Liberal conservatism

{{About|the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism|the conservative wing of the liberal movement|Conservative liberalism}}

Liberal conservatism is a political ideology combining conservative policies with liberal stances, especially on economic issues but also on social and ethical matters,{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html|date=2020|title=Content|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck}} representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates the classical liberal view of minimal government intervention in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the market and generate wealth without government interference.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure law and order and that social institutions are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} Liberal conservatives also support civil liberties, along with some socially conservative positions. They differ on social issues, with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the rule of law regarding civil rights, social equality and the environment.{{Cite web |last=Gibbon |first=Gary |date=7 October 2015 |title=David Cameron tries to return to his liberal Conservatism mission |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/by/gary-gibbon/blogs/david-cameron-return-liberal-conservatism-mission |website=Channel 4 News}}{{Cite news |title=What was David Cameron's Conservatism? (overview) |url=https://www.britpolitics.co.uk/a-level-uk-political-parties-david-cameron-conservatism/ |website=Britpolitics}} This is equated with the creation of a cohesive and tolerant society with increased levels of individual responsibility and less inequality.{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Pete |title=Cameron and Welfare: Questioning the liberal Conservatism project |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/48440/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Cameron_and_Welfare_Questioning_the_liberal_Conservatism_project.pdf |publisher=LSE Research Online}}

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to individualism, belief in negative freedom, a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal rule of law state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as Thatcherism,{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}}

Overview, definitions and usage

Both conservatism and liberalism have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term liberal conservatism has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with aristocratic conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the rule of law, private property, the market economy and constitutional representative government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term liberal conservatism came to be understood simply as conservatism in popular culture,{{sfn|Johnston|2007|p=155}} prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly classical-liberal values to call themselves libertarians instead.Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}}

In their embrace of liberal and free market principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding national-conservative, fully socially conservative and/or outright populist views, let alone a right-wing populist posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of civil rights and support for a limited welfare state.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as Christian democracy, liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the European People's Party (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as Christian-Democratic and Flemish in Belgium, the Christian Democratic Appeal in the Netherlands, the Christian Democratic Union in Germany and the People's Party in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as New Democracy in Greece, the Social Democratic Party in Portugal, the People's Party in Spain, {{Lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}}/The People of Freedom/{{Lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}} in Italy, the Union for a Popular Movement/The Republicans in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse, liberal conservatism usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of social safety net and environmentalism (see also green conservatism and green liberalism). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the Moderate Party in Sweden, the Conservative Party in Norway and the National Coalition Party in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British Conservative Party. In an interview shortly after taking office as Prime Minister in 2010, David Cameron introduced himself as a liberal conservative.{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=David |title=I am a Liberal Conservative |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 August 2012 |date=2010-05-16}} During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and human rights, but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5407714.stm "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference"], BBC, October 2006

= Relation to American conservatism =

In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic individualism of classical liberals with a Burkean form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112 From a different perspective, American conservatism (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for patriotism while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C |title=The Right Nation: Why America is Different |first1=Adrian |last1=Wooldridge |first2=John |last2=Micklethwait |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |via=Google Books |isbn=9780241958896}}{{clarify|This passage needs clarification, as it references three “tenets“ then introduces two clauses both containing two subjects, and thus is completely opaque which of the four choices given is among the three claimed tenets. As written, it appears to introduce only two (albeit each of which contains two referants): “loyalty to” two constructs, and skepticism regarding two others.|date=August 2021}} Consequently, the term liberal conservatism is not used in the United States. Modern American liberalism happens to be quite different from European liberalism and occupies the centre-left of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the centre and centre-right while social democracy makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in Latin America, where economically liberal conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of neoliberalism both in popular culture and academic discourse.Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.

