African diaspora

File:African Diaspora.jpg

{{See also|Atlantic slave trade|Arab Slave Trade|Slavery in Africa}}

Many Africans dispersed throughout North America, South America, Europe, and Asia during the Atlantic, Trans-Saharan, Red Sea and Indian Ocean slave trades.

The earliest recorded evidence of Africans as slaves outside of Africa comes from Ancient Greece and Rome. In the Greco-Roman world, almost all native Africans were known primarily as Aithiopians, a term that refers to the constellation of Cepheus, the King of the Sky in Greek mythology. Cepheus was the Greco mythological king of Ethiopia. The constellation Cepheus, which comes from the Greek word meaning “gardener,” is home to an important variable star, Delta Cephei, after which the Cepheid variables—stars used to estimate distances in the universe—are named. Most Aithiopian slaves in the Greco-Roman world came from Kush (modern-day Sudan), after they became prisoners of war in altercations with nearby Egypt. Archaeological evidence shows that a very small proportion of slaves in the Greco-Roman world were Aithiopian, in part due to the distance required for import. Aithiopian slaves were primarily engaged in domestic and entertainment work, leading archaeologists to believe that they were considered an expensive luxury. In one ostentatious display, the Roman Emperor Nero filled a theater with Aithiopian slaves to demonstrate the wealth and power of Rome to a visiting foreign king.{{Citation |title=Slavery in Antiquity |date=September 29, 2017 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203787946-2 |work=Jews and the American Slave Trade |pages=17–32 |access-date=June 27, 2023 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9780203787946-2 |isbn=978-0-203-78794-6 }}

At the beginning of the 8th century, Arabs took African slaves from the central and eastern portions of the African continent (where they were known as the Zanj) and sold them into markets in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and the Far East, for slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate, the Abbasid Caliphate, the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire.

Beginning in the early 15th century, Europeans captured or bought African slaves from West Africa and brought them first to Europe and then, after the start of European colonization there in the late 15th century, to the Americas. The Atlantic slave trade ended in the 19th century.{{cite web | url = https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24159 | title = Historical survey > The international slave trade > Slavery | website = Encyclopædia Britannica | year = 2007 | access-date = September 30, 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929140742/https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24159 | archive-date = September 29, 2007 | url-status=live }} The dispersal through slave trading represents the largest forced migrations in human history. The economic effect on the African continent proved devastating, as generations of young people were taken from their communities and societies were disrupted. Some communities formed by descendants of African slaves in the Americas, Europe, and Asia have survived to the present day. In other cases, native Ethnic groups of Africans intermarried with non-native Africans, and their descendants blended into the local population.

In the Americas, the confluence of multiple ethnic groups from around the world contributed to multi-ethnic societies. In Central and South America, most people are descended from European, Native American, and African ancestry. In 1888, in Brazil nearly half the population descended from African slaves, the variation of physical characteristics extends across a broad range. In the United States, there was historically a greater European colonial population in relation to African slaves, especially in the Northern Tier. There was considerable racial intermarriage in colonial Virginia, and other forms of racial mixing during the slavery and post-Civil War years. Jim Crow and anti-miscegenation laws passed after the 1863–1877 Reconstruction era in the South in the late-19th century, plus waves of vastly increased immigration from Europe in the 19th and 20th centuries, maintained much distinction between racial groups. In the early-20th century, to institutionalize racial segregation, most southern states adopted the "one drop rule", which defined and recorded anyone with any discernible African ancestry as "black", even those of obvious majority native European or of majority-Native-American ancestry.

{{cite book

| title = Mapping Human History: Genes, Race, and Our Common Origins

|last = Olson | first = Steve

| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company

| isbn = 978-0-618-35210-4 | year = 2003

| pages = [https://archive.org/details/mappinghumanhist00stev/page/54 54–69]

| url = https://archive.org/details/mappinghumanhist00stev/page/54

}}

One of the results of this implementation was the loss of records of Native-identified groups, who were classified only as black because of being mixed-race.{{Cite web |title=One drop & one hate |url=https://www.amacad.org/publication/one-drop-one-hate |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences |date=January 2005 |language=en}}

{{Further|Emigration from Africa}}

From the very onset of Spanish exploration and colonial activities in the Americas, Africans participated both as voluntary expeditionary and as slave laborers.{{cite book |title = The Conquest of Michoacán |isbn = 978-0-8061-1858-1 |first = J. Benedict |last = Warren |publisher = University of Oklahoma Press |year = 1985 }}{{cite journal |first = James |last = Krippner-Martínez |title = The Politics of Conquest: An Interpretation of the Relación de Michoacán |journal = The Americas |volume = 47 |issue = 2 |date = October 1990 |pages = 177–97 |doi = 10.2307/1007371 |jstor = 1007371 |s2cid = 146963730 }} Juan Garrido was such an African conquistador. He crossed the Atlantic as a freedman in the 1510s and participated in the siege of Tenochtitlan.{{cite book |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |author1 = Kwame Anthony Appiah |author-link = Kwame Anthony Appiah |author2 = Henry Louis Gates |author2-link = Henry Louis Gates |page = 327 }} Africans had been present in Asia and Europe long before Columbus's travels. In the late 20th century, Africans began to emigrate to Europe and the Americas in increasing numbers, constituting new African diaspora communities not directly connected with the slave trade.{{Cite web |title=Defining and Studying the Modern African Diaspora {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA |url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/september-1998/defining-and-studying-the-modern-african-diaspora |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=www.historians.org}}

The African Union defined the African diaspora as "[consisting] of people of African origin living outside the continent, irrespective of their citizenship and nationality and who are willing to contribute to the development of the continent and the building of the African Union." Its constitutive act declares that it shall "invite and encourage the full participation of the African diaspora as an important part of our continent, in the building of the African Union."

