Pap Ndiaye
{{short description|French historian and politician}}
{{About-distinguish|the French historian and politician|Pape Seydou N'Diaye}}
{{Expand French|topic=bio|Pap Ndiaye|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{infobox Politician
| name = Pap Ndiaye
| image = Pap Ndiaye.jpg
| caption = Ndiaye in 2018
| office = Minister of National Education and Youth
| term_start = 20 May 2022
| term_end = 20 July 2023
| president =
| primeminister = Élisabeth Borne
| predecessor = Jean-Michel Blanquer
| successor = Gabriel Attal
| birth_date = 25 October 1965
| birth_place = Antony, France
| education = Lycée Lakanal
Lycée Henri-IV
| alma_mater = {{Lang|fr|École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines|italic=no}}
University of Virginia
École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales
| profession = Historian
| birth_name = Papa N'Diaye
| spouse = Jeanne Lazarus
| party = Socialist Party (1980s)
}}
Pap Ndiaye ({{IPA|fr|pap ɛndjaj}}) is a French historian and politician who has been serving as France's ambassador to the Council of Europe since 2023.[https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/l-ancien-ministre-de-l-education-nationale-pap-ndiaye-nomme-ambassadeur-aupres-du-conseil-de-l-europe-20230726 L'ancien ministre de l'Éducation nationale Pap Ndiaye nommé ambassadeur auprès du Conseil de l'Europe] Le Figaro, 26 July 2023.
Ndiaye was a professor at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences and then, since 2012, at Sciences Po. He served as Minister of National Education and Youth in the government of Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne between May 2022 and July 2023.
As an academic, Ndiaye focused on transnational philosophies of race that draw both from American and French political thought, especially as they apply to the African diaspora populations of both countries. His appointment to the government by President Emmanuel Macron drew criticisms from the far-right and parts of the traditional right.[https://www.lejdd.fr/Politique/pourquoi-emmanuel-macron-a-choisi-de-nommer-pap-ndiaye-a-leducation-nationale-4112874 "Pourquoi Emmanuel Macron a choisi de nommer Pap Ndiaye à l’Éducation nationale"], Le Journal du Dimanche (in French), 21 May 2022.
Early life and education
Ndiaye was born in Antony, Hauts-de-Seine, south of Paris, to a Senegalese father and a French mother. His sister is the writer Marie NDiaye, winner of the 2009 Prix Goncourt (she spells their surname with two uppercase letters, whereas he spells it with one).
Ndiaye graduated from the {{Lang|fr|École normale supérieure de lettres et sciences humaines|italic=no}} in 1986, and obtained the Agrégation in history. Ndiaye obtained his PhD in history from the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences. From 1991 to 1996, Ndiaye conducted research in the United States as preparation for a thesis about the history of the petrochemical corporation DuPont. As the son of a Senegalese father and a French mother, he has credited his time at the University of Virginia with exposing him to themes of racism in the United States that prompted his interest in seriously studying the topic.{{cite journal |first=Christophe |last=Boltanski |title=Noir sur le tard |date=24 February 2007 |journal=Libération |url=http://www.liberation.fr/portrait/010194909-noir-sur-le-tard |access-date=9 July 2018}}.
