Panaji#Governance

The city was renamed from Panjim in English to Panaji, its present official name in the 1980s. The Portuguese name is Pangim. The city had been renamed Nova Goa (Portuguese for "New Goa") when it officially replaced the city of Goa (now Old Goa) as the capital of Portuguese India, though the Viceroy had already moved there in 1759.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

The justification of the modern word Panaji is derived from the words panjani and khali, which mean a boat and a small creek respectively, in Sanskrit. Thus the modern word Panjim is believed to be a corruption of the old word Panjanakhani as inscribed on the discovered Panjim copper-plates dated 1059 CE, belonging to the rule of Kadamba king Jayakesi I.{{Cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Volume 1 |publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu |year=1979}}{{Cite thesis |last=Rao |first=Gopala V. |title=Temples of Goa: An Architectural Study |date=2003 |degree=PhD |publisher=Goa University |language=en |hdl=10603/35652 |hdl-access=free |chapter=Epigraphical And Literary Sources On Worship In Goa's Past |chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35652/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=11 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411214111/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/35652/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |url-status=live }} According to legend, this northern capital city was mentioned in a stone inscription of Kadamba king Jayakesi I dated 1054 CE as 'Panjanakhani', giving him the epithet of Padavalendra which is Kannada for lord of the western ocean.{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&q=panjanakhani&pg=PA129 |title=Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History, Volume 2 |date=1990 |publisher=Concept Publishing |isbn=9788170222590 |editor-last=De Souza |editor-first=Teotonio R. |pages=129 |language=en |access-date=18 November 2020 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115155314/https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&q=panjanakhani&pg=PA129 |url-status=live }}

Panaji was made the capital of Portuguese India, after a devastating epidemic decimated the population of the City of Goa in the mid-18th century.{{Cite web |date=14 January 2016 |title=Rise and Fall of 'Old Goa' |url=https://itsgoa.com/rise-and-fall-of-old-goa/ |website=ItsGoa |language=en |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226042420/http://www.itsgoa.com/rise-and-fall-of-old-goa/ |url-status=live }}

Panaji was annexed by India with the rest of Goa and the former Portuguese territories after the Indian annexation of Portuguese India in 1961. It became a state-capital on Goa's elevation to statehood in 1987and between 1961 and 1987, it was the capital of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu. A new Legislative Assembly complex was inaugurated in March 2000, across the Mandovi River, in Alto Porvorim. Panaji is also the administrative headquarters of North Goa district.

Panaji is located at {{Coord|15|29|56|N|73|49|40|E}}.{{cite web |url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Panaji.html |title=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Panaji |publisher=Fallingrain.com |access-date=9 May 2012 |archive-date=7 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207070059/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/33/Panaji.html |url-status=live }} It has an average elevation of {{convert|7|m|ft|lk=out|abbr=off}}.

Panaji has various vāde or sub-divisions, including:

• São Tomé, Fontainhas, Mala, Portais, Altinho, Cortin, Praça da Igreja, Tar, Bazar, Japão, and Boca de Vaca.

Some areas outlying it are:

• Campal, Santa Inez, Chinchollem, Batulem, Merces, Bambolim, Caranzalem, Santa Cruz, Siridao, Dona Paula, and Platô de Taleigão.

Besides lying on the banks of the Mandovi River, Panaji is bound by two creeks called pői by the locals, namely Ourém creek and Santa Inêz creek.

During the 2011 census of India,{{cite web|title=Provisional Population Totals Paper 2, Volume 2 of 2011: Goa State Tables|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/goa/Tables.pdf|work=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=9 July 2013|archive-date=14 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114012327/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2-vol2/data_files/goa/Tables.pdf|url-status=live}} Panaji had a population of 114,405. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. It had an average literacy rate of 90.9%; male literacy was 94.6% and female literacy 86.9%. In Panaji, 9.6% of the population was under 7 years of age.

