-right party Vox|last1=Valdés|first1=Isabel|date=16 January 2019|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|last2=Mora|first2=Antonio J.|language=en|issn=1134-6582}} in the 2019 Spanish general election, VOX managed to obtain 24 deputies in the Congress of Deputies, with 10.26% of the vote, falling short of expectations{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/29/inenglish/1556533756_984774.html|title=Vox enters Congress for the first time but falls short of expectations|last=González|first=Miguel|date=29 April 2019|work=El País|access-date=2 May 2019|language=en|issn=1134-6582|archive-date=30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430042807/https://elpais.com/elpais/2019/04/29/inenglish/1556533756_984774.html}} after an intense electoral campaign in which VOX gathered big crowds of people at their events. Although the People's Party and Citizens leaders, Pablo Casado and Albert Rivera, had admitted repeatedly during the campaign that they would again agree with VOX to reach the government,{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/23/spains-general-election-2019-all-you-need-to-know|title=Spain's general election 2019: all you need to know|last=Jones|first=Sam|date=23 April 2019|work=The Guardian |access-date=2 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}} the sum of all their seats finally left them far from any possibility, giving the government to the social democrat Pedro Sánchez.{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/video/2019/apr/29/the-future-has-won-says-spains-socialist-party-leader-after-election-victory-video|title='The future has won,' says Spain's Socialist party leader after election victory – video report|date=29 April 2019|work=The Guardian |agency=Reuters|access-date=2 May 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}

Madrilenian president Isabel Díaz Ayuso, despite being a member of the centre-right People's Party, has been sustained in government by VOX and adopted many policies championed by the party.{{Cite news |last=Wilkinson |first=Isambard |date=7 July 2023 |title=Isabel Díaz Ayuso, the charismatic populist tipped as a future national leader |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/article/isabel-diaz-ayuso-the-charismatic-populist-tipped-as-a-future-national-leader-k7z83sj5j |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0140-0460}} She has embraced populist rhetoric,{{Cite web |date=27 May 2023 |title=Madrid's loose-cannon populist is an asset and a worry for Spain's conservatives |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/madrid-loose-cannon-populist-isabel-diaz-ayusois-asset-worry-spain-conservatives/ |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=POLITICO |language=en}} defended Spanish imperialism,{{Cite web|last=Riviera|first=Carolina|date=25 March 2019|title=España rechaza con "toda firmeza" carta de AMLO sobre disculpa por la Conquista|url=https://www.milenio.com/politica/espana-rechaza-con-toda-firmeza-disculparse-por-conquista|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Milenio|language=es}} dismissed climate change,{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=Barcelona students to take mandatory climate crisis module from 2024 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/12/barcelona-students-to-take-mandatory-climate-crisis-module-from-2024 |access-date=2023-01-17 |website=The Guardian |language=en}} and opposed Covid-19 lockdowns.{{cite web|date=13 June 2022|title=Spain's pop polarizer: The unlikely rise of Isabel Díaz Ayuso|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/isabel-diaz-ayuso-profile-spain-madrid-pop-polarizer-unlikely-rise/|author-last=Hernández-Morales|author-first=Aitor|access-date=9 June 2023|work=Politico}} She has been to compared to Donald Trump by several of her critics.{{Cite news |last=Madrid |first=Isambard Wilkinson |date=7 July 2023 |title=Isabel Díaz Ayuso: patron saint or Spanish Trumpista? |newspaper=The Times |language=en |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/isabel-diaz-ayuso-patron-saint-or-spanish-trumpista-qtvnrw3xk |access-date=2023-07-07 |issn=0140-0460}}{{cite web|date=25 May 2023|title=Meet The Woman Spain Can't Stop Listening To|url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/la-trump-the-popular-politician-radicalizing-spanish-politics-a-4a0908a8-9f0d-46ea-a061-77a94870189c|author-last=Bautista|author-first=José|access-date=9 June 2023|work=Der Spiegel}}

The 2024 European Parliament election in Spain saw the right-wing populist party Se Acabó La Fiesta (SALF) entering the European Parliament with 3 seats, obtaining over 800,000 votes.{{Cite web |last=Madrid |first=David Sharrock |date=2024-06-24 |title=Influencer's movement The Party's Over wins 800,000 EU votes |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/influencers-movement-the-partys-over-wins-800000-eu-votes-802szrz8r |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=The Times|language=en}}

In Sweden, the first openly populist movement to be represented in the Riksdag (Swedish parliament), New Democracy was founded in 1994 by businessman Bert Karlsson and aristocrat Ian Wachtmeister. Although New Democracy promoted economic issues as its foremost concern, it also advocated restrictions on immigration and welfare chauvinism. The party saw a sharp rise in support in 1994 before declining soon after.Rydgren, 2006, pp. 33–34.Rydgren, 2006, p. 54.

In 2010, the Sweden Democrats entered parliament for the first time. The Sweden Democrats originally had connections to white nationalism during its early days but later began expelling hardline members and moderated its platform to transform itself into a more mainstream movement. The party calls for more robust immigration and asylum policies, compulsory measures to assimilate immigrants into Swedish society, and stricter law and order policies. The Sweden Democrats are currently the second largest party in Sweden, with 20.5% of the popular vote in the 2022 Swedish general election, and the second most seats in the Swedish parliament with 72 seats.{{Cite news|author=Jake Wallis Simons|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10823028/EU-elections-2014-I-can-hear-the-boots-of-the-1930s-marching-through-Europe.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10823028/EU-elections-2014-I-can-hear-the-boots-of-the-1930s-marching-through-Europe.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|work=The Telegraph|title=EU elections 2014: 'I can hear the boots of the 1930s marching through Europe'|date=14 May 2014|access-date=31 August 2018}}{{cbignore}}

{{See also|Far-right politics in Switzerland}}

In Switzerland, the right-wing populist Swiss People's Party (SVP) reached an all-time high in the 2015 elections. The party is mainly considered national conservative,{{sfn|Skenderovic|2009|loc=p. 124: "... and prefers to use terms such as national-conservative or conservative-right in defining the SVP. In particular, national-conservative has gained prominence among the definitions used in Swiss research on the SVP"}}{{sfn|Geden|2006|p=95}} but it has also variously been identified as "extreme right"{{sfn|Ignazi|2006|p=234}} and "radical right-wing populist",H-G Betz, 'Xenophobia, Identity Politics and Exclusionary Populism in Western Europe', L. Panitch & C. Leys (eds.), Socialist Register 2003 – Fighting Identities: Race, Religion and Ethno-nationalism, London: Merlin Press, 2002, p. 198 reflecting a spectrum of ideologies among its members. Its far-right wing includes members such as Ulrich Schlüer and Pascal Junod, who heads a New Right study group and has been linked to Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism.{{cite web |url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/switzerland.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020421064426/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw2000-1/switzerland.htm |archive-date=21 April 2002 |title=Antisemitism And Racism in Switzerland 2000-1 |access-date=3 January 2015 }}{{cite web|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/switzerland.htm|title=Antisemitism and Racism in Switzerland 1999–2000|work=tau.ac.il|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025055218/http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/asw99-2000/switzerland.htm|archive-date=25 October 2007}}

In Switzerland, radical right populist parties held close to 10% of the popular vote in 1971, were reduced to below 2% by 1979, and grew to more than 10% in 1991. Since 1991, these parties (the Swiss Democrats and the Swiss Freedom Party) have been absorbed by the SVP. During the 1990s, the SVP grew from the fourth largest party to the largest and gained a second seat in the Swiss Federal Council in 2003 with the prominent politician and businessman Christoph Blocher. In 2015, the SVP received 29.4% of the vote, the highest vote ever recorded for a single party throughout Swiss parliamentary history.{{cite news|title=Anti-immigration party wins Swiss election in 'slide to the Right'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/switzerland/11939953/Anti-immigration-party-wins-Swiss-election-in-slide-to-the-Right.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/switzerland/11939953/Anti-immigration-party-wins-Swiss-election-in-slide-to-the-Right.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=19 October 2015|work=The Daily Telegraph|agency=Reuters|date=19 October 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{cite news|title=Anti-immigration SVP wins Swiss election in big swing to right|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-34569881|access-date=19 October 2015|work=BBC News |date=19 October 2015}}{{cite news|last1=Larson|first1=Nina|title=Swiss parliament shifts to right in vote dominated by migrant fears|url=https://news.yahoo.com/swiss-populist-set-win-third-parliament-seats-media-161821935.html|access-date=19 October 2015|agency=AFP|publisher=Yahoo!|date=19 October 2015}}{{cite news|title=Amid rising fears over refugees, far-right party gains ground in Swiss election|url=http://www.dw.com/en/amid-rising-fears-over-refugees-far-right-party-gains-ground-in-swiss-election/a-18790343|access-date=19 October 2015|publisher=Deutsche Welle|date=19 October 2015}}

File:Recep Tayyip Erdogan in Ukraine.jpg]]

The Justice and Development Party (AKP) and its leader Recep Tayyip Erdoğan have been in power since 2002.