Although libertarian conservatism has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}} libertarian conservatism is far more anti-statist than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.{{sfn|Heywood|2004|p=337}} Combining conservative cultural principles but with less social intervention and a more laissez faire economic system. Neoconservatism is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.{{cite book|editor1=Oleksii Stus |editor2=Dmytro Finberg |editor3=Leonid Sinchenko |title=Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts |quote= The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...|date=2021 |page=346 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9783838215518 }} However, Peter Lawler has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lawler (academic) |year=2002 |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |url=http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Intercollegiate Review |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=59-60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094427/http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2025-03-05}}

Classical conservatism and economic liberalism

File:EdmundBurke1771.jpg]]

Historically, conservatism in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established tradition, respect for authority and religious values. This form of traditionalist or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of Joseph de Maistre in the post-Enlightenment age. Contemporaneous liberalism, now recalled as classical liberalism, advocated both political freedom for individuals and a free market in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by John Locke, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Edward Gibbon, David Hume, Adam Smith, Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, who are respectively remembered as the fathers of liberalism, including economic liberalism, the separation of church and state, social liberalism and utilitarianism.

File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg]]

According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".{{sfn|Vincent|2009|pp=65-66}} Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as Edmund Burke and Alexis de TocquevilleLakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." The review of politics 60(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. {{doi|10.1017/S003467050002742X}} as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of Raymond Aron and Michael Oakeshott. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of meritocracy, without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the Western world came to adopt free market economic ideas as the Industrial Revolution progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term liberal is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in continental Europe,{{cite book |last=Slomp |first=Hans |date=2011-09-26 |title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&q=EU+left-wing+liberal+parties |publisher=ABC-Clio |pages=106–108 |isbn=9780313391828 |via=Google Books}} Australia{{cite news |last1=Goldfarb |first1=Michael |title=Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10658070 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=BBC News |date=20 July 2010}} and Latin America.{{cite news |last1=MacLean |first1=James |title="The Two Meanings of "Liberalism" |url=http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720050932/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html |url-status=dead }}

Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions

= Current parties =

{{flag|Albania}}: Democratic Party of Albaniahttp://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}
{{flag|Algeria}}: Democratic National Rally
{{flag|Andorra}}: Democrats for Andorra{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfmUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197|title=Party Politics in European Microstates|last1=Casal Bértoa|first1=Fernando|last2=Dumont|first2=Patrick|publisher=Routledge|date=2022|access-date=2023-04-13|page=184|isbn=978-1-315-20677-6}}
{{flag|Argentina}}: Republican ProposalSergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, [http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221635/http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, Draft, March 2013
{{flag|Australia}}: Country Liberal Party, Liberal Party of Australia,{{cite journal |title=Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left |journal=PLOS ONE |author1=Nicole A. Thomas |author2=Tobias Loetscher |author3=Danielle Clode |author4=Mike Nicholls |date=May 2, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=4 |quote=The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036552 |pmid=22567166 |pmc=3342249 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736552T|doi-access=free }} Liberal National Party of Queensland, National Party of Australia
{{flag|Austria}}: Austrian People's Party{{cite book |author=Ralph P Güntzel |title=Understanding "Old Europe": An Introduction to the Culture, Politics, and History of France, Germany, and Austria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gJ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-8288-5300-3 |page=162}}
{{flag|Bahamas}}: Free National Movement
{{flag|Belarus}}: United Civic Party of Belarus{{cite book |author=Janusz Bugajski |title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-676-0}}{{rp|22}}
{{flag|Botswana}}: Botswana Democratic Party{{cite journal|title=Policy and Institutional Dynamics of Sustained Development in Botswana|last=Maipose|first=Gervase S.|journal=Commission on Growth and Development|date=2008|issue=35|pages=20–21|hdl=10986/28032}}
{{flag|Brazil}}: Liberal Party, Democratic Renewal Party, Republicans (Brazil), New Party, Podemos
{{flag|Bulgaria}}: Union of Democratic Forces,{{cite book |author=Paul Lewis |title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-63437-8 |page=53}} Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria{{cite book|author= Sonja Schüler|chapter=“I am not so much afraid of the Minister of Culture, but rather of the Minister’s Culture” About the Lack of Political Legitimacy in Bulgaria|editor= Sonja Schüler|title=Exchange, Dialogue, New Divisions?: Ethnic Groups and Political Cultures in Eastern Europe|publisher= LIT Verlag Münster|year=2016|isbn= 9783643802095|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLX6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|page=163}}
{{flag|Canada}}: Conservative Party of Canada{{cite book |editor1=Michel Ducharme |editor2=Jean-François Constant |title=Liberalism and Hegemony: Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780802098825 }}
{{flag|Chile}}: National Renewal{{Citation |first1=Craig |last1=Arceneaux |first2=David |last2=Pion-Berlin |title=Transforming Latin America: The International And Domestic Origins Of Change |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2005 |page=148}}
{{flag|Costa Rica}}: Social Christian Unity Party
{{flag|Cyprus}}: Democratic Rally
{{flag|Czech Republic}}: Civic Democratic Party,{{cite book |author1=John Nagle |author2=Alison Mahr |title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188 |year=1999 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-5679-2 |page=188}}{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Bakke |chapter=Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989 |editor=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48750-4 |page=78}} TOP 09{{cite book |author1=Otto Eibl |author2=Michal Pink |chapter=Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns |editor1=Ruxandra Boicu |editor2=Silvia Branea |editor3=Adriana Stefanel |title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 |year=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-58591-2 |page=258}}
{{flag|Croatia}}: Croatian Democratic Union{{Cite web|url=http://tris.com.hr/2016/06/portret-tjedna-andrej-plenkovic-kandidat-za-sefa-hdz-a-salonski-politicar-i-hdz-ov-liberal-antipod-karamarku/|title = Portret tjedna/Andrej Plenković, kandidat za šefa HDZ-a: Salonski političar i HDZ-ov liberal, antipod Karamarku|date = 25 June 2016}}
{{flag|Denmark}}: {{lang|da|Venstre|italic=no}}, Conservative People's Party{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/denmark.html|title=Denmark|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}
{{flag|Egypt}}: New Wafd Party
{{flag|Estonia}}: Estonian Reform Party{{cite book |author=Kjetil Duvold |chapter=When Left and Right is a Matter of Identity: Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia |editor1=Andrey Makarychev |editor2=Alexandra Yatsyk |title=Borders in the Baltic Sea Region: Suturing the Ruptures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NB5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-352-00014-6 |page=132}}
{{flag|Fiji}}: People's Alliance, Social Democratic Liberal Party
{{flag|Finland}}: National Coalition Party,{{cite book |author=Mads Dagnis Jensen |chapter=The Nordic Countries and the European Parliament |editor1=Caroline Howard Grøn |editor2=Peter Nedergaard |editor3=Anders Wivel |title=The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53661-1 |page=89}} Centre Party{{cite web|url=https://nsd.no/european_election_database/country/finland/parties.html|work=Norwegian Centre for Research Data|title=Finland—Political parties|access-date=8 March 2019}}
{{flag|France}}: The Republicans{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2017|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424070610/https://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=dead}}