Panaji comprises three major religions, with Hinduism being the majority with 64.08% followers, Christianity with 26.51% followers, and the smallest being Islam with 8.84% followers. 0.4% of the population count as other which include Buddhist, Jain, and Sikh followers.{{cite web |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=12 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055139/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW30C-01%20MDDS.XLS |url-status=live }}

Panaji features a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am). The climate in Panaji is hot in summer and equable in winter. During summers (from March to May) the temperature reaches up to {{convert|32|°C}} and in winters (from November to February) it is usually between {{convert|31|°C}} and {{convert|23|°C}}.

The monsoon period is from June to October with heavy rainfall and gusty winds. The annual average rainfall is {{convert|2932|mm|2|abbr=on}}.

{{Weather box

| location = Panaji (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2012)

| metric first = Yes

| single line = Yes

| Jan record high C = 36.7

| Feb record high C = 39.2

| Mar record high C = 39.0

| Apr record high C = 39.8

| May record high C = 38.6

| Jun record high C = 37.8

| Jul record high C = 33.5

| Aug record high C = 34.0

| Sep record high C = 33.4

| Oct record high C = 37.2

| Nov record high C = 37.2

| Dec record high C = 36.6

| year record high C = 39.8

| Jan high C = 32.5

| Feb high C = 32.4

| Mar high C = 32.6

| Apr high C = 33.4

| May high C = 33.8

| Jun high C = 30.9

| Jul high C = 29.3

| Aug high C = 29.5

| Sep high C = 30.2

| Oct high C = 32.0

| Nov high C = 33.5

| Dec high C = 33.1

| year high C = 32.0

| Jan mean C = 26.3

| Feb mean C = 26.6

| Mar mean C = 27.9

| Apr mean C = 29.5

| May mean C = 30.1

| Jun mean C = 27.8

| Jul mean C = 26.8

| Aug mean C = 26.9

| Sep mean C = 27.1

| Oct mean C = 28.0

| Nov mean C = 28.1

| Dec mean C = 27.0

|year mean C =

| Jan low C = 20.0

| Feb low C = 20.6

| Mar low C = 23.3

| Apr low C = 25.4

| May low C = 26.3

| Jun low C = 24.9

| Jul low C = 24.2

| Aug low C = 24.2

| Sep low C = 24.0

| Oct low C = 24.0

| Nov low C = 22.7

| Dec low C = 20.9

| year low C = 23.4

| Jan record low C = 14.4

| Feb record low C = 13.3

| Mar record low C = 16.8

| Apr record low C = 20.2

| May record low C = 20.9

| Jun record low C = 20.7

| Jul record low C = 21.6

| Aug record low C = 21.7

| Sep record low C = 21.0

| Oct record low C = 20.0

| Nov record low C = 15.3

| Dec record low C = 15.7

| year record low C = 13.3

| rain colour = green

| Jan rain mm = 1.0

| Feb rain mm = 0.1

| Mar rain mm = 0.0

| Apr rain mm = 4.9

| May rain mm = 76.6

| Jun rain mm = 890.4

| Jul rain mm = 955.2

| Aug rain mm = 571.7

| Sep rain mm = 304.1

| Oct rain mm = 156.4

| Nov rain mm = 21.3

| Dec rain mm = 2.5

| year rain mm = 2984.1

| Jan rain days = 0.1

| Feb rain days = 0.0

| Mar rain days = 0.1

| Apr rain days = 0.3

| May rain days = 3.6

| Jun rain days = 21.2

| Jul rain days = 26.7

| Aug rain days = 23.0

| Sep rain days = 13.7

| Oct rain days = 6.8

| Nov rain days = 1.5

| Dec rain days = 0.2

| year rain days = 97.3

|time day = 17:30 IST

| Jan humidity = 57

| Feb humidity = 59

| Mar humidity = 65

| Apr humidity = 67

| May humidity = 69

| Jun humidity = 83

| Jul humidity = 87

| Aug humidity = 86

| Sep humidity = 82

| Oct humidity = 76

| Nov humidity = 65

| Dec humidity = 58

| year humidity = 71

| Jan sun = 303.8

| Feb sun = 291.0

| Mar sun = 288.3

| Apr sun = 279.0

| May sun = 285.2

| Jun sun = 132.0

| Jul sun = 96.1

| Aug sun = 120.9

| Sep sun = 180.0

| Oct sun = 232.5

| Nov sun = 270.0

| Dec sun = 294.5

|year sun =

| Jand sun = 9.8

| Febd sun = 10.3

| Mard sun = 9.3

| Aprd sun = 9.3