The Victory Party is a patriotic and Kemalist political party in Turkey founded on 26 August 2021, under the leadership of Ümit Özdağ. The party is the continuation of the Ayyıldız Movement initiated by Ümit Özdağ, the founding petition of the party was submitted to the Ministry of the Interior on 26 August 2021, and then the party was officially established. The party leader Özdağ and his deputies aim to re-institute Kemalist and Turkish nationalist ideologies in the government and aim to send back refugees to their homelands.

File:Nigel Farage (45718080574) (cropped).jpg of Reform UK]]

The scholarly authors Breeze, Bale, Ashkenas and Aisch, and Clarke et al. characterised the UK Independence Party (UKIP), then led by Nigel Farage, as a right-wing populist party.{{Cite journal |last=Breeze |first=Ruth |date=2 January 2019 |title=Positioning "the people" and Its Enemies: Populism and Nationalism in AfD and UKIP |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339 |journal=Javnost – the Public |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |doi=10.1080/13183222.2018.1531339 |s2cid=150034518 |issn=1318-3222}}{{Cite journal |last=Bale |first=Tim |year=2018 |title=Who leads and who follows? The symbiotic relationship between UKIP and the Conservatives – and populism and Euroscepticism |journal=Politics |language=en |volume=38 |issue=3 |pages=263–277 |doi=10.1177/0263395718754718 |issn=0263-3957|doi-access=free }}{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/12/05/world/europe/populism-in-age-of-trump.html|title=European Populism in the Age of Donald Trump|last1=Ashkenas|first1=Jeremy|date=5 December 2016|work=The New York Times|access-date=24 March 2017|last2=Aisch|first2=Gregor|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite journal |last1=Clarke |first1=Harold |last2=Whiteley |first2=Paul |last3=Borges |first3=Walter |last4=Sanders |first4=David |last5=Stewart |first5=Marianne |date=2 April 2016 |title=Modelling the dynamics of support for a right-wing populist party: the case of UKIP |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17457289.2016.1146286 |journal=Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties |language=en |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=135–154 |doi=10.1080/17457289.2016.1146286 |s2cid=67831605 |issn=1745-7289}} UKIP campaigned for an exit from the European Union prior to the 2016 European membership referendum{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/19/who-wants-to-leave-the-european-union/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/05/19/who-wants-to-leave-the-european-union/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Who wants to leave the European Union?|work=The Telegraph|access-date=24 March 2017|language=en-GB}}{{cbignore}} and a points-based immigration system similar to that used in Australia.{{sfnm|1a1=Goodwin|1a2=Milazzo|1y=2015|1pp=172, 231|2a1=Heywood|2y=2015|2p=139}}{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/ukip-tops-independent-on-sunday-poll-as-the-nations-favourite-party-9069625.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first1=Jane |last1=Merrick |first2=John |last2=Rentoul |title=Ukip tops Independent on Sunday poll as the nation's favourite party |date=19 January 2014}}{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/poll-says-labour-still-course-3036358|title=Poll says Labour still on course for 2015 victory – but UKIP is now Britain's 'favourite' political party |publisher=mirror.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2015|date=18 January 2014 }} In the 2019 general election, UKIP entered candidates in 44 of the 650 available seats, winning none of them, and achieving 0.1% of the popular vote.{{Cite news |date=2019 |title=Election Result Conservatives win historic majority |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-results-2019-maps-breakdown-constituency/ |access-date=19 August 2023}} In 2013, the Conservative Party, which along with the Liberal Democrats governed from 2010 to 2015 as a coalition government, saw local party campaigners pledging support for UKIP over issues related to the European Union and gay marriage.{{cite news |last=Ross |first=Tim |date=19 May 2013 |title=Tories begin defecting to Ukip over 'loons' slur |work=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10067592/Tories-begin-defecting-to-Ukip-over-loons-slur.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10067592/Tories-begin-defecting-to-Ukip-over-loons-slur.html |archive-date=11 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}

The role of UKIP in the UK underwent a rapid transformation post-Brexit, with Nigel Farage leading the initiative to establish the Brexit Party, which was subsequently rebranded as Reform UK. These entities have consistently been identified as extensions of UKIP,{{Citation |last=McManus |first=Ian |title=The Case of the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP) |date=2021 |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8 |work=The Populist Radical Right and Health |pages=139–155 |editor-last=Falkenbach |editor-first=Michelle |access-date=2023-08-19 |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-70709-5_8 |isbn=978-3-030-70708-8 |s2cid=239723344 |editor2-last=Greer |editor2-first=Scott L.}} sharing common populist ideological elements.{{Cite news |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=25 December 2022 |title=Senior Tories risk losing seats if Nigel Farage returns to politics, experts say |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2022/dec/25/senior-tories-risk-losing-seats-nigel-farage-returns-politics-reform-uk |access-date=2023-08-19 |issn=0261-3077}}

In the Conservative Party, Thatcherism had right-wing populist elements, including nationalism and social conservatism{{cite journal|first1=Natalia|last1=Mamonova|first2=Jaume|last2=Franquesa|title=Populism, Neoliberalism and Agrarian Movements in Europe. Understanding Rural Support for Right-Wing Politics and Looking for Progressive Solutions|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/soru.12291|journal=Sociologia Ruralis|date= |issn=0038-0199|pages=710–731|volume=60|issue=4|doi=10.1111/soru.12291|s2cid=213444041 }} Although Margaret Thatcher has been characterised by some scholars as a right-wing populist politician in the UK,{{Cite journal |last=Gifford |first=Chris |year=2006 |title=The rise of post-imperial populism: The case of right-wing Euroscepticism in Britain |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x |journal=European Journal of Political Research |language=en |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=851–869 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00638.x |issn=0304-4130}}{{cite book|editor=Kenny, Sue |editor2=Ife, Jim |editor3=Westoby, Peter |title=Populism, Democracy and Community Development |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u8CEAAAQBAJ&dq=populism+Thatcherism&pg=PT213 |quote= The most recognised right-wing UK populist politician of recent time was Margaret Thatcher, who became leader of the Conservative Party in 1975, and in 1979 the first British woman prime minister. |date=2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-5387-4 }}{{cite book|first1=Karine|last1=Tournier-Sol|title=The Faces of Contemporary Populism in Western Europe and the US |chapter=From UKIP to Brexit: The Right-Wing Populist Surge in the UK |publisher=Springer International Publishing|date=5 January 2021|location=Cham|isbn=978-3-030-53889-7|pages=1–22|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-53889-7_1|s2cid=234301640 |quote=Thatcher's "right-wing populism" was thus instrumental in marginalizing the extreme right.}} this has been disputed by other scholars due to its applicability in the context of the 1980s.{{Cite journal |last=Fry |first=Geoffrey K. |year=1998 |title=Parliament and 'morality': Thatcher, Powell and Populism |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13619469808581473 |journal=Contemporary British History |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=139–147 |doi=10.1080/13619469808581473 |issn=1361-9462}} Others contend that Thatcher's role was pivotal in steering the party's ideology towards a more populist direction.{{Cite journal |last1=Fontana |first1=Cary |last2=Parsons |first2=Craig |year=2015 |title='One Woman's Prejudice': Did Margaret Thatcher Cause Britain's Anti-Europeanism?: 'One woman's prejudice' |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcms.12205 |journal=JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies |language=en |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=89–105 |doi=10.1111/jcms.12205|s2cid=142854825 }} The phenomenon is commonly referred to as "Thatcherite populism".{{Cite journal |last1=Featherstone |first1=David |last2=Karaliotas |first2=Lazaros |date=1 August 2019 |title=Populism |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/10.3898/SOUN.72.02.2019 |journal=Soundings |language=en |volume=72 |issue=72 |pages=31–47 |doi=10.3898/SOUN.72.02.2019 |s2cid=241858940 |issn=1362-6620}}{{Cite book |last=Mouffe |first=Chantal |title=For a Left Populism |publisher=Verso |year=2018 |isbn=978-3-518-12729-2 |edition=1st |location=London |page=30 |language=English}}{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Brennon |date=1998 |title=Stuart Hall's Cultural Studies and the Problem of Hegemony |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=399–414 |doi=10.2307/591390 |jstor=591390 |issn=0007-1315}} Other prominent right-wing populists in the party include past prime minister Boris Johnson{{cite journal|first1=Başak|last1=Taraktaş|first2=Berk|last2=Esen|first3=Suzan|last3=Uskudarli|title=Tweeting through a Public Health Crisis: Communication Strategies of Right-Wing Populist Leaders during the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/government-and-opposition/article/tweeting-through-a-public-health-crisis-communication-strategies-of-rightwing-populist-leaders-during-the-covid19-pandemic/1046CFF9E5D7240FC52B4D779692FFFE|journal=Government and Opposition|date=18 August 2022|volume=59 |issn=0017-257X|pages=207–228|doi=10.1017/gov.2022.34|s2cid=251674349 }}{{cite news|work=New York|title=Boris Johnson Brexit But Won't Buy it|first=Eric|last=Levitz|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2016/06/boris-johnson-brexit-but-wont-buy-it.html|date=30 June 2016}}{{cite journal|first1=Corina|last1=Lacatus|first2=Gustav|last2=Meibauer|title='Saying it like it is': Right-wing populism, international politics, and the performance of authenticity|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/13691481221089137|journal=The British Journal of Politics and International Relations|date=27 May 2022|issn=1369-1481|pages=437–457|volume=24|issue=3|doi=10.1177/13691481221089137|hdl=2066/250225|s2cid=249137812 |hdl-access=free}} and Jacob Rees-Mogg, the former Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.{{cite journal|first1=Owen|last1=Worth|title=The great moving Boris show: Brexit and the mainstreaming of the far right in Britain|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14747731.2021.2025291|journal=Globalizations|date=4 July 2023|issn=1474-7731|pages=814–828|volume=20|issue=5|doi=10.1080/14747731.2021.2025291|bibcode=2023Glob...20..814W |s2cid=247062067 }}{{cite web|work=New York Observer|title=Populism's Latest Twist: An Aristocrat Could Be Britain's Prime Minister|date=14 July 2017|url=http://observer.com/2017/07/jacob-rees-mogg-following-prime-minister/}}{{Cite journal |last=Way |first=Lyndon C. S. |date=27 May 2021 |title=Populism in musical mash ups: recontextualising Brexit |journal=Social Semiotics |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=489–506 |doi=10.1080/10350330.2021.1930857 |issn=1035-0330|doi-access=free }}{{Citation |last1=Collins |first1=Harry |date=2020 |work=Experts and the Will of the People: Society, Populism and Science |pages=35–46 |editor-last=Collins |editor-first=Harry |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-26983-8_4 |isbn=978-3-030-26983-8 |last2=Evans |first2=Robert |last3=Durant |first3=Darrin |last4=Weinel |first4=Martin |title=What is Populism? |s2cid=211313997 |editor2-last=Evans |editor2-first=Robert |editor3-last=Durant |editor3-first=Darrin |editor4-last=Weinel |editor4-first=Martin}}