Between 1500 and 1900, approximately four million enslaved Africans were transported to island plantations in the Indian Ocean as part of the Indian Ocean slave trade, roughly eight million were shipped northwards as part of the Trans-Saharan slave trade, and roughly eleven million were transported to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade.{{cite journal |type = PDF |title = Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar |journal = William and Mary Quarterly |volume = 56 |issue = 2 |year = 1999 |pages = 335–62 |doi = 10.2307/2674122 |author = Larson, Pier M. |pmid = 22606732 |jstor=2674122 }} The diaspora that resulted from the Atlantic slave trade, specifically, may also be referred to as the black diaspora.{{Cite journal |last=Rotimi |first=Charles N |last2=Tekola-Ayele |first2=Fasil |last3=Baker |first3=Jennifer L |last4=Shriner |first4=Daniel |date=2016-12-01 |title=The African diaspora: history, adaptation and health |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959437X16301095 |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |series=Genetics of human origin |volume=41 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.1016/j.gde.2016.08.005 |issn=0959-437X |pmc=5318189 |pmid=27644073 |quote=The African Diaspora has also been more narrowly defined to include only the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This narrower definition, which emphasizes the important roles that blackness, slavery, colonialism, racism, and geography played in sustaining the trans-Atlantic slave trade, is the reason why some refer to the 'African Diaspora' as the 'Black Diaspora'.}}

File:The Negro in literature and art in the United States (1918) (14576607030).jpg wrote extensively on the black experience in his homeland and abroad; he spent the last two years of his life in the newly independent Ghana and got citizenship there.]]

Many scholars have challenged conventional views of the African diaspora as a mere dispersion of African people. For them, it is a movement of liberation that opposes the implications of racialization. Their position assumes that Africans and their descendants abroad struggle to reclaim power over their lives through voluntary migration, cultural production and political conceptions and practices. It also implies the presence of cultures of resistance with similar objectives throughout the global diaspora. Thinkers like W. E. B. Dubois and more recently Robin Kelley, for example, have argued that black politics of survival reveal more about the meaning of the African diaspora than labels of ethnicity and race, and degrees of skin hue. From this view, the daily struggle against what they call the "world-historical processes" of racial colonization, capitalism, and Western domination defines blacks' links to Africa.{{cite journal |title = Decolonial Moves: Trans-locating African Diaspora Spaces |author = Lao-Montes, Agustín |journal = Cultural Studies |year = 2007 |volume = 21 |issue = 2–3 |pages = 309–38 |doi = 10.1080/09502380601164361 |s2cid = 143048986 }}

In the last decades, studies on the African diaspora have shown an interest in the roles that Africans played in bringing about modernity. This trend also opposes the traditional eurocentric perspective that has dominated history books showing Africans and its diasporans as primitive victims of slavery, and without historical agency. According to historian Patrick Manning, blacks toiled at the center of forces that created the modern world. Paul Gilroy describes the suppression of blackness due to imagined and created ideals of nations as "cultural insiderism". Cultural insiderism is used by nations to separate deserving and undeserving groupsGilroy, 3 and requires a "sense of ethnic difference" as mentioned in his book The Black Atlantic. Recognizing their contributions offers a comprehensive appreciation of global history.Manning, Patrick. The African Diaspora: A History Through Culture. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009, Kindle.

Cultural and political theorist Richard Iton suggested that diaspora be understood as a "culture of dislocation". For Iton, the traditional approach to the African diaspora focuses on the ruptures associated with the Atlantic slave trade and Middle Passage, notions of dispersal, and "the cycle of retaining, redeeming, refusing, and retrieving 'Africa.'"Iton, Richard. In Search of the Black Fantastic: Politics and Popular Culture in the Post-Civil Rights Era. Oxford University Press, 2010.{{rp|199}} This conventional framework for analyzing the diaspora is dangerous, according to Iton, because it presumes that diaspora exists outside of Africa, thus simultaneously disowning and desiring Africa. Further, Iton suggests a new starting principle for the use of diaspora: "the impossibility of settlement that correlates throughout the modern period with the cluster of disturbances that trouble not only the physically dispersed but those moved without traveling."{{rp|199–200}} Iton adds that this impossibility of settlement—this "modern matrix of strange spaces—outside the state but within the empire"—renders notions of black citizenship fanciful, and in fact, "undesirable". Iton argues that we citizenship, a state of statelessness thereby deconstructing colonial sites and narratives in an effort to "de-link geography and power", putting "all space into play" (emphasis added){{rp|199–200}} For Iton, diaspora's potential is represented by a "rediscursive albeit agonistic field of play that might denaturalize the hegemonic representations of modernity as unencumbered and self-generating and bring into clear view its repressed, colonial subscript".{{rp|201}}