Career in academia
Upon returning to France, Ndiaye became a lecturer at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences. The focus of his research agenda became understanding the history of racially discrimatory practices in France and in America.{{cite journal |language=fr |author=Ivan Jablonka |title=Les Noirs, une minorité française. Entretien avec Pap Ndiaye |journal=La vie des Idées |date=20 January 2009 |url=http://www.laviedesidees.fr/Les-Noirs-une-minorite-francaise.html |access-date=15 February 2020 }} He was one of the first researchers in France to compare the history of the African diaspora in France and in the United States. Together with Patrick Lozès, the future president of the Representative Council of France's Black Associations, Ndiaye co-founded the Action Committee for the Promotion of Diversity in France.{{cite news |title=Le livre noir de Pap Ndiaye |url=http://www.lexpress.fr/informations/le-livre-noir-de-pap-ndiaye_722855.html |date=1 May 2008 |work=L'Express |last=Ceaux |first=Pascal |access-date=15 February 2020}}
In 2012, Ndiaye became a faculty member at Sciences Po.{{cite web|language=fr |title=Ndiaye, Centre d'histoire de Sciences Po |date=29 October 2018 |url=http://chsp.sciences-po.fr/en/chercheur-permanent/ndiaye |access-date=15 February 2020}} He has been a member of the Centre d'études nord-américaines (Center for North American studies) and has been an editor of the journal L'Histoire. He has also published pieces in the news media.{{cite news |url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/politique/election-presidentielle-2012/20120418.OBS6489/tribune-pour-une-nouvelle-republique.html |title="Pour une nouvelle république" |language=fr |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=15 February 2020}}
In February 2021, Ndiaye was made director of the French national museum of immigration (the Palais de la Porte Dorée, Musée national de l'histoire de l'immigration and Aquarium tropical).{{Cite web|title=French Culture Ministry Communiqué de presse|url=https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Presse/Communiques-de-presse/Pap-Ndiaye-nomme-directeur-general-de-l-etablissement-public-du-Palais-de-la-Porte-Doree-Musee-national-de-l-histoire-de-l-immigration-et-Aquarium}}
Political career
In May 2022, Ndiaye was designated the new Minister of National Education and Youth by President Emmanuel Macron in Prime Minister Élisabeth Borne's government.{{cite web|last=Caulcutt|first=Clea|date=30 May 2022|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/france-culture-war-emmanuel-macron-government-woke-minister-pap-ndiaye-education-reform/|title=France's culture wars reignited after Macron appoints 'woke' minister|website=Politico Europe|access-date=2 June 2022}} Ndiaye had previously been a critic of Macron, stating in 2019: "it is difficult to discern a policy, or even a consistent point of view".[https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/meritocratie-islamo-gauchisme-violences-policieres-pap-ndiaye-dans-le-texte-4248611 ""Méritocratie", "islamo-gauchisme", "violences policières " : Pap Ndiaye dans le texte"], Radio France (in French), 21 May 2022.
Ndiaye's surprise appointment came with widespread criticism from the far-right, Marine Le Pen, Jordan Bardella, and Éric Zemmour, but also some Republicans.[https://www.francetvinfo.fr/replay-radio/8h30-fauvelle-dely/nomination-de-pap-ndiaye-elections-legislatives-le-8h30-franceinfo-de-jordan-bardella_5128480.html "Nomination de Pap Ndiaye, élections législatives... Le "8h30 franceinfo" de Jordan Bardella"], francetvinfo (in French), 24 May 2022.{{Cite web |date=2022-05-21 |title=Pap Ndiaye à l'Éducation nationale : la droite fulmine, l'extrême gauche s'incline |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/pap-ndiaye-a-l-education-nationale-la-droite-fulmine-l-extreme-gauche-s-incline-20220521 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=LEFIGARO |language=fr}} The weekly Marianne presented him as "the importer of black studies in France" and called his positioning an "ambivalence".[https://www.marianne.net/politique/gouvernement/racisme-laicite-pensee-woke-ce-que-pense-vraiment-pap-ndiaye "Racisme, laïcité, pensée "woke" : ce que pense vraiment Pap Ndiaye"], Marianne (in French), 26 May 2022. In 2017, Ndiaye had comments on structural racism in France, explaining that according to him there is racism in the State, which can be found in some institutions like police, but it's not a racism from the State[https://www.lefigaro.fr/politique/multiculturalisme-decolonialisme-racisme-structurel-ces-querelles-que-reveille-la-nomination-de-pap-ndiaye-20220522 "Multiculturalisme, décolonialisme, racisme structurel: ces querelles que réveille la nomination de Pap Ndiaye"], Le Figaro (in French), 23 May 2022.{{Cite news |date=2017-12-18 |title=Pap Ndiaye : "Il existe bien un racisme structurel en France" |language=fr |work=Le Monde.fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2017/12/18/pap-ndiaye-il-existe-bien-un-racisme-structurel-en-france_5231358_3224.html |access-date=2022-10-24}}{{Cite web |last=Geay |first=Juliette |date=2022-05-21 |title="Méritocratie", "islamo-gauchisme", "violences policières " : Pap Ndiaye dans le texte |url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/meritocratie-islamo-gauchisme-violences-policieres-pap-ndiaye-dans-le-texte-4248611 |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=France Inter |language=fr}} In a 2021 interview with Le Monde, Ndiaye stated he did not experience racism growing up in France and only "realised that [he] was black" when he was 25 while studying in the United States.[https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2021/06/04/j-ai-un-role-civique-a-jouer-pap-ndiaye-un-historien-dans-l-arene_6082760_4500055.html "Immigration, colonisation, « islamo-gauchisme »… Pap Ndiaye, l’équilibriste"], Le Monde, 4 June 2021.