Ingle and Swanson, et al. consider the Northern Ireland Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) to be a right-wing populist party.

{{Main|List of populists}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Argentina – La Libertad Avanza{{Cite web |date=14 November 2021 |title=Javier Milei, el libertario radical 'outsider' que desafiará a la "casta política" en Argentina|trans-title=Javier Milei, the radical Liberterian 'outsider' who will challenge the "political castes" in Argentina |url=https://milenio.com/internacional/latinoamerica/javier-milei-libertario-desafia-establishment-argentina |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Milenio |language=es}}{{cite web|access-date=2022-02-09|date=15 November 2021|language=es|last=EPE|title=La libertad avanza: el nuevo partido libertario que ha entrado en el Congreso de Argentina|url=https://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/internacional/2021/11/15/libertad-avanza-nuevo-partido-libertario-59560693.html|website=El Periódico de Aragón}}{{cite news|access-date=8 October 2022|agency=La Nación|date=13 December 2021|title=Javier Milei. Un fenómeno libertario con prédica antisistema|url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/sociedad/javier-milei-un-fenomeno-libertario-con-predica-antisistema-nid13122021/.html}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Australia – Liberal–National Coalition (Factions including National Right),{{cite web|url= https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/who-s-who-in-the-liberals-left-right-and-centre-factions-20210303-p577gv.html|title=Who's who in the Liberals' left, right and centre factions?|date=20 March 2021 }} Pauline Hanson's One Nation,{{cite web|work=The Conversation|url=http://theconversation.com/the-mice-that-may-yet-roar-who-are-the-minor-right-wing-parties-17305|date=28 August 2013|title=The mice that may yet roar: who are the minor right-wing parties?}} United Australia Party,
• Austria – Freedom Party of Austria,{{cite book|author=Hans-Jürgen Bieling|chapter=Uneven development and 'European crisis constitutionalism', or the reasons for and conditions of a 'passive revolution in trouble'|editor1=Johannes Jäger|editor2=Elisabeth Springler|title=Asymmetric Crisis in Europe and Possible Futures: Critical Political Economy and Post-Keynesian Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJsGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|year=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-65298-4|page=110}} Austrian People's Party (factions){{cite web|author=Tessa Szyszkowitz|url=https://rusi.org/commentary/austria-successful-populist|title=Austria: The Successful Populist|work=Royal United Services Institute|date=8 October 2019}}
• Bangladesh – Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami{{cite web|title=Mapping Global Populism - Panel #9: Civilizational Populism and Religious Authoritarianism in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives|website=European Center for Populism Studies|url=https://www.populismstudies.org/mapping-global-populism-panel-9-civilizational-populism-and-religious-authoritarianism-in-bangladesh-sri-lanka-and-the-maldives/|date=16 January 2024|access-date=21 January 2025}}
• Belgium – Vlaams Belang{{cite book|author1=Peter Starke|author2=Alexandra Kaasch|author3=Franca Van Hooren|title=The Welfare State as Crisis Manager: Explaining the Diversity of Policy Responses to Economic Crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BtMQsESYcWwC&pg=PA193|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-31484-0|page=193}}
• Brazil – Liberal Party (factions), Democratic Renewal Party
• Bulgaria – Revival,{{cite web|url=https://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2020/07/20/4093177_prokuraturata_poiska_zalichavane_i_razpuskane_na/?ref=home_layer2|title = Прокуратурата поиска заличаване и разпускане на партия "Възраждане"|date = 20 July 2020}} There is Such a People{{cite web|work=Foundation for European Progressive Studies|title=The monster within: how Bulgaria's political crisis is evolving|date=19 June 2024|quote=the right-wing populist party of former TV host Slavi Trifonov|url=https://feps-europe.eu/the-monster-within-how-bulgarias-political-crisis-is-evolving/}}
• Canada – Conservative Party{{cite web|url=http://www.macleans.ca/politics/how-kellie-leitch-touched-off-a-culture-war/|title=How Kellie Leitch touched off a culture war – Macleans.ca|date=23 September 2016|work=macleans.ca|access-date=21 December 2016}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/opinion/letters_to_the_editors/2016/11/26/groundswell-of-right-wing-populism-will-test-our-canadian-resolve-readers-say.html|title=Groundswell of right-wing populism will test our Canadian resolve, readers say|date=26 November 2016|newspaper=The Toronto Star}}{{Cite news|url=https://torontosun.com/2016/12/08/the-popular-comeback-of-populist-politics|title=The popular comeback of populist politics|newspaper=Toronto Sun}}{{cite web|url=https://www.macleans.ca/politics/ottawa/kellie-leitch-latches-on-to-trump-victory/|title=Kellie Leitch latches on to Trump victory – Macleans.ca|website=www.macleans.ca}}{{cite web|url=http://www.themanitoban.com/2016/11/the-conservative-party-of-canada-is-ripe-for-a-populist-takeover/30017/|title=The Conservative Party of Canada is ripe for a populist takeover|first=Jesse|last=Blackman|date=24 November 2016}}
• Chile – Republican Party{{cite news|work=Foreign Policy|title= Chile Prepares to Choose a New Direction|date=16 November 2021|url= https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/11/16/chile-election-president-pinera-boric-kast/?tpcc=recirc_latest062921}}
• Costa Rica – National Restoration Party, New Republic Party, National Integration Party{{cite news|title=Populismo religioso en las urnas|url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2018/04/04/opinion/1522858289_142954.html|newspaper=El País|date=2019}}{{cite news|last1=Reid|first1=Michael|title=La sombra de la vuelta al populismo|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/04/13/actualidad/1523635450_486216.html|newspaper=El País|date=2018}}{{cite web|title=Populismo de derechas|url=https://www.thinkingheads.com/tendencia-global/cambio-politico-america-latina-populismo-derechas/|work=Thinking Heads|date=2018}}{{cite web|last1=Zúñiga Umaña|first1=Fernando|title=Elecciones políticas en Costa Rica: vísperas de caos|url=https://www.elmundo.cr/opinion/elecciones-politicas-costa-rica-visperas-caos/|work=Mundo|date=2018}}
• Croatia – Homeland Movement{{cite web |last1=Prnjak |first1=Hrvoje |title=Projekt za vlast Miroslava Škore: novi vođa populista nada se Plenkovićevoj pobjedi, a nakon toga aktivirat će uhodani plan za 30 zastupnika u Saboru |url=https://slobodnadalmacija.hr/vijesti/politika/projekt-za-vlast-miroslava-skore-novi-voda-populista-nada-se-plenkovicevoj-pobjedi-a-nakon-toga-aktivirat-ce-uhodani-plan-za-30-zastupnika-u-saboru-1007728 |website=slobodnadalmacija.hr |date=7 March 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020}}{{cite web |last1=Wölfl |first1=Adelheid |title=Kroatischer Premier will Pandemie für vorgezogene Wahlen nutzen |url=https://www.derstandard.de/story/2000117755482/kroatischer-premier-will-pandemie-fuer-vorgezogene-wahlen-nutzen |website=Der Standart |access-date=18 June 2020}}
• Cyprus – ELAM,{{cite web|work=Haaretz|url=http://www.haaretz.com/misc/haaretzcomsmartphoneapp/1.721292|title=After Loss in Austria, a Look at Europe's Right-wing Parties|date=24 May 2016}} Solidarity Movement
• Czech Republic – Freedom and Direct Democracy,{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/czechia.html|title=Czechia|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|date=2017}} ANO 2011
• Denmark – Danish People's Party,{{cite news|url=http://www.zeit.de/feature/populismus-extremismus-europa|title=Populismus oder Extremismus? – Radikale Parteien in Europa|first=Robert|last=Pausch|date=4 February 2015|access-date=28 April 2017|newspaper=Die Zeit}}{{cite book|author1=Daniele Caramani|author2=Yves Mény|title=Challenges to Consensual Politics: Democracy, Identity, and Populist Protest in the Alpine Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rwofe0Zg8MQC&pg=PA151|year=2005|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-90-5201-250-6|page=151}} New Right, Denmark Democrats
• Estonia – Conservative People's Party of Estonia{{cite web|work=openDemocracy|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/vassilis-petsinis/contentious-politics-in-baltics-new-wave-of-right-wing-populism|title=Contentious politics in the Baltics: the 'new' wave of right-wing populism in Estonia|date=28 April 2016}}
• European Union – Patriots.eu, Europe of Sovereign Nations, European Conservatives and Reformists Party (factions)
• Finland – Finns Party
• France – National Rally, Debout la France,{{cite web|first=Gilles|last=Ivaldi|title=Crowding the market: the dynamics of populist and mainstream competition in the 2017 French presidential elections|year=2018|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01697546/document|page=6}} Reconquête
• Georgia – People's Power{{cite web |url=https://gip.ge/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Policy-Memo-63-1.pdf |title=Policy Memo #63 - People's Power or Populist Pawns? Examining Georgia's New Anti-Western Political Movement |publisher=Georgian Institute of Politics |date=December 2022 |first1=Kornely | last1=Kakachia | first2=Nino | last2=Samkharadze}}
• Germany – Alternative for Germany
• Greece – Greek Solution,{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|title=Greece|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/greece.html|date=2019}} New Democracy (factions),{{cite news|work=The Guardian|date=4 June 2019|title=Athens' youngest mayor: I'm interested in real life, not utopias|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jun/04/athens-youngest-mayor-kostas-bakoyannis-real-life-not-utopias}} Spartans, Victory
• Hungary – Fidesz, Our Homeland Movement{{cite book |last=Betz |first=Hans-Georg |title=Radical Right-Wing Populism in Western Europe (The New Politics of Resentment) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwTTwbtNyxUC&q=Explaining+the+Emergence+of+Radical+Right-Wing+Populist+Parties: |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-312-08390-8 |page=4 |quote=the majority of radical right-wing populist parties are radical in their rejection of the established socio-cultural and socio-political system}}
• India – Bharatiya Janata Party,{{cite book|first=Ruth|last=Wodak|title=Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse|publisher=A&C Black|year=2013|page=23}} Shiv Sena{{Cite book|year=2010|first=Gyan|last=Prakash|title=Mumbai Fables|url=https://archive.org/details/mumbaifables00prak|url-access=limited|publisher=Princeton University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/mumbaifables00prak/page/n9 9]|isbn=978-0-691-14284-5}}
• Indonesia – Gerindra Party,{{cite book|year=2017|title=The Oxford Handbook of Populism|first=Cristóbal Rovira|last=Kaltwasser|author-link=Cristóbal Rovira|publisher=Oxford University Press}} Prosperous Justice Party
• Italy – Lega,{{cite book|author1=Carlo Ruzza|author2=Stefano Fella|title=Re-inventing the Italian Right: Territorial Politics, Populism and 'post-fascism'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6CjdfEXpPUC&pg=PA44|year=2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-28634-8|pages=43–44}} Brothers of Italy, Five Star Movement (factions), {{Lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}} (factions){{cite book|title=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|first=Kristina|last=Liang|page=187}}
• Israel – Likud,{{cite book|title=All Together Now|publisher=Biteback Publishing|year=2017|first=Barry|last=Langford|quote=Netanyahu, leader of the right-wing populist party Likud, ran for re-election}}{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-1.728296|date=3 July 2016|title=Right-wing Populism Wins in Britain and Israel|work=Haaretz}} Yamina,{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/03/24/remain-prime-minister-netanyahu-might-have-work-with-israeli-arabs/ |title=Opinion | To remain prime minister, Netanyahu might have to work with Israeli Arabs |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=24 March 2021 |access-date=2021-11-20}}{{Cite thesis |degree=Master |url=http://lup.lub.lu.se/student-papers/record/9009750|title=Populism in Israel: A study of the manifestation of populist rhetoric among Israeli right-wing political actors between 2015 and 2020|first=Anton|last=Jönsson|date=1 October 2020 |publisher=Lund University}}{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13510347.2020.1795135|title=Antidemocratic populism in power: Comparing Erdoğan's Turkey with Modi's India and Netanyahu's Israel|year=2020|last1=Rogenhofer|first1=Julius Maximilian|last2=Panievsky|first2=Ayala|journal=Democratization|volume=27|issue=8|pages=1394–1412|s2cid=225557801|doi-access=free}} Religious Zionist Party, Otzma Yehudit