African diaspora populations include:

• African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, Afro-Latin Americans, Black Canadians – descendants of mostly enslaved West and Central Africans brought to the United States, the Caribbean, Central America and South America during the Atlantic slave trade.
• Afro-Arabs (Afro-Saudis, Afro-Omanis, Afro-Syrians, Afro-Palestinians, Afro-Iraqis, Afro-Jordanians, etc.), Afro-Iranians, Afro-Turks – descendants of Zanj slaves whose ancestors were brought to the Near East and other parts of Asia during the Indian Ocean slave trade.{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10¬Found=true |title =A Legacy Hidden in Plain Sight|newspaper =The Washington Post|date=January 11, 2004|first = Theola |last =Labbż |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110514025929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A6645-2004Jan10¬Found=true|archive-date = May 14, 2011}}
• Siddis – descendants of Zanj slaves whose ancestors were brought to the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan and India). Also referred to as the Makrani in Pakistan.

{| class="wikitable sortable"

|- style="background:#efefef;"

! Continent or region

! Country population

! Afro-descendants

! {{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |title = The World Factbook> |publisher = cia.gov |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110220105711/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |archive-date = February 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }} African and African-mixed population

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! Caribbean || 41,309,327 || 67% || 27,654,061

|-

| {{flagu|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || 39,619 || 98% || 38,827

|-

| {{flagu|Dominica}} || 71,293 || 96% (87% African + 9% Mixed) || 61,882 + 9,411

|-

| {{flagu|Haiti}} || 10,646,714 || 95% || 10,114,378

|-

| {{flagu|Antigua and Barbuda}} || 78,000 || 95% || 63,000

|-

| {{flagu|Jamaica}}[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/jamaica/ Jamaica]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. || 2,812,090 || 92.1% || 2,663,614

|-

| {{flagu|Grenada}}|| 110,000 || 91% || 101,309

|-

| {{flagu|The Bahamas}} || 332,634 || 90.6% (African + British mixed)|| 301,366

|-

| {{flagu|Barbados}} || 281,968 || 90% || 253,771

|-

| {{flagu|Netherlands Antilles}}|| 225,369 || 85% || 191,564

|-

| {{flagu|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || 118,432 || 85% || 100,667

|-

| {{flagu|British Virgin Islands}} || 24,004 || 83% || 19,923

|-

| {{flagu|Saint Lucia}} || 172,884 || 83% || 142,629

|-

| {{flagu|Dominican Republic}}{{cite web |url = http://countrystudies.us/dominican-republic/23.htm |website = Countrystudies.us |publisher= U.S. Library of Congress |title = Dominican Republic: Racial and Ethnic Groups }}http://www.informaworld.com/index/902542287.pdf Inter-American Dialogue {{Dead link|date=April 2021}}|| 10,090,000 || 83% (11% Afro, 72% Mixed) || 1,109,900 + 8,000,000

|-

| {{flagu|US Virgin Islands}} || 108,210 || 80% || 86,243

|-

| {{flagu|Bermuda}} || 66,536 || 61% || 40,720

|-

| {{flagu|Cayman Islands}} || 47,862 || 60% || 28,717

|-

| {{flagu|Cuba}}[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cuba/ Cuba]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. || 11,116,396 || 35% || 3,890,738

|-

| {{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/trinidad-and-tobago/ Trinidad and Tobago]. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. || 1,215,527 || 34.2% || 415,710

|-

| {{flagu|Puerto Rico}}{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/state-by-state/puerto-rico-population-change-between-census-decade.html |title=Puerto Rico: 2020 Census |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=April 7, 2022}} || 3,285,874 || 17.5% (African + Taino mixed)|| 558,598

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! South America || 388,570,461 || N/A || N/A

|-

| {{flagu|French Guiana}} || 199,509 || 66% || 131,676

|-

| {{flagu|Suriname}} || 632,638 || 37% || 223,718

|-

| {{flagu|Guyana}} || 770,794 || 36% || 277,486

|-

| {{flagu|Colombia}}{{cite web|url = https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/grupos-etnicos/informacion-tecnica|title = Colombia una nación multicultural: su diversidad étnica|language = es|website = dane.gov.co|access-date = November 6, 2021|archive-date = April 8, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200408132304/https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/demografia-y-poblacion/grupos-etnicos/informacion-tecnica|url-status = dead}}|| 53,093,632 || 10.6–25% (10% African, 15% Mulattoes, Mixed and other groups) || 7,800,000–13,000,000; Some studies (from the United Nations) suggests that the percentage of Afro-Colombians (including mixed race groups) are around 25% or lower than the entire population in Colombia. The city of Quibdo, (Chocó){{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} has the highest percentage of Afro-Colombians than any other city in the country with 95.3% of its residents. The Colombian government estimates that 10.6% of Colombia's population are entirely of African descent.