A poll conducted towards 1002 persons in the late summer 2022 by CSA for CNews found that 62% of respondents (24% not at all, 38% rather not) did not fully trust Ndiaye to fulfil his duties as Education Minister.[https://www.bfmtv.com/societe/education/62-des-francais-ne-font-pas-confiance-au-ministre-de-l-education-pap-ndiaye_AN-202209010208.html "62% des Français ne font pas confiance au ministre de l'Éducation Pap Ndiaye"], BFM TV (in French), 1 September 2022.{{Cite web |title=Sondage : 62 % des Français ne font pas confiance à Pap Ndiaye en tant que ministre de l'Education nationale |url=https://www.cnews.fr/france/2022-09-01/sondage-62-des-francais-ne-font-pas-confiance-pap-ndiaye-en-tant-que-ministre-de |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=CNEWS |date=September 2022 |language=fr}}
The head of the educational trade union (SGEN-CFDT), Catherine Nave-Bekhti,{{Cite news|last1=Lecherbonnier |first1=Sylvie |last2=Morin |first2=Violaine |newspaper=Le Monde |date=20 July 2023 |title=Pap Ndiaye quitte le gouvernement, la faillite d'un symbole |language=fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2023/07/20/pap-ndiaye-quitte-le-gouvernement-la-faillite-d-un-symbole_6182812_823448.html }} as well as educational specialist Philippe Meirieu,{{Cite news|last=Meireiu |first=Philippe |newspaper=Le Monde |date=21 July 2023 |title=Éducation: « L'extrême droite a obtenu le départ de Pap Ndiaye du gouvernement » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2023/07/21/l-extreme-droite-a-obtenu-le-depart-de-pap-ndiaye_6182837_3232.html }} and former education minister Najat Vallaud-Belkacem{{Cite news|last=Vallaud-Belkacem |first=Najat |newspaper=Le Monde |date=21 July 2023 | title=Najat Vallaud-Belkacem : « Ce n'est pas pour ce qu'il a fait ou pas fait que Pap Ndiaye quitte son ministère, c'est pour ce qu'il représente » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2023/07/21/najat-vallaud-belkacem-ce-n-est-pas-pour-ce-qu-il-a-fait-ou-pas-fait-que-pap-ndiaye-quitte-son-ministere-c-est-pour-ce-qu-il-represente_6182869_3232.html |language=fr }} suggested that Pap Ndiaye lost his position as Education Minister on 20 July in part due to his reply the week before to the constant criticism from CNews and Europe 1, in which he said that these two outlets, owned by billionaire Vincent Bolloré, had become far-right news outlets.{{Cite news|last1=Laemle |first1=Brice |last2=Gatinois |first2=Claire |first3=Ivanne |last3=Trippenbach |newspaper=Le Monde |date=12 July 2023 |title=Dans la polémique entre Pap Ndiaye et les médias de Vincent Bolloré, le gouvernement reste silencieux |language=fr |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2023/07/12/le-gouvernement-silencieux-dans-le-face-a-face-entre-pap-ndiaye-et-les-medias-de-vincent-bollore_6181573_823448.html }}
Selected works
- Du nylon et des bombes: DuPont de Nemours, le marché et l'État américain (Of nylon and bombs: Dupont de Nemours, the market and the American state), 2001
- La Condition noire (The Black condition), 2008
- Les Noirs américains : en marche pour l'égalité (Black Americans: On the march for equality), 2009
- [https://www.fayard.fr/histoire-de-chicago-9782213642550 Histoire de Chicago], Paris, Fayard, 2013 (avec Andrew Diamond)
- Les Noirs américains: De l'esclavage à Black Lives Matter, 2021
Selected awards
- Jean-Michel Gaillard Award (2008){{cite web |url=http://old.rdv-histoire.com/-Prix-Jean-Michel-Gaillard,828-.html |title=Jean-Michel Gaillard |year=2013 |publisher=La rendezvous de l'histoire |access-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726153616/http://old.rdv-histoire.com/-Prix-Jean-Michel-Gaillard,828-.html |archive-date=26 July 2019 |url-status=dead }}
- Knight of the Legion of Honour (2021)
References
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Category:People from Antony, Hauts-de-Seine
Category:French people of Senegalese descent
Category:20th-century French historians
Category:21st-century French historians
Category:Lycée Henri-IV alumni
Category:University of Virginia alumni
Category:Academic staff of Sciences Po
Category:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences alumni
Category:Academic staff of the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences
Category:Ministers of national education of France
Category:Knights of the Legion of Honour