• Japan – Liberal Democratic Party,{{cite book|title=Bilateral Legacies in East and Southeast Asia|editor=Narayanan Ganesan|page=67|year=2015|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies}}{{cite news |last=Hofmann |first=Reto |date=22 June 2018 |title=Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/why-steve-bannon-admires-japan/ |work=The Diplomat |access-date=22 March 2021 |quote=In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.}} Nippon Ishin no Kai,{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/reizei/2019/11/post-1130.php |title=Political factors and limitations that made the Abe administration the longest ever. (Japanese) |quote= 一方で、日本維新の会は小さな政府論に右派的なポピュリズムを加えた政党ですが ...(On the other hand, the Japan Restoration Party is a political party that has added right-wing populism to its small government theory ...)|date=21 November 2019|access-date=21 February 2020|publisher=Newsweek Japan}}Tom Lansford (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oSJoDwAAQBAJ&dq=JRP+japan+right-wing&pg=PA813 Political Handbook of the World 2018–2019]. "... the JRP was a right-wing, populist grouping that advocated deregulation, educational reform, ..." Sanseitō,{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/jp/kotahatachi/sanseito|title=演説とSNSで支持伸ばした「参政党」とは。どんな党？ なぜ勢力拡大？主張には危うさも… 参院選で議席獲得|publisher=BuzzFeed|date=2022-07-10|accessdate=2022-07-17}} Conservative Party of Japan{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26|title=「庶民感覚」「自民党ぎらい」の受け皿に…河村たかし氏ら率いる日本保守党が「意外と伸びる」かもしれないワケ|url=https://gendai.media/articles/-/118495|access-date=2024-03-26|language=ja}}{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26|title=百田尚樹氏ら「安倍応援団」が自民党批判に転じた理由は？ 「日本保守党」国政選の初陣へ 衆院東京15区補選|url=https://www.tokyo-np.co.jp/article/315719|access-date=2024-03-26|language=ja}}
• Latvia – National Alliance,{{Citation |author1=Auers |author2=Kasekamp |title=Comparing Radical-Right Populism in Estonia and Latvia |pages=235–236}} Latvia First
• Liechtenstein – Democrats for Liechtenstein{{cite web|url=https://www.euronews.com/2021/02/07/in-liechtenstein-38-378-of-the-world-s-wealthiest-people-go-to-the-polls|title=In Liechtenstein, 38,378 of the world's wealthiest go to the polls|date=7 February 2021}}
• Luxembourg – Alternative Democratic Reform Party{{cite book |page=55 |title=Doing Identity in Luxembourg |publisher=Transaction Publishers|year=2014}}
• Netherlands – Party for Freedom, Forum for Democracy, JA21,{{cite web|url=https://www.metronieuws.nl/in-het-nieuws/binnenland/2021/03/rechts-populistische-partijen-verschillen-overeenkomsten/|title=Rechts-populistische partijen: De verschillen en overeenkomsten|date=14 March 2021}} Farmer-Citizen Movement,{{Cite news |title=Waar staat BBB op het politieke spectrum? Drie politicologen aan het woord |url=https://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2023/03/19/politicologen-bbb-wakkert-de-competitie-op-rechts-aan-a4159931 |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=NRC |date=19 March 2023 |language=nl |last1=Valk |first1=Guus }}{{Cite web |last1=Theulings |last2=van Oost |title=Een beetje links, een beetje rechts én agrarisch populisme: dit is waar de BoerBurgerBeweging voor staat |date=23 March 2023 |url=https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/een-beetje-links-een-beetje-rechts-en-agrarisch-populisme-dit-is-waar-de-boerburgerbeweging-voor-staat/}}{{Cite web |title=Ook populistische partijen BBB, JA21, BVNL en PVV voeden steeds de haat tegen journalisten – Joop – BNNVARA |url=https://www.bnnvara.nl/joop/artikelen/ook-populistische-partijen-bbb-ja21-bvnl-en-pvv-voeden-steeds-de-haat-tegen-journalisten |access-date=2023-04-06 |website=Joop |language=nl}}
• New Zealand – New Zealand First{{cite web|date=3 October 2023 |publisher=Reuters |title=Race issues emerge in New Zealand's election |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/race-issues-emerge-new-zealands-election-2023-10-03/ |website=www.reuters.com}}
• Norway – Progress Party{{cite web|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|title=Parties and Elections in Europe: Norway|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/norway.html|publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe|website=www.parties-and-elections.eu|date=2013}}
• Panama – Realizing Goals
• Paraguay – National Union of Ethical Citizens{{cite web |last1=Lambert |first1=Peter |title=The Lightning Impeachment of Paraguay's President Lugo |url=https://www.e-ir.info/2012/08/09/the-lightning-impeachment-of-paraguays-president-lugo/ |website=E-International Relations |access-date=8 July 2021 |date=9 August 2012}}
• Peru – Popular Renewal{{cite web|access-date=2021-02-05|date=21 January 2020|language=es-PE|title=Rafael López Aliaga: Derecha Popular no es corrupta ni tampoco mercantilista|url=https://larazon.pe/la-derecha-popular-no-es-corrupta-no-es-mercantilista-ni-de-izquierda/|website=La Razón}}
• Philippines – Nacionalista Party
• Poland – Law and Justice, Confederation (New Hope, National Movement), Kukiz'15, Confederation of the Polish Crown
• Portugal – Chega{{Cite news|work=Star Tribune|title=Portugal's Socialists win election, now eye alliances|date=7 October 2019|url=http://www.startribune.com/portugal-s-socialists-eye-alliances-after-election-win/562401722/|access-date=11 October 2019|archive-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007204225/https://www.startribune.com/portugal-s-socialists-eye-alliances-after-election-win/562401722/}}
• Romania – Alliance for the Union of Romanians, S.O.S. Romania, Party of Young People
• Russia – United Russia (factions),{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-first=Scott H.|editor1-last=Ainsworth|editor2-first=Brian M.|editor2-last=Harward|title=Open Society Foundations|encyclopedia=Political Groups, Parties, and Organizations that Shaped America|page=739|first=Nathan|last=Henceroth|year=2019|publisher=ABC-CLIO}} Liberal Democratic Party of Russia,{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html|title=Parties and Elections in Europe|author=Wolfram Nordsieck|access-date=16 March 2015}} Rodina{{Cite book|title=Russia and the World|first=Natasha|last=Kuhrt|page=25|year=2014|publisher=Routledge}}
• Serbia – United Serbia,{{Cite web|date=28 April 2021|title=A Conservative Populist Charged with Pimping Girls|url=https://betabriefing.com/archive/biographies/14818-a-conservative-populist-charged-with-pimping-girls|access-date=2022-02-20|website=Beta Briefing|language=en}} Serbian People's Party{{cite web|work=Quartz|title=The state of global right-wing populism in 2019|date=30 December 2019|url=https://qz.com/1774201/the-global-state-of-right-wing-populism-in-2019/}}
• Slovakia – Slovak National Party
• Slovenia – Slovenian Democratic Party
• South Africa – Freedom Front Plus{{cite news|work=Times of India|title=ANC holds onto power in South Africa as other parties increase vote share|date=11 May 2019|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/anc-holds-onto-power-in-south-africa-as-other-parties-increase-vote-share/articleshow/69278436.cms}}
• Spain – Vox{{cite web|work=Pew Research Center|title=Appendix A: Classifying European populist parties|date=14 October 2019|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/14/appendix-a-classifying-european-populist-parties/}}
• Sweden – Sweden Democrats
• Switzerland – Swiss People's Party,{{Citation |first=Oskar |last=Mazzoleni |title=The Swiss People's Party and the Foreign and Security Policy Since the 1990s |work=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right |publisher=Ashgate |year=2007 |page=223 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXR5GzqvmyYC&pg=PA223|isbn=978-0-7546-4851-2 }} Geneva Citizens' Movement,{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/24_heures_en_suisse/Les_populistes_brillent_aux_elections_genevoises.html?siteSect=104&sid=11337226|title=Les populistes brillent aux élections genevoises|date= 11 October 2009|website=Swissinfo|language=fr|access-date=11 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926145531/http://www.swissinfo.ch/fre/politique_suisse/Les_populistes_brillent_aux_elections_genevoises.html?cid=292402|archive-date=26 September 2012}}{{cite web |title=Cross-Border Issues Cloud Geneva Election Result | url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/populism-triumphs_cross-border-issues-cloud-geneva-election-result/37306956 |date=11 November 2013 |website=Swissinfo |access-date=15 December 2016}} Ticino League{{cite web|url=http://www.snf.ch/de/fokusForschung/nationale-forschungsprogramme/nfp40plus-rechtsextremismus-ursachen-gegenmassnahmen/Seiten/default.aspx|title=NFP 40+ "Rechtsextremismus – Ursachen und Gegenmassnahmen" – SNF|website=www.snf.ch}}
• Taiwan – Kuomintang (factions),
• Thailand – Pheu Thai Party (faction), United Thai Nation Party
• Turkey – Justice and Development Party,{{cite book |title=The Kurdish Question in Turkey |publisher=Routledge |editor-first=Cengiz |editor-last=Gunes |year=2013 |page=270}} Nationalist Movement Party,{{cite book|last1=Abadan-Unat|first1=Nermin|title=Turks in Europe: From Guest Worker to Transnational Citizen|date=2011|publisher=Berghahn Books|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84545-425-8|page=19|quote=...the fascist Nationalist Movement Party...}}{{cite web|url=http://www.rp-online.de/politik/erdogans-widersacher-aid-1.7526741|title=Istanbul: Erdogans Widersacher|date=20 April 2018}} New Welfare Party, Free Cause Party
• Ukraine – Svoboda{{citation|first=Taras |last=Kuzio |title=Populism in Ukraine in a Comparative European Context |journal=Problems of Post-Communism|volume=57 |number=6|date=November–December 2010|url=http://commonweb.unifr.ch/artsdean/pub/gestens/f/as/files/4760/25737_184750.pdf|access-date=16 October 2012|quote=Anti-Semitism only permeates Ukraine's far-right parties, such as Svoboda… Ukraine's economic nationalists are to be found in the extreme right (Svoboda) and centrist parties that propagate economic nationalism and economic protectionism.|pages=3–18 |doi=10.2753/ppc1075-8216570601|s2cid=154825950 }}{{citation |first=Gilles |last=Ivaldi|title=The Populist Radical Right in European Elections 1979-2009|work=The Extreme Right in Europe |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2011 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBnmachN8vkC&pg=PA20|isbn=978-3-525-36922-7}}
• United Kingdom – Reform UK, Democratic Unionist Party,{{cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/britishpartysyst00ingl/page/n166 156]|title=The British Party System: An Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/britishpartysyst00ingl|url-access=limited|first=Stephen|last=Ingle|publisher=Routledge|year=2008}}{{cite journal|first1=David|last1=Swanson|first2=Sergiu|last2=Gherghina|title=From opposition to government: how populist parties change their political communication in Northern Ireland|journal=Irish Political Studies|date=26 June 2023|volume=38 |issue=4 |issn=0790-7184|pages=489–515|doi=10.1080/07907184.2023.2227570|doi-access=free}} Conservative Party (faction: Blue Collar Conservatives)
• United States – Republican Party{{cite book|title=The Politics of the Right|first=Leo|last=Panitch|page=ix|publisher=NYU Press|year=2015}}{{cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/john-cassidy/donald-trump-is-transforming-the-g-o-p-into-a-populist-nativist-party|title=Donald Trump is Transforming the G.O.P. Into a Populist, Nativist Party|last=Cassidy|first=John|magazine=The New Yorker|date=29 February 2016}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/07/populism-american-right/489800/|title=Why Is Populism Winning on the American Right?|website=The Atlantic|last=Gould|first=J.J.|date=2 July 2016}} (Majority including the Freedom Caucus){{cite magazine|date=7 April 2017|title=In The Freedom Caucus, Trump Meets His Match|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/in-the-freedom-caucus-trump-meets-his-match/522243/|magazine=The Atlantic|first=Michelle|last=Cottle}}
• Uruguay – Open Cabildo