|-

| {{flagu|Brazil}} || 213,650,000 || 55.5% || 117,983,981{{Cite web |title=Maioria da população do Brasil se declara parda |url=https://www.ufrn.br/imprensa/noticias/77639/maioria-da-populacao-do-brasil-se-declara-parda |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte |quote=(Translated) The figures show that 45.3% of the population of the country declared themselves brown; 43.5% declared themselves white, 10.2% black, 0.8% indigenous and 0.4% yellow. In the sum, 56.7% of Brazilians are non-white, of these, 55.5% are afrodescendant.}}

|-

| {{flagu|Ecuador}}{{cite web|url = http://www.inec.gov.ec/cpv_indigenas/cpv_in_g07.htm|title = Población Ecuatoriana Por Autodefinición Étnica en El VI Censo de Población del Año |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208150541/http://www.inec.gov.ec/cpv_indigenas/cpv_in_g07.htm |archive-date=February 8, 2008|website = INEC|language = es }}|| 13,927,650 || 5% || 680,000

|-

| {{flagu|Uruguay}} || 3,494,382 || 4% || 255,074

|-

| {{flagu|Venezuela}}[http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203105548/http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf |date=December 3, 2017 }}, (p. 14). || 27,227,930 || 3% (African) || 1,087,427

|-

| {{flagu|Peru}} || 29,496,000 || 3% || 828,841

|-

| {{flagu|Chile}} || 17,094,270 || 1% || 170,943*

|-

| {{flagu|Argentina}} || 46,044,703 || <1% || 302,936

|-

| {{flagu|Bolivia}} || 10,027,254 || <1% || 23,330

|-

| {{flagu|Paraguay}} || 6,109,903 || <1% || 8,013

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! North America || 450,545,368 || 10% || 42,907,538

|-

| {{flagu|United States}}{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states/ |title = CIA – The World Factbook – United States |publisher = Cia.gov |access-date = February 22, 2011 }} || 328,745,538 || 12% || 42,020,743 According to the genomics company 23andMe, less than 4% of White Americans have 1% or more of African ancestry.{{Cite web |date=2014-12-18 |title=Ancestry Across the United States |url=https://blog.23andme.com/articles/history-written-in-our-dna |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=23andMe Blog |language=en}} Including this figure changes the total to 49,241,508

|-

| {{flagu|Canada}}{{cite web |url = http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo52a.htm |title = Visible minority population, by province and territory (2001 Census) |publisher = 0.statcan.ca |date = September 11, 2009 |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080916102016/http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo52a.htm |archive-date = September 16, 2008 }} || 39,566,248|| 4% || 1,547,870

|-

| {{flagu|Mexico}} || 108,700,891 || 1% || 1,386,556{{cite web | title = Principales resultados de la Encuesta Intercensal 2015 Estados Unidos Mexicanos | url = http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | publisher = INEGI | access-date = December 9, 2015 | pages = 77 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033628/http://www.beta.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/proyectos/enchogares/especiales/intercensal/2015/doc/eic2015_resultados.pdf | archive-date = April 22, 2017 | url-status = dead }}

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! Central America || 41,283,652 || 4% || 1,453,761

|-

| {{flagu|Belize}} || 301,270 || 31% || 93,394

|-

| {{flagu|Panama}} || 3,292,693 || 11% || 362,196

|-

| {{flagu|Nicaragua}} || 5,785,846 || 9% || 520,726

|-

| {{flagu|Costa Rica}} || 4,195,914 || 3% || 125,877

|-

| {{flagu|Honduras}} || 7,639,327 || 2% || 152,787

|-

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! Europe || 738,856,462 || 1% || < 8,000,000

|-

| {{flagu|France}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.insee.fr/en/statistiques/6797730|title=Demographic report 2022|website=INSEE|author=Sylvain Papon}} || 68,000,000 || 8% || Approximately 3–5 millions.

It is illegal for the French State to collect data on ethnicity and race.

|-

| {{flagu|Portugal}} || 10,467,366 || 7% || 645,000 (People with recent immigrant background are only 325,000 (2023)) It is illegal for the Portuguese State to collect data on ethnicity and race. the percentage is likely much higher.{{Cite web |title=Portugal: Comunidade cabo-verdiana está muito bem integrada mas embaixador admite desafios |url=https://ilhas.li/aMZv |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Expresso das Ilhas |language=pt}}{{Cite web |title=Angola – Emigrantes totais 2020 {{!}} Countryeconomy.com |url=https://pt.countryeconomy.com/demografia/migracao/emigracao/angola |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=pt.countryeconomy.com |language=pt}}{{Cite web |date=15 November 2023 |title=Visão {{!}} Guineenses em Portugal elegem liberdade como maior conquista da Guiné-Bissau |url=https://visao.pt/atualidade/mundo/2023-11-15-guineenses-em-portugal-elegem-liberdade-como-maior-conquista-da-guine-bissau/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Visão |language=pt-PT}}{{Cite web |title=Moçambique – Emigrantes totais 2020 {{!}} Countryeconomy.com |url=https://pt.countryeconomy.com/demografia/migracao/emigracao/mocambique |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=pt.countryeconomy.com |language=pt}}

|-

| {{flagu|United Kingdom}} || 67,886,004 || 5% (inc. partial) || 3,000,000

|-

| {{flagu|Netherlands}}{{citation needed|date=November 2020}} || 16,491,461 || 3% || 507,000|-

|-

| {{flagu|Belgium}} || 10,666,866 ||3%||~300,000

|-

| {{flagu|Spain}} || 47,615,033 ||2,5% (including Maghrebis) ||1,206,701 (Of those ~300,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)

|-

| {{flagu|Sweden}} || 10,379,295 (2020) || 2.3% || 236,975 (2020)