{{flag|Germany}}: Christian Democratic Union of Germany,{{cite book |author=Martin Steven |year=2018 |chapter=Conservatism in Europe—The Political Thought of Christian Democracy |editor=Mark Garnett |title=Conservative Moments: Reading Conservative Texts |series=Textual Moments in the History of Political Thought |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=96 |isbn=9781350001558 |oclc=1006441779}} Free Democratic Party,{{cite book|author=Gordon Smith|chapter=The Moderate Right in the German Party System|editor=Peter H. Merkl|title=The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty-Five: Union Without Unity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ste-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|publisher=Peter Lang|year=1995|isbn=978-1-349-13520-2|pages=269}}{{cite book|author=Ricky Van Oers|title=Deserving Citizenship: Citizenship Tests in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-9-00-425107-6|page=263}} Free Voters{{cite book|editor1=Sylvia Kritzinger|editor2=Carolina Plescia|editor3=SKolja Raube|editor4=James Wilhelm|editor5=Jan Wouters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOHcDwAAQBAJ|title=Assessing the 2019 European Parliament Elections|year=2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=263|isbn=9781000057263 |quote=As in 2014, seven minor parties with vote shares below 5 per cent gained seats in the European Parliament, ranging from single-issue parties like the Animal Protection Party (one seat) or the Family Party (one seat) to the satirical 'Die Partei' (two seats) or the liberal-Conservative 'Free Voters'.}}
{{flag|Ghana}}: New Patriotic Party
{{flag|Greece}}: New Democracy{{cite book |author=José María Magone |title=The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOj2BwVxczUC&pg=PA148 |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97787-0 |page=148}}
{{flag|Greenland}}: Feeling of Community{{cite book |author=Christina Bergqvist |title=Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319 |year=1999 |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |isbn=978-82-00-12799-4 |page=319}}
{{flag|Iceland}}: Independence Party{{cite book|author=Agust Thor Arnason|chapter=The European Union Seen From the Top – A View of an Inside-Outsider|editor=Joakim Nergelius|title=Nordic and Other European Constitutional Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfR5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-0978-6|page=34}}
{{flag|Ireland}}: Fine Gael,{{cite book |author1=Kerstin Hamann |author2=John Kelly |title=Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1980 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-94986-9 |page=1980}}{{cite book|author1=Melanie Magin|author2=Marius G. Vigen|chapter=When Nothing Happened, but Much Changed: How Political Parties in Ireland Used Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election Campaign|editor1=Jörg Haßler|editor2=Melanie Magin|editor3=Uta Russmann|editor4=Vicente Fenoll|title=Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2021|isbn=9783030738518|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Xs9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|page=137}} Fianna Fáil
{{flag|Israel}}: Likud,{{cite book|title=Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions|author=Amnon Rapoport|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn=0792306856|year=1990|page=413|quote=Likud is a liberal-conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes, and promotes free enterprise, nationalism, and expansionism.}} New Hope
{{flag|Italy}}: {{Lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}}{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2018|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|title=Italy|work=Parties and Elections in Europe}}
{{flag|Japan}}: Liberal Democratic Party{{Citation |first=Pradyumna P. |last=Karan |title=Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259 |isbn=978-0813137773}}{{cite book|author=Omar Noman|title=Responsible Development: Vulnerable Democracies, Hunger and Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135180751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7eLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|page=123}}{{cite book |author=William D. Hoover |editor=William D. Hoover |title=Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, First Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211 |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7539-5 |page=211}}{{efn|The LDP was described as a liberal or conservative-liberal party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the Second Abe Cabinet, but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to ultranationalism and fascism. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right Nippon Kaigi.){{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan’s wartime atrocities ‘had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.’ The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism — centred around the figure of the emperor — retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party. |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=The Spectator |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}}}
{{flag|Latvia}}: Unity
{{flag|Lithuania}}: Homeland Union{{rp|141}}
{{flag|Mexico}}: National Action Party{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=O'Toole |title=Politics Latin America |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |page=383 |isbn=9781405821292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A91Xz9leFMC&pg=PA383}}
{{flag|Morocco}}: Constitutional Union{{Citation |author1=Abdo Baaklini |author2=Guilain Denoeux |first3=Robert |last3=Springborg |title=Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions |publisher=Lynne Riener |year=1999 |page=129}}
{{flag|Mongolia}}: Democratic Party{{cite report |last1= Uribe Burcher |first1= Catalina |last2= Casal Bértoa |first2= Fernando |date= 15 November 2018 |title= Political Finance in Mongolia: Assessment and Recommendations |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-finance-in-mongolia.pdf |publisher= International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance; Open Society Forum |page= 13|doi=10.31752/idea.2018.68 |access-date=22 June 2020 |isbn=978-91-7671-217-7}}