{{div col end}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Albania – Red and Black Alliance,{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.de/der-rückfall-ins-nationale/a-15620230|title=Der Rückfall ins Nationale|year=2011|publisher=Deutsche Welle}} Albanian National Front Party
• Australia – Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party, Australian Protectionist Party
• Austria – Alliance for the Future of Austria, Free Party Salzburg
• Bangladesh – Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami{{cite web|title=Mapping Global Populism - Panel #9: Civilizational Populism and Religious Authoritarianism in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and the Maldives|website=European Center for Populism Studies|url=https://www.populismstudies.org/mapping-global-populism-panel-9-civilizational-populism-and-religious-authoritarianism-in-bangladesh-sri-lanka-and-the-maldives/|date=16 January 2024}}
• Belgium – Libertair, Direct, Democratisch,{{cite book|author1=Cas Mudde|author2=Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser|title=Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat Or Corrective for Democracy?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cRy2H220Gi4C&pg=PA27|access-date=30 July 2013|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-02385-7|page=27}}{{cite web|url=http://www.nsd.uib.no/european_election_database/country/belgium/parties.html|title=European Election Database (EED)|work=uib.no|access-date=28 April 2017}} Chez Nous, VLOTT
• Botswana – Botswana Movement for Democracy{{Cite web |title=Botswana • Africa Elects|url=https://africaelects.com/botswana/ |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=Africa Elects |language=en-US}}
• Brazil – Alliance for Brazil, Brazilian Labour Renewal Party
• Bulgaria – Bulgaria Without Censorship, National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement,Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Macedonia, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0-8108-6295-6}}, p. 104. Attack,{{Cite book |first1=Ruzha |last1=Smilova |first2=Daniel |last2=Smilov |first3=Georgi |last3=Ganev |chapter=Democracy and the Media in Bulgaria: Who Represents the People? |title=Understanding Media Policies: A European Perspective |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2012 |pages=48–49}} Volya
• Canada – People's Party of Canada, Coalition Avenir Québec,{{cite book|author1=Nathan Kerrigan|author2=Philomena de Lima|chapter=Introduction|editor=Nathan Kerrigan|editor2=Philomena de Lima|title=The Rural-Migration Nexus: Global Problems, Rural Issues|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2023|isbn=9783031180422|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlazEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA11|page=11}} Saskatchewan Party{{cite book|author=Florence Cartigny|chapter=Are Rural Communities in Saskatchewan a New Forgotten Solitude?|editor=Pierre Anctil|editor2=André Loiselle|editor3=Christopher Rolfe|title=Canada Exposed|publisher=Peter Lang|year=2009|isbn=9789052015484|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=43F0rUNoofcC&pg=PA226|page=226}}{{cite book|author=Charles W. Smith|