|-

| {{flagu|Italy}}{{cite web |url = http://demo.istat.it/pop2015/index.html |title = ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Popolazione residente 2015 |publisher = Demo.istat.it |access-date = July 23, 2016 |archive-date = September 20, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160920225743/http://demo.istat.it/pop2015/index.html |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |url = http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html |title = ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di Statistica), Cittadini Stranieri, Bilancio Demografico 2015 Africa |publisher = Demo.istat.it |access-date = July 23, 2016 |archive-date = June 13, 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091718/http://demo.istat.it/str2015/index.html |url-status = dead }} || 60,795,612 || 2% (including Maghrebis)||1,036,653 (Of those ~450,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African)

|-

| {{flagu|Ireland}}{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ireland/ |title = Ireland: People |access-date = December 20, 2008 |website = The World Factbook |publisher = Central Intelligence Agency }} || 4,339,000 || 1.38% || 64,639

|-

| {{flagu|Germany}} || 82,000,000 || 1.2% (including Maghrebis) || 1,000,000 (Of those ~500,000 are Black Sub-Saharan African){{Cite news|last=OnlineFOCUS Staff Writer |title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein? [Can place names be racist?] |url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html |date=December 30, 2020 |access-date=April 27, 2021 |work=FOCUS Online|language=de}}

|-

| {{flagu|Finland}} || 5,603,851 (2023){{cite web |url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rb.px/ |title=11rb -- Population and change in population size by sex, 1750-2023 |website=Statistics Finland |access-date=September 29, 2024}} || 1.26% || 70,592 (2023){{r|finland-1}}

|-

| {{flagu|Norway}}{{cite web |url = http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2010-04-29-04-en.html |title = Statistics Norway – Persons with immigrant background by immigration category, country background and sex. 1 January 2010 |language = no |publisher = Ssb.no |date = January 1, 2010 |access-date = February 22, 2011 }} || 4,858,199 || 1% || 67,000

|-

| {{flagu|Switzerland}}{{cite web |url = http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/01.Document.67321.xls |title = Federal Office of Statistics |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116072408/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/key/01/01.Document.67321.xls |archive-date = January 16, 2013 |df = mdy-all }} || 7,790,000 ||1%||57,000

|-

| {{flagu|Russia}}{{cite web |url = http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |title = Мймй Зпмдео Й Мймй Дйлупо. Фемертпелф "Юетоще Тхуулйе": Уйопруйу |publisher = Africana.ru |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110115174736/http://africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |archive-date = January 15, 2011 |url-status = dead }} || 141,594,000 || <1% || 50,000

|-

|- style="background:#ccf;"

! Asia || 3,879,000,000 || <1% || ≈327,904

|-

| {{flagu|Israel}}{{cite news |url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/05/ap/world/mainD8GPUNGG8.shtml |title = Music Earns Black Hebrews Some Acceptance |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060408073137/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/04/05/ap/world/mainD8GPUNGG8.shtml |archive-date = April 8, 2006 |access-date = May 20, 2013 }} || 7,411,000 || 3% || 200,000

|-

| {{flagu|India}}{{cite web |url = http://www.colaco.net/1/siddhi0.htm |title = colaco.net |publisher = colaco.net |access-date = February 22, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226105055/http://www.colaco.net/1/siddhi0.htm |archive-date = February 26, 2009 |df = mdy-all }} || 1,132,446,000 || <1% || 40,000

|-

| {{flagu|Malaysia}}{{cite news |url = http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/5/6/nation/11153134&sec=nation |title = Fear and prejudice |work = The Star |author = Lisa Goh |access-date = February 20, 2013 |date = May 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120506050537/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2012%2F5%2F6%2Fnation%2F11153134&sec=nation |archive-date = May 6, 2012 |df = mdy-all }} || 28,334,135 || <1% || 31,904

|-

| {{flagu|Hong Kong}} || 7,200,000 || <1% || < 20,000Fenn, Andrea, [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2010-07/06/content_10067689.htm The pride, passion and purpose of HK's Africans], China Daily, July 6, 2010.

|-

| {{flagu|China}}{{cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_yu/20050630.html |title = Global View: China: Foreign ghosts |publisher = Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |date = June 30, 2005 |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110120113017/http://www.cbc.ca/news/viewpoint/vp_yu/20050630.html |archive-date = January 20, 2011 |url-status=dead }} || 1,321,851,888 || <1% || 16,000{{cite web |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1629415/guangzhou-clarifies-size-african-community-amid-fears-over-ebola-virus |title=Guangzhou clarifies size of African community amid fears over Ebola virus |author=Zhuang Pinghui |date=November 1, 2014 |website=South China Morning Post |access-date=February 11, 2018 }}

|-

| {{flagu|Japan}}[http://popafrica.homiez.net/15th/day15th1/15_1_1/ POP AFRICA]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Nagoya University) from the statictics at 2005 by the Immigration Bureau of Japan || 127,756,815 || <1% || 10,000