{{flag|Myanmar}}: National League for Democracy{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321938815 |title=Challenges for the National League for Democracy in Achieving Peace and Democracy in Myanmar |author=Zappulla, Roberta|date= 2017 |publisher=Metropolitan University of Prague |via=Research gate |format=PDF |quote=The firm ideology of the NLD founds a new facet amid democratic liberalism and liberal conservatism.}}
{{flag|Netherlands}}: People's Party for Freedom and Democracy{{cite book |author1=Arco Timmermans |author2=Edwin van Rooyen |author3=Gerrit Voerman |chapter=Policy analysis and political party think tanks |editor1=Frans van Nispen |editor2=Peter Scholten |title=Policy analysis in the Netherlands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1333-5 |page=189}}{{cite book |author=Liubomir K. Topaloff |title=Political Parties and Euroscepticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-00968-5 |page=21}}{{cite book |author=José M. Magone |title=The Statecraft of Consensus Democracies in a Turbulent World: A Comparative Study of Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-40785-2 |page=112}} JA21{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=NOS |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}{{Cite news|title=Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}
{{flag|New Zealand}}: National Party{{cite book |first=Jack|last=Vowles |title=The New Zealand Journal of History|publisher=University of Auckland|page=225|date=1987|quote=[T]he National Party is both conservative and liberal, its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism, the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism. Within the National Party, it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self-conscious and vocal, although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail.}}
{{flag|North Macedonia}}: VMRO-DPMNE VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity) | https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/
{{flag|Norway}}: Conservative Party{{cite news|url=http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|title=Valgomaten: Riksdekkende 2007|work=Aftenposten|year=2007|access-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172955/http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles¶meter=17|archive-date=27 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
{{flag|Philippines}}: Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
{{flag|Poland}}: Polska 2050, Trzecia Droga
{{flag|Portugal}}: Social Democratic Party{{cite book |author=André Krouwel |title=Party Transformations in European Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348 |year=2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4483-3 |page=348}}
{{flag|Romania}}: National Liberal Party{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/romania.html|title=Romania|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2020|access-date=18 December 2020}}
{{flag|Russia}}: Civic Platform,{{cite web |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html |title=2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma |publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe |date=2016 |access-date=30 December 2017}} Party of Growth
{{flag|Serbia}}: People's Party,{{cite news |url=https://www.narodna.org.rs/o-nama/program |title=Program Narodne stranke |publisher=Narodna Stranka}} Serbian Progressive Party{{Cite journal |last=Čamprag |first=Nebojša |date=2019-01-02 |title=Re-imagineering Belgrade and Skopje: urban megaprojects between politics and struggle |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |journal=European Planning Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=181–200 |doi=10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |s2cid=158202545 |issn=0965-4313}}{{Cite web |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |date=2016-12-01 |title=Rewriting Balkan history |url=https://mondediplo.com/2016/12/10balkans |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Le Monde |language=en}}
{{flag|Slovakia}}: Democrats, NOVA, Civic Conservative Party, For the People
{{flag|Slovenia}}: Slovenian Democratic Party{{cite book |author=Alfio Cerami |title=Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29 |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9699-7 |pages=29–}}
{{flag|Spain}}: People's Party{{cite book |author=Inmaculada Egido |title=Transforming Education: The Spanish Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY4ibawhCfoC&pg=PA14 |year=2005 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59454-208-4 |page=14}}{{cite book |author=Fernando Reinares |chapter=The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings |editor1=Bruce Hoffman |editor2=Fernando Reinares |title=The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cLQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |year=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53743-8 |page=32}}
{{flag|Sri Lanka}}: United National Party{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyAGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|title=Encyclopedia of World Political Systems|last1=Derbyshire|first1=J. Denis|last2=Derbyshire|first2=Ian|publisher=Routledge|date=2016|access-date=2023-04-13|pages=247, 249|isbn=978-0-76568-025-9}}
{{flag|Sweden}}: Moderate Party{{cite book |author=Peter Viggo Jakobsen |title=Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYNhfJvn08C&pg=PA184 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-38360-8 |pages=184–}}{{cite book |author=Hariz Halilovich |title=Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |year=2013 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-777-6 |page=208}}{{cite web | url=https://liberati.se/liberala-partier/ | title=Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag & deras ideologiska hållning }}
{{flag|Republic of China}}: Kuomintang{{cite book|editor=Martin L Lasater |title=The Changing Of The Guard: President Clinton And The Security Of Taiwan |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge}}
{{flag|Thailand}}: Pheu Thai Party{{cite web|last=Satrusayang|first=Cod|year=2021|title=Thailand|url=https://www.thaienquirer.com/34673/opinion-same-old-pheu-thai-conservative-party-with-liberal-lipstick/ |access-date=4 January 2022|website=Thai Enquirer|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030232/https://www.thaienquirer.com/34673/opinion-same-old-pheu-thai-conservative-party-with-liberal-lipstick/|url-status=live}}
{{flag|Turkey}}: Justice and Development Party,{{cite book|author=Ahmet Yıldız|chapter=Problematizing the Intellectual and Political Vestiges: From 'Welfare' to 'Justice and Development'|editor=Ümit Cizre|title=Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey: The Making of the Justice and Development Party|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHBQRRRodN8C&pg=PA50|date=25 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15523-1|page=50}}{{cite book|author=Tanil Bora|chapter=Notes on the White Turks Debate|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA97|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=97}}{{efn|The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy; a study by the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden found that the AKP is illiberal.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump | title=Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study | newspaper=The Guardian | date=26 October 2020 | last1=Borger | first1=Julian }}}} Democrat Party (current)
{{flag|Ukraine}}: European Solidarity{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2019|title=Ukraine|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|access-date=22 July 2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310224946/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=live}}
{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Conservative Party{{cite book|author=Stephen Driver|title=Understanding British Party Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA14|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4077-8|page=14}}
{{flag|United States}}: Republican Party (factions){{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107 107]}}
{{flag|Uruguay}}: National Party{{Cite news|last=Martínez|first=Magdalena|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/11/22/actualidad/1574449190_174156.html|title=Luis Lacalle Pou, el peso de un apellido|date=2019-11-25|work=El País|access-date=2020-02-27|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}