chapter=Active Incrementalism and the Politics of Austerity in the "New" Saskatchewan|editor1=Bryan M. Evans|editor2= Carlo Fanelli|title=The Public Sector in an Age of Austerity: Perspectives from Canada's Provinces and Territories|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press|year=2018|isbn=9780773554191|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kidjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58|page=58}}

• Chile – National Force
• Croatia – Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Party of Rights Dr. Ante Starčević, Independents for Croatia
• Czech Republic – Motorists for Themselves,{{cite web |last1=Mach |first1=Jiří |title=Motoristé úspěch těžko zopakují, míní sociolog |url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/volby-eurovolby-motoristi-uspech-tezko-zopakuji-mini-sociolog-40475707 |website=Novinky |publisher=Borgis |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=cs |date=11 June 2024}}{{cite web |last1=Pavelka |first1=Kryštof |title=Turek přejel Okamuru a startuje směr Brusel. Motoristé s Přísahou jsou SPD pro mladé |url=https://www.reflex.cz/clanek/reportaze/125173/turek-prejel-okamuru-a-startuje-smer-brusel-motoriste-s-prisahou-jsou-spd-pro-mlade.html |website=Reflex |publisher=Czech News Center |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=cs |date=10 June 2024}} Law, Respect, Expertise, Workers' Party of Social Justice{{cite web|url=https://www.vile-netzwerk.de/rechtspopulismus-in-europa/articles/rechtspopulistische-parteien-in-tschechien.html|title=Rechtspopulistische Parteien in Tschechien. – Vile Netzwerk|work=vile-netzwerk.de|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=29 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729051816/https://www.vile-netzwerk.de/rechtspopulismus-in-europa/articles/rechtspopulistische-parteien-in-tschechien.html}}
• Denmark – Progress Party,Paul Hainsworth (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6VZ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 The Extreme Right in Western Europe]. Routledge. p. 49 Hard Line
• Finland – Blue and White Front, Seven Star Movement, Blue Reform
• France – Alsace First
• Germany – The Homeland,{{cite book|author=Christina Schori Liang|chapter='Nationalism Ensures Peaces': the Foreign and Security Policy of the German Populist Radical Right After Reunification|editor=Christina Schori Liang|title=Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7I_pDb1O2EQC&pg=PA139|year=2013|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4094-9825-4|page=139}} Citizens' Movement Pro Chemnitz,[http://www.chemnitz.de/chemnitz/media/download/buerger_und_rathaus/lap_fortschreibung_2012.pdf Lokaler Aktionsplan für Demokratie, Toleranz und für ein weltoffenes Chemnitz (LAP).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208222303/http://chemnitz.de/chemnitz/media/download/buerger_und_rathaus/lap_fortschreibung_2012.pdf |date=8 December 2012 }} (PDF; 275 kB) Fortschreibung 2012. Stand: November 2011, veröffentlicht auf chemnitz.deSwen Uhlig: [http://www.freiepresse.de/LOKALES/CHEMNITZ/NPD-plant-Aufmarsch-in-Chemnitz-artikel1683327.php NPD plant Aufmarsch in Chemnitz], freiepresse.de, 16. Februar 2010. German Social Union, The Republicans
• Greece – Golden Dawn,[https://eu.boell.org/sites/default/files/greek_right_wing_populist_parties_and_euroscepticism.pdf Antonis Galanopoulos: Greek right-wing populist parties and Euroscepticism](PDF), p.2 "Golden Dawn is also Eurosceptical and it is opposing Greece's participation in the European Union and the Eurozone" National Popular Consciousness, National Party - Hellenes, Popular Orthodox Rally,Gemenis, Kostas (2008) "The 2007 Parliamentary Election in Greece", Mediterranean Politics 13: 95–101 and Gemenis, Kostas and Dinas, Elias (2009) "[http://www.keele.ac.uk/research/lpj/kgemenis/download/Gemenis-Dinas-CEP.pdf Confrontation still? Examining parties' policy positions in Greece]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}", Comparative European Politics.{{Citation |first=David |last=Art |title=Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |page=188 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dUTXJakqLoC&q=popular+orthodox+rally+far+right&pg=PA188|isbn=978-1-139-49883-8 }} Independent Greeks
• Iceland – Icelandic National Front
• India – Maharashtra Navnirman Sena, Hindu Mahasabha{{cite book|year=2013|first=Mehran|last=Tamadonfar|page=125|title=Religion and Regimes|publisher=Lexington Books}}
• Ireland – National Party, Irish Freedom Party
• Israel – Zehut
• Italy – Tricolour Flame, Die Freiheitlichen,{{cite web |author=Wolfram Nordsieck |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/styrol.html |title=Parties and Elections in Europe: The database about parliamentary elections and political parties in Europe, by Wolfram Nordsieck |publisher=Parties-and-elections.eu |access-date=27 April 2014 |archive-date=30 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230010914/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/styrol.html }} Citizens' Union for South Tyrol,{{cite web|title=BürgerUnion bei Wahlauftakt der Tiroler FPÖ|url=http://www.unsertirol24.com/2018/01/12/buergerunion-bei-wahlauftakt-der-tiroler-fpoe/|access-date=27 January 2018|language=de-DE}}{{citation|periodical=Salto.bz|title=Herr Pöder, was tun Sie bei Pegida?|date=13 January 2015|language=de|url=https://www.salto.bz/de/article/13012015/herr-poeder-was-tun-sie-bei-pegida|access-date=27 January 2018}} South Tyrolean Freedom{{citation|periodical=Brennerbasisdemokratie.eu|title=Nicht wählen ist keine Lösung.|date=25 February 2018|language=de|url=http://www.brennerbasisdemokratie.eu/?p=39253|access-date=27 January 2018}}
• Latvia – For a Humane Latvia,{{cite book |last1=Henningsen |first1=Bernd |last2=Etzold |first2=Tobias |last3=Hanne |first3=Krister |title=The Baltic Sea Region: A Comprehensive Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4g1CDwAAQBAJ&q=%22who+owns+the+state&pg=PA341 |date=15 September 2017 |publisher=BWV Verlag |isbn=978-3-8305-1727-6 |page=341}} Platform 21{{cite web|url=https://europeelects.eu/latvia/|title=Latvia}}{{cite web|url=https://neatkariga.nra.lv/komentari/bens-latkovskis/336040-gobzema-partija-davana-valdosajai-politiskajai-skirai|title=Gobzema partija – dāvana valdošajai politiskajai šķirai|website=neatkariga.nra.lv}}
• Liechtenstein – The Independents
• Lithuania – National Alliance, Christian Union, Young Lithuania, Order and Justice{{Citation |first=Ilze |last=Balcere |title=Comparing Populist Political Parties in the Baltic States and Western Europe |publisher=European Consortium for Political Research |year=2011 |url=http://www.ecprnet.eu/MyECPR/proposals/reykjavik/uploads/papers/1071.pdf |pages=5–6 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Malta – Moviment Patrijotti Maltin
• Montenegro – Party of Serb Radicals, True Montenegro, Serb List
• Netherlands – Forza! Nederland
• New Zealand – New Conservative Party, Advance New Zealand, Vision NZ, New Zealand Public Party
• Poland – Congress of the New Right,{{cite news|url=https://www.bpb.de/politik/extremismus/rechtspopulismus/242635/europakarte|title=Rechtspopulistische und rechtsextreme Parteien in Europa|newspaper=BPB.de |date=December 2016|publisher=Federal Agency for Civic Education}} Real Politics Union
• Portugal – National Renovator Party
• Romania – National Identity Bloc in Europe (Greater Romania Party, United Romania Party, Noua Dreaptă), New Generation Party,{{Citation |first=Iván T. |last=Berend |author-link=Iván T. Berend |title=Europe Since 1980 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |page=134}} M10, Romanian Nationhood Party
• Serbia – Serbian Radical Party,{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/serbia.html|title=Wolfram Nordsieck, Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=11 December 2013}}{{Cite book |first1=Ruth |last1=Wodak |first2=Brigitte |last2=Mral |title=Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse |publisher=A&C Black |year=2013 |page=19}}{{cite web|url=http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/stojarovavykoupilova2008020302.pdf|title=Populism in the Balkans. The Case of Serbia|access-date=24 January 2017|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013226/http://www.cepsr.com/dwnld/stojarovavykoupilova2008020302.pdf}} Dveri,{{cite web|title=Desni populisti i ekstremisti u Europi|website=Deutsche Welle|access-date=13 December 2018|url=https://www.dw.com/hr/desni-populisti-i-ekstremisti-u-europi/a-19224332}} Hungarian Hope Movement, Enough is Enough, New Serbia, People's Freedom Movement, Leviathan Movement, Serbian Right, Love, Faith, Hope, Serbian Party Oathkeepers, Healthy Serbia, Dveri,{{cite book |chapter=The Presidentialisation of Political Parties in the Western Balkans|last=Passarelli |first=Gianluca |date=2019 |chapter-url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-97352-4_1 |pages=1–22 |editor-last=Passarelli |editor-first=Gianluca |location=Cham |publisher=Springer International |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-97352-4_1 |isbn=978-3-319-97351-7 |s2cid=158687714 |access-date=2022-03-19}}
• Slovakia – Republic, We Are Family,{{cite news|url=http://derstandard.at/2000032496969/Slowakei-Rechte-wollen-Fico-verhindern|title=Slowakei: Rechte wollen Fico verhindern|work=Der Standard|language=de|access-date=28 April 2017}} People's Party Our Slovakia{{cite web|url=https://is.muni.cz/th/363599/fss_m/Retiova_thesis.txt|title=A Hero Is Coming! The master narrative of Marián Kotleba in the Slovak regional election of 2013|author=Alica Rétiová|publisher=Masaryk University|access-date=28 April 2017}}{{cite web|url=http://intersections.tk.mta.hu/index.php/intersections/article/view/35/pdf_2 |title=A right-wing extremist or people's protector? Media coverage of extreme right leader Marian Kotleba in 2013 regional elections in Slovakia | Kluknavská | Intersections. East European Journal of Society and Politics |publisher=Intersections.tk.mta.hu |access-date=9 December 2016}}
• South Korea – New Pro-Park Party, Liberty Republican Party, Dawn of Liberty
• Spain – Se Acabó La Fiesta, Catalan Alliance
• Sweden – Alternative for Sweden
• Switzerland – Federal Democratic Union of Switzerland, Freedom Party of Switzerland, Swiss Democrats
• Taiwan – New Party
• Transnistria – Obnovlenie
• Ukraine – Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists
• United Kingdom – British National Party,{{Cite journal|last1=Golder|first1=M.|title=Explaining Variation in the Success of Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe|journal=Comparative Political Studies|volume=36|page=432 |year=2003 |doi= 10.1177/0010414003251176 |issue=4|s2cid=55841713}}{{Cite journal |last = Evans |first = Jocelyn A.J. |title = The dynamics of social change in radical right-wing populist party support |journal = Comparative European Politics |volume = 3 |issue = 1 |pages = 76–101 |doi = 10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110050 |date = April 2005 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.199.7394 |s2cid = 7805751 }} For Britain, UK Independence Party{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/mps-lords-and-offices/lords/composition-of-the-lords/ |title=Lords by party, type of peerage and gender |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |date=8 March 2013 |access-date=13 July 2017}}
• United States – Constitution Party