|-

|}

{{Main|African diaspora in the Americas}}

{{See also|Afro-Brazilians|Maroons}}

File:Neger_und_Negermischlinge.JPG

• African Americans – There are an estimated 43 million people of black African descent in the United States.
• Afro-Latin Americans – An estimation from the Pew Research Center calculates about 100  million people of African descent living in Latin America.{{Cite web |last1=López |first1=Gustavo |last2=Gonzalez-Barrera |first2=Ana |title=Afro-Latino: A deeply rooted identity among U.S. Hispanics |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/01/afro-latino-a-deeply-rooted-identity-among-u-s-hispanics/ |access-date=May 22, 2022 |website=Pew Research Center |date=March 2016 |language=en-US}} It's important to note, however, that the racial classification criteria used in the US can differ markedly from the racial classification criteria used in other countries in the region and from how other populations perceive their own racial identification.{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brazil/ |title = Brazil |website = The World Factbook |date = December 15, 2021 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Pena|first1=Sérgio D. J.|last2=Pietro|first2=Giuliano Di|last3=Fuchshuber-Moraes|first3=Mateus|last4=Genro|first4=Julia Pasqualini|last5=Hutz|first5=Mara H.|last6=Kehdy|first6=Fernanda de Souza Gomes|last7=Kohlrausch|first7=Fabiana|last8=Magno|first8=Luiz Alexandre Viana|last9=Montenegro|first9=Raquel Carvalho|last10=Moraes|first10=Manoel Odorico|last11=Moraes|first11=Maria Elisabete Amaral de|date=February 16, 2011|title=The Genomic Ancestry of Individuals from Different Geographical Regions of Brazil Is More Uniform Than Expected|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=6|issue=2|pages=e17063|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0017063|pmid=21359226|pmc=3040205|bibcode=2011PLoSO...617063P|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}} There are also sizeable African-descended populations in Cuba, Haiti, Colombia and Dominican Republic, often with ancestry of other major ethnic groups.
• Afro-Caribbeans – The population in the Caribbean is approximately 23 million. Significant numbers of African-descended people include Haiti – 8 million, Dominican Republic – 7.9 million, and Jamaica – 2.7 million,{{cite web |url = https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/World_Population_2004_chart.pdf |title = World Population 2004 chart, UN |publisher = United Nations |access-date = September 2, 2017 }}

{{Main|Afro-Caribbean}}

File:Cards and the Loser with the Peg (7664363298).jpg

The first Africans in the Americas arrived in the region during the initial period of European colonization. In 1492, Afro-Spanish sailor Pedro Alonso Niño served as a pilot on the voyages of Christopher Columbus; though he returned to the Americas in 1499, Niño did not settle in the region.{{Cite web|last=Clark|first=J.M.H.|date=June 1, 2016|title=Niño, Pedro Alonso|url=https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74670|url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=March 26, 2021|website=Oxford African American Studies Center|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.74670|isbn=978-0-19-530173-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222194811/https://oxfordaasc.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-74670 |archive-date=February 22, 2021 }} By the early 16th century, more Africans began to arrive in Spanish colonies in the Americas, sometimes as free people of color, but the majority were enslaved. Demand of African labor increased as the indigenous population of the Americas experienced a massive population decline due to the introduction of Eurasian infectious diseases (such as smallpox) to which they had no natural immunity. The Spanish Crown granted asientos (monopoly contracts) to merchants granting them the right to supply enslaved Africans in to Spanish colonies in the Americas, regulating the trade. As other European nations began establishing colonies in the Americas, these new colonies began importing enslaved Africans as well.Foner, Laura, and Eugene D. Genovese, eds. Slavery in the New World: A Reader in Comparative History. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall, 1969.

During the 17th and 18th centuries, most European colonies in the Caribbean operated on plantation economies fueled by slave labor, and the resulting importation of enslaved Africans meant that Afro-Caribbeans soon far outnumbered their European enslavers in terms of population.Stephen D. Behrendt, David Richardson, and David Eltis, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute for African and African-American Research, Harvard University. Based on "records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas". {{cite book |author = Stephen Behrendt |title = Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience |year = 1999 |publisher = Basic Civitas Books |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-465-00071-5 |chapter = Transatlantic Slave Trade |chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi }} Roughly eleven to twelve million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas as part of the transatlantic slave trade.

Beginning in 1791, the Haitian Revolution, a slave rebellion by self-emancipated slaves in the French colony of Saint-Domingue eventually led to the creation of the Republic of Haiti. The new state, led by Jean Jacques Dessalines was the first nation in the Americas to be established from a successful slave revolt and represented a challenge to the existing slave systems in the region.Philippe Girard, "Jean-Jacques Dessalines and the Atlantic System: A Reappraisal," William and Mary Quarterly (July 2012). Continuous waves of slave rebellions, such as the Baptist War led by Samuel Sharpe in British Jamaica, created the conditions for the incremental abolition of slavery in the region, with Great Britain abolishing it in the 1830s. The Spanish colony of Cuba was the last Caribbean island to emancipate its slaves.Childs, Matt D. 1812 Aponte Rebellion in Cuba and the Struggle against Atlantic Slavery, University of North Carolina Press, 2006, {{ISBN|9780807857724}}

During the 20th century, Afro-Caribbean people began to assert their cultural, economic and political rights on the world stage. The Jamaican Marcus Garvey formed the UNIA movement in the United States, continuing with Aimé Césaire's négritude movement, which was intended to create a pan-African movement across national lines. From the 1960s, the decolonization of the Americas led to various Caribbean countries gaining their independence from European colonial rule. They were pre-eminent in creating new cultural forms such as calypso, reggae music, and Rastafari within the Caribbean. Beyond the region, a new Afro-Caribbean diaspora, including such figures as Stokely Carmichael and DJ Kool Herc in the United States, was influential in the creation of the black power and hip hop movements. Influential political theorists such as Walter Rodney, Frantz Fanon and Stuart Hall contributed to anti-colonial theory and movements in Africa, as well as cultural developments in Europe.