| Mayd sun = 9.2

| Jund sun = 4.4

| Juld sun = 3.1

| Augd sun = 3.9

| Sepd sun = 6.0

| Octd sun = 7.5

| Novd sun = 9.0

| Decd sun = 9.5

|yeard sun = 7.6

|source 1 = India Meteorological Department (sun, 1971–2000)

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf

| archive-date = 5 February 2020

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf

| title = Station: Panjim Climatological Table 1981–2010

| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| date = January 2015

| pages = 585–586

| access-date = 19 February 2020}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf

| archive-date = 5 February 2020

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf

| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| date = December 2016

| page = M47

| access-date = 19 February 2020}}

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042602/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf

| archive-date = 5 February 2020

| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Daily%20Normals%20of%20Global%20&%20Diffused%20Radiations%20%201971_2000.pdf

| title = Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India

| work = Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000)

| publisher = India Meteorological Department

| date = December 2016

| page = M-3

| access-date = 1 March 2020}}

|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)

{{cite web

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200301161822/https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43192

| archive-date = 1 March 2020

| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=43192

| title = Normals Data: Goa/Pangim - India Latitude: 15.48°N Longitude: 73.82°E Height: 58 (m)

| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency

| access-date = 1 March 2020}}

| date = November 2010}}

{{Wide image| Panorama of Panjim city.jpg|1280px|Skyline of the city}}

File:Panaji, Goa, India, Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception Church at night.jpg]]

File:Gallery de Fontainhas.jpg

File:The Institute Menezes Braganza.jpg]]

The heart of the city is the Praça da Igreja (Church Square) where the Jardim Garcia de Orta (municipal garden) with the Portuguese Baroque Igreja de Nossa Senhora da Imaculada Conceição, originally built in 1541. Other tourist attractions include the old and rebuilt Adilshahi Palace (or Idalção Palace), dating from the sixteenth century, the Institute Menezes Braganza, the Chapel of St. Sebastian and the Fontainhas area—which is considered to be the old Latin Quarter—as well as the nearby beach of Miramar. Panaji hosted the relics of Saint John Bosco (also known as Don Bosco) until 21 August 2011 at the Don Bosco Oratory.

One of the capital city's most discerning assets is the Mahalaxmi Temple. Located on the Dada Vaidya road (Rua de Saudade during the Portuguese times), the Mahalaxmi deity is the chief object of veneration for all Panjimites, irrespective of caste, class, sex or creed.{{Cite web|date=2021|title=mahalakshmi temple|url=https://www.goa.gov.in/places/mahalaxmi-temple-panaji/|access-date=14 May 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514105554/https://www.goa.gov.in/places/mahalaxmi-temple-panaji/|url-status=live}}

The carnival celebrations in February include a colourful parade on the streets. This is followed by the Shigmo / Xigmo, or Holi. The Narkāsūr parade on the night before Diwali in the city is very colourful.

Well-known places in Panaji are the 18th June Road (a busy thoroughfare in the heart of the town and a shopping area for tourists and locals), Mala area, Miramar beach and the Kala Academy (a cultural centre known for its structure built by architect Charles Correa). Kala Academy is a place where Goa showcases its art and culture.