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{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Austria – Team Stronach{{cite book|author=Eric Micklin|chapter=The Austrian Parliament and EU Affairs: Gradually Living Up to its Legal Potential|editor1=Claudia Hefftler|editor2=Christine Neuhold|editor3=Olivier Rosenberg|display-editors=3|editor4=Julie Smith|title=The Palgrave Handbook of National Parliaments and the European Union|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqyYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA389|year=2015|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-28913-1|page=389}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• Belgium – National Front, Vlaams Blok, People's Party
• Canada – Union Nationale (Quebec),{{cite book|author1=Simon Langlois|author2=Jean-Paul Baillargeon|author3=Gary Caldwell|author4=Guy Fréchet|author5=Madeleine Gauthier|author6=Jean-Pierre Simard|title=Recent Social Trends in Quebec, 1960–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cmof_xwSWcMC&pg=PA369|year=1992|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-0879-8|page=369}} Ralliement national,{{cite book|author=Garth Stevenson|title=Unfulfilled Union, 5th Edition: Canadian Federalism and National Unity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uNJwe95mnnEC&pg=PA108|year= 2004|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-3632-6|page=108}} Action démocratique du Québec,{{cite book|author1=Theodore R. Marmor|author2=Richard Freeman|author3=Kieke G. H. Okma|title=Comparative Studies and the Politics of Modern Medical Care|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nErZXOgDjzcC&pg=PA81|year=2009|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-15595-2|page=81}} Reform Party of Canada,{{cite book|author=Amir Abedi|title=Anti-Political Establishment Parties: A Comparative Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Skx-AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA39|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-36369-8|page=39}} Canadian Alliance,{{cite book|author1=Carol Gould|author2=Pasquale Paquino|title=Cultural Identity and the Nation-state|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UojTSUnDmC4C&pg=PA39|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-9677-2|page=39}} Social Credit Party,{{cite book|author1=Ian Budge|author2=David Robertson|author3=Derek Hearl|title=Ideology, Strategy and Party Change: Spatial Analyses of Post-War Election Programmes in 19 Democracies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I63z5nm0f94C&pg=PA90|year=1987|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30648-5|page=90}} British Columbia Social Credit Party{{cite book|author=Denis Pilon|chapter=British Columbia: Right-Wing Coalition Politics and Neoliberalism|editor1=Bryan M. Evans|editor2=Charles W Smith|title=Transforming Provincial Politics: The Political Economy of Canada's Provinces and Territories in the Neoliberal Era|year=2015|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-9593-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AB_IBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288|page=288}}
• Cyprus – New Horizons{{Cite book |author=Nathalie Tocci |author-link=Nathalie Tocci |chapter=Greece, Turkey and Cyprus |title=European Politics |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |page=125}}{{Cite book |author=Stefan Engert |title=EU Enlargement and Socialization: Turkey and Cyprus |publisher=Routledge |year=2010 |page=146}}
• Croatia – Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja, Croatian Democratic Union (factions){{cite news|work=Financial Times|title=Croatia's conservatives reject rightwing populism with new leader|date=18 July 2016|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f5ccfc5e-4825-11e6-8d68-72e9211e86ab}}
• Czech Republic – Public Affairs,{{Cite news |title=Tschechien: Jugend vereint gegen Linksparteien |first=Alexandra |last=Klausmann |newspaper=Wiener Zeitung |date=21 May 2010 |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/default.aspx?tabID=3861&alias=wzo&cob=494591 |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606122248/http://www.wienerzeitung.at/default.aspx?tabID=3861&alias=wzo&cob=494591 |archive-date=6 June 2011 }} Dawn - National Coalition{{Citation |url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2013/10/czech-elections |title=Czech elections: An angry electorate |newspaper=The Economist |date=25 October 2013}}
• Denmark – Progress Party{{cite book|author=Paul Hainsworth|title=The Extreme Right in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VZ8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15432-6|page=49}}
• Germany – Citizens' Movement Pro Cologne,Alexander Häusler (Hrsg.): Rechtspopulismus als "Bürgerbewegung". Kampagnen gegen Islam und Moscheebau und kommunale Gegenstrategien. VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, Wiesbaden 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-531-15919-5}}. German Freedom Party,{{Citation |title=Obdachlose Rechtspopulisten |newspaper=Süddeutsche Zeitung |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/partei-die-freiheit-obdachlose-rechtspopulisten-1.1045138 |access-date=30 August 2011|date=11 January 2011 }} German People's Union, Pro Germany Citizens' Movement,{{Citation |title=Pro Köln unterliegt vor Gericht |newspaper=FOCUS |date=10 July 2009 |url=http://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/rechtspopulisten-pro-koeln-unterliegt-vor-gericht_aid_415839.html |access-date=19 October 2011}}{{Citation |title=Pro Deutschland protestiert vor Norwegen-Botschaft |newspaper=Berliner Morgenpost |date=25 July 2011 |url=http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/article1711860/Pro-Deutschland-protestiert-vor-Norwegen-Botschaft.html |access-date=19 October 2011 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402141410/http://www.morgenpost.de/berlin-aktuell/article1711860/Pro-Deutschland-protestiert-vor-Norwegen-Botschaft.html }} Pro NRW,Kristian Frigelj: [https://www.welt.de/politik/deutschland/article5529800/Rechtspopulisten-planen-Anti-Minarett-Kampagne.html Rechtspopulisten planen Anti-Minarett-Kampagne.] In: Die Welt, 14. Dezember 2009. German National People's Party
• European Union – Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy
• Iceland – Citizens' Party{{cite book|editor=Christina Bergqvist|title=Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA320|year=1999|publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers|isbn=978-82-00-12799-4|page=320}}
• India – Bharatiya Jana Sangh (Succeeded by Bharatiya Janata Party)
• Italy – National Alliance{{Citation|first=Sarah L.|last=De Lange|title=Radical Right-wing Populist Parties in Government: determinants of coalition membership|year=2008|page=9 |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/poc2008/papers/DeLange_RightWingPopulistParties.pdf}}
• Japan – Japan Restoration Party{{cite news |last=Foster |first=Malcolm |date=16 December 2012 |title=Japan Elections 2012: LDP Wins Majority In Parliamentary Elections |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/16/japan-elections-2012-ldp-wins_n_2310527.html |work=HuffPost |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219014720/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/12/16/japan-elections-2012-ldp-wins_n_2310527.html |archive-date=19 December 2012 |access-date=7 November 2020 }}{{cite news |last=Soble |first=Jonathan |date=17 December 2012 |title=Portrait of Japan's main political parties |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9281ca7c-4742-11e2-a899-00144feab49a |work=Financial Times |publisher=Nikkei, Inc. |access-date=6 November 2020 |quote=Politics: Populist right}}{{cite news |last1=Wingfield-Hayes |first1=Rupert |date=15 December 2012 |title=Japan loses faith in traditional politics |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20728387 |work=BBC News |access-date=6 November 2012 |quote=There is growing support here for non-traditional parties, particularly right-wing populists who promise strong leadership and bold answers. The most prominent is the Japan Restoration Party led by two political mavericks – Toru Hashimoto, the Mayor of Osaka, and 80-year-old Shintaro Ishihara, the former governor of Tokyo. }}
• Netherlands – Centre Democrats,{{cite book|author=David Art|editor1=Uwe Backes|editor2=Patrick Moreau|chapter=Memory Politics in Western Europe|title=The Extreme Right in Europe: Current Trends and Perspectives|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMkEZnJQHksC&pg=PA361|year=2011|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|isbn=978-3-647-36922-8|page=361}} Pim Fortuyn ListAndeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
• Portugal – Portugal Pro-Life
• Serbia – Serbian Patriotic Alliance,{{cite web|url=https://orf.at/stories/3169963/|title = Serbien: Wahl im Schatten Vucics|date = 21 June 2020}}
• South Korea – Democratic Republican Party, Liberty Korea Party,{{cite web|author=Jang Hoon |url=http://news.joins.com/article/22508544 |title=Liberty Korea Party, conservative populism has no future|work=JoongAng Ilbo |access-date=5 April 2018|date=4 April 2018 }} Onward for Future 4.0
• Spain – Platform for Catalonia[http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/ Anglada: "Being populist and identitarian is being honestly democratic"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071247/http://www.minutodigital.com/noticias/2010/04/22/josep-anglada-ser-populista-identitario-es-ser-hondamente-democratico/ |date=3 October 2011 }} Minuto Digital (Spanish)
• Sweden – New Democracy
• Switzerland – Party of Farmers, Traders and Independents, Republican Movement
• Syria – Arab Liberation Movement
• Thailand – Thai Rak Thai Party
• United Kingdom – National Democrats, Veterans and People's Party