{{Main|Black Americans}}

Several migration waves to the Americas, as well as relocations within the Americas, have brought people of African descent to North America. According to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, the first African populations came to North America in the 16th century via Mexico and the Caribbean to the Spanish colonies of Florida, Texas and other parts of the South.Dodson, Howard, and Sylviane A. Diouf, eds (2005). [http://www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226154419/http://www.inmotionaame.org/home.cfm |date=February 26, 2011 }}. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library. Retrieved November 24, 2007. Out of the 12 million people from Africa who were shipped to the Americas during the transatlantic slave trade,{{cite book |author = Ronald Segal |author-link = Ronald Segal |title = The Black Diaspora: Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa |year = 1995 |publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux |location = New York |isbn = 978-0-374-11396-4 |page = 4 |quote = It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic. [Note in original: Paul E. Lovejoy, "The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa: A Review of the Literature," in Journal of African History 30 (1989), p. 368.] ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward.}} 645,000 were shipped to the British colonies on the North American mainland and the United States. In 2000, African Americans comprised 12.1 percent of the total population in the United States, constituting the largest racial minority group. The African-American population is concentrated in the southern states and urban areas.[http://www.censusscope.org/us/map_nhblack.html United States African-American Population]. CensusScope, Social Science Data Analysis Network. Retrieved December 17, 2007.

In the establishment of the African diaspora, the transatlantic slave trade is often considered the defining element, but people of African descent have engaged in eleven other migration movements involving North America since the 16th century, many being voluntary migrations, although undertaken in exploitative and hostile environments.

In the 1860s, people from sub-Saharan Africa, mainly from West Africa and the Cape Verde Islands, started to arrive in a voluntary immigration wave to seek employment as whalers in Massachusetts. This migration continued until restrictive laws were enacted in 1921 that in effect closed the door on non-Europeans. By that time, men of African ancestry were already a majority in New England's whaling industry, with African Americans working as sailors, blacksmiths, shipbuilders, officers, and owners. The internationalism of whaling crews, including the character Daggoo, an African harpooneer, is recorded in the 1851 novel Moby-Dick. They eventually took their trade to California.[https://web.archive.org/web/20061231054329/http://www.whalingmuseum.org/kendall/heros/index_h.html "Heroes in the Ships: African Americans in the Whaling Industry"]. Old Dartmouth Historical Society / New Bedford Whaling Museum, 2001.

Today 1.7 million people in the United States are descended from voluntary immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa, most of whom arrived in the late twentieth century. African immigrants represent 6 percent of all immigrants to the United States and almost 5 percent of the African-American community nationwide. About 57 percent immigrated between 1990 and 2000.Dodson, Howard and Sylviane A. Diouf, eds (2005). [http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=13&topic=3&tab=image&bhfv=7&bhfx=&bhpc=0&bhqs=1 "The Immigration Waves: The numbers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114001146/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm?migration=13&topic=3&tab=image&bhfv=7&bhfx=&bhpc=0&bhqs=1 |date=January 14, 2011 }}, In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library. Retrieved November 24, 2007. Immigrants born in Africa constitute 1.6 percent of the black population. People of the African immigrant diaspora are the most educated population group in the United States—50 percent have bachelor's or advanced degrees, compared to 23 percent of native-born Americans.Dodson, Howard and Sylviane A. Diouf, eds (2005). [http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8301649231195914518041?migration=13&topic=4&tab=image&bhfv=7&bhfx=&bhpc=0&bhqs=1 "The Brain Drain".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090506032151/http://www.inmotionaame.org/migrations/topic.cfm;jsessionid=f8301649231195914518041?migration=13&topic=4&tab=image&bhfv=7&bhfx=&bhpc=0&bhqs=1 |date=May 6, 2009 }}[https://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol17no2/172brain.htm "Reversing Africa's 'brain drain'"], In Motion: The African-American Migration Experience. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library. Retrieved November 24, 2007. The largest African immigrant communities in the United States are in New York, followed by California, Texas, and Maryland.

Due to the legacy of slavery in the colonial history of the United States, the average African American has a significant European component to his DNA.{{Cite journal|last1=Bryc|first1=Katarzyna|last2=Durand|first2=Eric Y.|last3=Macpherson|first3=J. Michael|last4=Reich|first4=David|last5=Mountain|first5=Joanna L.|date=January 8, 2015|title=The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=96|issue=1|pages=37–53|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010|issn=0002-9297|pmc=4289685|pmid=25529636}} According to a study conducted in 2011, the African American DNA consists on average of 73.2% West African, 24% European and 0.8% Native American DNA. The European ancestry of African Americans is largely patrilineal with an estimated 19% of African American ancestors being European males, and 5% being European females. The interracial mixing occurred before the Civil War and largely in the American South, beginning during the colonial era.