= Historical parties or factions =

{{flag|Brazil}}: Democratic Social Party, Democrats{{Citation |first=Peadar |last=Kirby |title=Introduction to Latin America: Twenty-First Century Challenges |publisher=Sage |year=2003 |page=157}}
{{flag|Canada}}: Progressive Conservative Party of Canada
{{flag|Czech Republic}}: Civic Democratic Alliance,{{cite web |title=Liberální strana |url=http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348 |website=liberalove.bluefile.cz |access-date=27 March 2017 |language=cs}} Freedom Union – Democratic Union,{{cite web |title=Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity |url=http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm |website=www.witzany.cz |access-date=27 March 2017}} Realists{{cite web |title=Politická strana Realisté po třech letech končí, rozhodli členové |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/realiste-politicka-strana-petr-robejsek-jiri-hynek.A190722_212515_domaci_knn |website=Idnes |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019}}

{{flag|Estonia}}: Res Publica Party
{{flag|France}}: National Centre of Independents and Peasants, Union for the New Republic, Independent Republicans,{{cite book |author=David Hanley |chapter=France: Living with Instability |editor=David Broughton |title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66 |access-date=21 August 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-85567-328-1 |page=66}} Perspectives and Realities Clubs, Union of Democrats for the Republic, Republican Party, Rally for the Republic, Union for French Democracy,{{cite book |author=Alistair Cole |chapter=Stress, strain and stability in the French party system |editor=Jocelyn Evans |title=The French Party System|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2 |page=12}} Union for a Popular Movement{{cite web|url-status=dead|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2012|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000823/http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=23 May 2015}}
{{flag|Germany}}: Free Conservative Party

{{flag|India}}: Swatantra Party{{cite book|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography|year=1997|page=199|publisher=Dattsons|first=Vasanti|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}
{{flag|Israel}}: General Zionists{{cite book|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress|year=1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmEuAAAAIAAJ&pg=SL1-PA5443|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=5443}}
{{flag|Italy}}: {{Lang|it|Forza Italia|italic=no}},{{cite book |author1=Ruth Wodak |author2=John E. Richardson |title=Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89919-2 |page=43}} The People of Freedom,{{cite book |author=Donatella M. Viola |editor=Donatella M. Viola |title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections |chapter=Italy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50363-7 |page=117}}{{cite book |author1=Ilaria Riccioni |author2=Ramono Bongelli |author3=Andrzej Zuczkwoski |chapter=The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses |editor=Anita Fetzer |title=The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131 |year=2013 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-7239-3 |page=131}} Tyrolean Homeland Party,{{cite book |first=Günther |last=Pallaver |year=2008 |chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309 |editor1=Jens Woelk |editor2=Francesco Palermo |editor3=Joseph Marko |title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |pages=309 |isbn=978-90-04-16302-7 |oclc=646789592}} Italian Liberal Party{{cite book|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|author1=Peter Humphreys|author2=Michael Steed|chapter=Identifying Liberal Parties|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA408|date=3 November 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=408–409}}