Situated on the banks of Mandovi River in the heart of Panaji is ‘Old Secretariat’ building popularly known as ‘Adil Shah's Palace’.{{Cite news |last=Sayed |first=Nida |date=2017 |title=Adil Shah Palace Crowded, 18th Century Artefacts Left on Road |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/adil-shah-palace-crowded-18th-century-artefacts-left-on-road/articleshow/61192823.cms |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=11 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111061140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/adil-shah-palace-crowded-18th-century-artefacts-left-on-road/articleshow/61192823.cms |url-status=live }} It was built by Yusuf Adil Shah of the Bijapur Sultanate in around 1500, as a summer residence and fortress. The building was armed with 55 cannons and surrounded by a moat. The Palace was besieged by Portuguese admiral Afonso de Albuquerque in 1510{{Cite web |title=Adil Shah's Palace |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/places/adil-shahs-palace/ |website=Government of Goa |language=en |access-date=13 September 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803232730/https://www.goa.gov.in/places/adil-shahs-palace/ |url-status=live }} and in the mid-1500s the Portuguese conquerors renamed it as ‘Idalcao's Palace’{{Cite web |title=Old Secretariat |url=https://goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/adil-shahs-palace.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 January 2018 |archive-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233514/https://goa-tourism.com/GTDC-holidays/adil-shahs-palace.htm }} and was the temporary residence of the first ‘Viceroy of Goa’. In 1963 this ancient structure was renovated by Goa government to house Goa Legislative Assembly. This structure today is 'The Goa State Museum'.

Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is a bird sanctuary named after the ornithologist Dr. Salim Ali. The sanctuary, located in the village of Chorão, near Panaji, plays host to rare and endangered bird species—both migratory and resident.

Goa is famous for its beaches, and Miramar, Bambolim, and Dona Paula are three popular beaches located near Panaji.

Dona Paula is the meeting point for two of Goa's famous rivers, Zuari and Mandovi. These two rivers meet at the Arabian Sea. The official residence of the governor of Goa, known as Cabo Raj Bhavan, is situated on the westernmost tip of Dona Paula.

Miramar Beach is one of the more crowded beaches in Goa, which remains full with local and international tourists throughout the year.

Also located near Panaji, is the Goa Science Centre which was opened to the public in December 2001. The Caculo Mall is also located in St. Inez near Panaji. Also Madhuban Complex, at St. Inez is very popular among Panjimites.

Panaji is widely acknowledged as being both the Casino capital and Gin capital of India.

File:GMC building.jpg (established in 1842 as Escola Médico-Cirúrgica de [Nova] Goa) in Campal. The institution has since been relocated and this building now serves as the headquarters of the Entertainment Society of Goa.]]

Goa's only university, the Goa University, is situated at Taleigão on the outskirts of Panaji. Some other educational institutes in Panaji are:

• Don Bosco College, Panjim{{Cite web |date=9 May 2024 |title=Higher Education |url=https://www.donboscosouthasia.org/What-we-do/Education/Higher-Education-Info?id=22 |website=Don Bosco South Asia |access-date=9 May 2024}}
• Goa Medical College, Bambolim
• Goa College of Pharmacy
• Goa Polytechnic Panaji
• Goa College of Fine Arts
• The Rosary High School, Miramar
• Our lady of Rosary (Green Rosary), Dona Paula
• Santa Cruz High School, Santa Cruz
• Don Bosco High School
• Goa Institute of Management
• Dempo College of Commerce and Economics, Altinho
• Dhempe College of Arts and Sciences, Miramar
• Mary Immaculate Girls High School, São Tomé/Fontainhas
• Sharada Mandir School, Miramar

The National Institute of Oceanography (CSIR-NIO) is situated at Dona Paula, on the outskirts of Panaji city. It specialises in marine science research.

File:Atal Setu and bridges across Rio de Ourem, Panaji.jpg

The nearest airport is Dabolim Airport which is {{convert|30|km|0|abbr=off}} away.{{Cite web |date=21 September 2011 |title=Goa |url=http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/goa_generalinfo.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421123224/http://www.aai.aero/allAirports/goa_generalinfo.jsp |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=9 May 2012 |website=Airports Authority of India |language=en}} Transport is done mainly by buses.