{{div col end}}

{{Portal|Politics}}

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

• Counter-Enlightenment
• Islamism
• Christian right
• Hindutva
• Criticism of multiculturalism
• Dark Enlightenment
• Fascism
• Left-wing nationalism
• Left-wing populism
• Morenazi
• National conservatism
• National liberalism
• Paternalistic conservatism
• Reactionary
• Revisionist Zionism
• Right-wing authoritarianism
• Right-wing antiscience
• Right-wing terrorism
• Traditionalism
• White backlash

{{div col end}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

• Berlet, Chip and Matthew N. Lyons. 2000. Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort. New York: Guilford Press. {{ISBN|1-57230-568-1}}, {{ISBN|1-57230-562-2}}.
• Betz, Hans-Georg. Radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994. {{ISBN|0-312-08390-4}}.
• Betz, Hans-Georg and Immerfall, Stefan. The New Politics of the Right: Neo-Populist Parties and Movements in Established Democracies. Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK, Macmillan Press Ltd., 1998. {{ISBN|978-0-312-21338-1}}.
• {{cite journal|last=Dolgert|first=Stefan|year=2016|title=The Praise of {{not a typo|Ressentiment}}: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Donald Trump|journal=New Political Science|volume=38|issue=3|pages=354–370|doi=10.1080/07393148.2016.1189030|s2cid=147965459}}
• Fielitz, Maik; Laloire, Laura Lotte (eds.) (2016). Trouble on the Far Right. Contemporary Right-Wing Strategies and Practices in Europe. Bielefeld: transcript. {{ISBN|978-3-8376-3720-5}}.
• Fritzsche, Peter. 1990. Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-505780-5}}.
• {{cite book|last=Geden|first=Oliver|year=2006|title=Diskursstrategien im Rechtspopulismus: Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs und Schweizerische Volkspartei zwischen Opposition und Regierungsbeteiligung|trans-title=Discourse Strategies in Right-Wing Populism: Freedom Party of Austria and Swiss People's Party between Opposition and Government Participation|language=de|location=Wiesbaden, Germany|publisher=VS Verlag|doi=10.1007/978-3-531-90430-6|isbn=978-3-531-15127-4}}
• {{cite book|last1=Goodwin|first1=Matthew|last2=Milazzo|first2=Caitlin|year=2015|title=UKIP: Inside the Campaign to Redraw the Map of British Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-873611-0}}
• {{cite book|last=Greven|first=Thomas|year=2016|title=The Rise of Right-wing Populism in Europe and the United States: A Comparative Perspective|url=http://www.fesdc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/publications/RightwingPopulism.pdf|location=Berlin|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung|access-date=9 August 2016}}
• {{cite book|last=Heywood|first=Andrew|year=2015|title=Essentials of UK Politics|edition=3rd|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-53074-5}}
• {{cite book|last=Ignazi|first=Piero|year=2002|chapter=The Extreme Right: Defining the Object and Assessing the Causes|editor1-last=Schain|editor1-first=Martin|editor2-last=Zolberg|editor2-first=Aristide R.|editor3-last=Hossay|editor3-first=Patrick|title=Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29593-6}}
• {{cite book|last=Ignazi|first=Piero|author-mask={{long dash}}|year=2006|orig-date=2003|title=Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe|series=Comparative Politics|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-929159-5}}
• {{cite book|last1=Kaplan|first1=Jeffrey|author1-link=Jeffrey Kaplan (academic)|last2=Weinberg|first2=Leonard|year=1998|title=The Emergence of a Euro-American Radical Right|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-2564-8}}
• {{cite book|last=Norris|first=Pippa|author-link=Pippa Norris|year=2005|title=Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market|location=Cambridge, England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-84914-2}}
• {{cite book|last=Skenderovic|first=Damir|date=2009 |title=The Radical Right in Switzerland: Continuity and Change, 1945–2000|location=New York|publisher=Berghahn Books|doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qcntn |isbn=978-1-84545-580-4|jstor=j.ctt9qcntn|s2cid=152401505 }}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}

• Wodak, Ruth. The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. London: Sage, 2015. {{ISBN|978-1-4462-4700-6}}.
• Goldwag, Arthur. The New Hate: A History of Fear and Loathing on the Populist Right. Pantheon, February 2012. {{ISBN|978-0-307-37969-6}}.

{{refend}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.channel4.com/news/factcheck/factcheck-the-rise-of-right-wing-populism-in-europe "Fact check: The rise of right-wing populism in Europe"]. Channel 4 News (UK). 28 September 2017.

{{Conservatism}}

{{Nationalism}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Right-Wing Populism}}

Populism

Category:Political spectrum

Category:Conservatism

Category:Nationalism

Category:Political terminology

Category:Populism