{{flag|Japan}}: Japan New Party,{{cite journal |last1=Murakami |first1=Hiroshi |author-link1=:ja:村上弘 (行政学者) |year=2009 |title=The changing party system in Japan 1993-2007: More competition and limited convergence |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/law/lex/rlr26/hiroshi%20Murakami.pdf |access-date=29 April 2021 |journal=Ritsumeikan Law Review |publisher=Ritsumeikan University |volume=26 |page=30 }} New Party Sakigake,{{cite book|author=William D. Hoover|editor=William D. Hoover|title= Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, Second Edition|year=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111567|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268|page=268}} Democratic Party of Japan (factions){{cite book|author=Hideko Magara|chapter=Divergent fate of left parties in political economic regime transitions: Italy and Japan in the 1990s|editor=Masanobu Ido|title=Varieties of Capitalism, Types of Democracy and Globalization|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-136-34270-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNTFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|page=182}}
{{flag|Montenegro}}: Movement for Changes
{{flag|New Zealand}}: United Future{{cite book|author=Caroline Miller|title=Implementing Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-85441-5|page=10}}
{{flag|Poland}}: Conservative People's Party,{{cite book |author=Aleks Szczerbiak |chapter=The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action |editor1=Aleks Szczerbiak |editor2=Seán Hanley |title=Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=512cxC7eT1IC&pg=PA66 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34781-5 |page=66}}

{{flag|Romania}}: Democratic Convention of Romania, Democratic Liberal Party
{{flag|Serbia}}: G17 Plus
{{flag|Slovakia}}: Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party
{{flag|South Korea}}: Bareunmirae Party{{cite web|language=ko|url=http://www.inews24.com/view/1075446|title=What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle? |work=아이뉴스21 |date=3 February 2018|access-date=2 May 2020}}{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210611000463 |title=New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections |quote= After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People’s Party were merged. |work=The Korean Herald |date=11 June 2021}}

{{flag|Spain}} Liberal-Conservative Party
{{flag|Turkey}} Democrat Party (historical){{cite book|author=Elizabeth Özdalga|chapter=Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=54}}

Liberal-conservative organisations

{{flag|United Kingdom}}: Bright Blue{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/think-tanks-conservative-tories-onward-freer_uk_5b04492ce4b0c0b8b23ec51d |title=Meet The New Conservative Think-Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories |date=2018-05-24 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}
{{flag|Hungary}}: Everybody's Hungary Movement{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Winners & Losers: Hungary's opposition primaries first-round recap|url=https://kafkadesk.org/2021/10/02/winners-losers-hungarys-opposition-primaries-first-round-recap/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Kafkadesk|language=en-GB}}
{{flag|Germany}}: Konrad Adenauer Foundation{{cite web | url=https://globaldemocracycoalition.org/partner/konrad-adenauer-stiftung/ | title=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung – Global Democracy Coalition }}

Explanatory notes

Citations

General and cited references

{{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0333961803}}
{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2007 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |location=Peterborough, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0040-9}}
{{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2011 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john_l7q9 |url-access=registration |edition=4th |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0533-6}}
{{cite book |last=McAnulla |first=Stuart |year=2006 |title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-826-46155-1 }}
{{cite book |last=Turner |first=Rachel S. |year=2008 |title=Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies: History, Concepts and Policies |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-748-63235-0 }}
{{cite book |last=van de Haar |first=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-412-85575-4 }}
{{cite book |last=Vincent |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=Modern Political Ideologies |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-1105-1}}