The other recently developed airport near to Panjim is Mopa Airport which is {{convert|40|km|0|abbr=off}} away.{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Goa |url=https://goa.app/blog/mopa-airport-to-panjim-transport |website= Goa App |language=en}} Transport is done mainly by buses. Mapusa is the nearest city, from where you can find ample public transport to the coastal areas in the form of buses, cabs, etc

State-owned All India Radio has a local station in Panaji which transmits various programs of mass interest. The annual International Film Festival of India (IFFI), is held in Panaji.{{Cite web|date=15 January 2021|title=International Film Festival of India to host its 51st edition in Goa, check details|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/international-film-festival-of-india-to-host-its-51st-edition-in-goa-check-details-2336121.html|access-date=14 August 2021|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814004130/https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/international-film-festival-of-india-to-host-its-51st-edition-in-goa-check-details-2336121.html|url-status=live}}

The Goa government, as well as the Indian government, has its major offices in Goa.

• Bombay High Court – Goa bench
• Goa Education Development Corporation
• Industrial Development Corporation Goa
• Junta House – houses government offices
• Goa Passport Office.
• Press Information Bureau (Government of India's Press Office)
• Sports Authority of Goa
• All India Radio, Altinho
• Doordarshan Complex, Altinho

The Goa Legislative Assembly is situated at Alto Porvorim, about {{convert|2|km|abbr=on}} from Panaji. The hillock called Altinho houses some major central government offices and the residences of prominent officials and politicians.

Panaji is part of Panaji (Goa Assembly constituency) and North Goa (Lok Sabha constituency).

The current chief minister of Goa, Pramod Sawant, resides here. The Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP) administers the city and its Mayor is Rohit Monserrate.{{Cite news |date=15 March 2018 |title=Chopdekar is CCP Mayor |work=The Navhind Times |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/chopdekar-is-ccp-mayor/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315124910/http://www.navhindtimes.in/chopdekar-is-ccp-mayor/ |archive-date=15 March 2018}} Vasant Agshikar is the Deputy Mayor.{{Cite news |date=13 March 2018 |title=Goa: Vithal Chopdekar & Asmita Kerkar to Be Elected Unopposed as Mayor & DY Mayor |language=en |work=The Neutral View |url=http://theneutralview.com/goa-vithal-chopdekar-asmita-kerkar-to-be-elected-unopposed-as-mayor-dy-mayor/ |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313213539/http://theneutralview.com/goa-vithal-chopdekar-asmita-kerkar-to-be-elected-unopposed-as-mayor-dy-mayor/ |archive-date=13 March 2018}}

The governor of Goa stays at the Cabo Raj Bhavan at Dona Paula, about {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} from Panaji. The current governor is S. Pillai.

{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2017}}

Two of Goa's premier association football clubs Dempo S.C. and Sporting Clube de Goa are based in Panaji and they both compete in India's one of the top-tier league I-League. Clube Tennis de Gaspar Dias in Miramar was founded in the year 1926 and remains among the most sought after Tennis clubs in Goa.{{Cite news|url=http://gogoanow.com/item/club-tennis-de-gaspar-dias/|title=Club Tennis de Gaspar Dias – GoGoaNow !|work=GoGoaNow !|access-date=7 May 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=7 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507221840/http://gogoanow.com/item/club-tennis-de-gaspar-dias/|url-status=live}} The multipurpose Campal Indoor Complex is planned in Campal besides the existing football ground.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The Don Bosco college football grounds on General Bernardo Guedes road has been long a long established sports field in the city. It also has a football club named FC Goa in Indian Super League.

Panaji is twinned with:

• {{flagicon|POR}} Lisbon, Portugal{{cite web|url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |title=Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa |access-date=23 August 2013 |work=Camara Municipal de Lisboa |language=pt |trans-title=Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031202617/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |archive-date=31 October 2013 }}
• {{flagicon|SYC}} Victoria, Seychelles{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/india-to-sign-twin-cities-agreement-with-seychelles/articleshow/64725268.cms |title=India to sign twin cities agreement with Seychelles |access-date=25 June 2018 |work=The Times of India |language=en-IN }}

• 1961 Indian annexation of Goa
• Tourism in Goa

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.ourgoa.com/ Goa: A complete Guide]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081205061436/http://goagovt.nic.in/ Government of Goa]
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Category:Cities and towns in North Goa district

Category:North Goa district

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