The states with the highest percentages of people of African descent are Mississippi (36%), and Louisiana (33%). While not a state, the population of the District of Columbia is more than 50% black.{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-where-blacks-are-no-longer-a-majority-has-a-new-african-american-affairs-director/2015/02/04/e8bd65a0-ac8e-11e4-ad71-7b9eba0f87d6_story.html |title = D.C., where blacks are no longer a majority, has a new African American affairs director |date = February 4, 2015 |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = February 6, 2016 |author = DeBonis, Mike }} Recent African immigrants represent a minority of black people nationwide. The U.S. Bureau of the Census categorizes the population by race based on self-identification.U.S. Census Bureau. [http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_ASR151205.htm State & County QuickFacts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922014505/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_ASR151205.htm |date=September 22, 2008 }}. Retrieved November 6, 2007. The census surveys have no provision for a "multiracial" or "biracial" self-identity, but since 2000, respondents may check off more than one box and claim multiple ethnicity that way.

{{Main|Black Canadians}}

Much of the earliest black presence in Canada came from the newly independent United States after the American Revolution; the British resettled African Americans (known as Black Loyalists) primarily in Nova Scotia. These were primarily former slaves who had escaped to British lines for promised freedom during the Revolution.

Later during the antebellum years, other individual African Americans escaped to Canada, mostly to locations in Southwestern Ontario, via the Underground Railroad, a system supported by both blacks and whites to assist fugitive slaves. After achieving independence, northern states in the U.S. had begun to abolish slavery as early as 1793, but slavery was not abolished in the South until 1865, following the American Civil War.

Black immigration to Canada in the twentieth century consisted mostly of Caribbean descent.{{Cite book|title=The African Diaspora in Canada: negotiating identity & belonging|url=https://archive.org/details/africandiasporac00tett|url-access=limited|last1=Tettey|first1=Wisdom J.|last2=Puplampu|first2=Korbla P.|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=2005|isbn=978-1-85109-700-5|location=Calgary, Alberta, Canada|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africandiasporac00tett/page/n217 205]}} As a result of the prominence of Caribbean immigration, the term "African Canadian", while sometimes used to refer to the minority of Canadian blacks who have direct African or African-American heritage, is not normally used to denote black Canadians. Blacks of Caribbean origin are usually denoted as "West Indian Canadian", "Caribbean Canadian" or more rarely "Afro-Caribbean Canadian", but there remains no widely used alternative to "Black Canadian" which is considered inclusive of the African, Afro-Caribbean, and African-American black communities in Canada.

{{Main|Afro-Latin Americans}}

File:Merengue Dominicano.jpg includes many Afro-Caribbeans, mestizos, Taíno-descended persons, and whites.]]

File:27 anos da Fundação Cultural Palmares.jpg celebrating at a ceremony held by the Ministry of Culture.]]

At an intermediate level, in South America and in the former plantations in and around the Indian Ocean, descendants of enslaved people are a bit harder to define because many people are mixed in demographic proportion to the original slave population. In places that imported relatively few slaves (like Chile), few if any are considered "black" today.Harry Hoetink, Caribbean Race Relations: A Study of Two Variants (Lon-don, 1971), xii. In places that imported many enslaved people (like Brazil or Dominican Republic), the number is larger, though most identify themselves as being of mixed, rather than strictly African, ancestry.Clara E. Rodriguez, "Challenging Racial Hegemony: Puerto Ricans in the United States," in Race, ed. Steven Gregory and Roger Sanjek (New Brunswick NJ, 1994), 131–45, 137. See also Frederick P. Bowser, "Colonial Spanish America," in Neither Slave Nor Free: The Freedmen of African Descent in the Slave Societies of the New World, ed. David W. Cohen and Jack P. Greene (Baltimore, 1972), 19–58, 38. In places like Brazil and the Dominican Republic, blackness is performed in more taboo ways than it is in, say, the United States. The idea behind Trey Ellis Cultural Mulatto comes into play as there are blurred lines between what is considered as black.

In Colombia, the African slaves were first brought to work in the gold mines of the Department of Antioquia. After this was no longer a profitable business, these slaves slowly moved to the Pacific coast, where they have remained unmixed with the white or Indian population until today. The whole Department of Chocó remains a black area. Mixture with white population happened mainly in the Caribbean coast, which is a mestizo area until today. There was also a greater mixture in the south-western departments of Cauca and Valle del Cauca. In these mestizo areas the African culture has had a great influence.{{Cite journal |last=Wade |first=Peter |date=1995 |title=The Cultural Politics of Blackness in Colombia |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/646706 |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=341–357 |doi=10.1525/ae.1995.22.2.02a00070 |jstor=646706 |issn=0094-0496}}

{{See also|Afro-European}}

Some European countries make it illegal to collect demographic census information based on ethnicity or ancestry (e.g. France), but some others do query along racial lines (e.g. the UK). Of 42 countries surveyed by a European Commission against Racism and Intolerance study in 2007, it was found that 29 collected official statistics on country of birth, 37 on citizenship, 24 on religion, 26 on language, 6 on country of birth of parents, and 22 on nationality or ethnicity.

{{See also|Black people in France}}

Estimates of 3 to 5 million of African descent,{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/17/arts/17abroad.html|title=For blacks in France, Obama's rise is reason to rejoice, and to hope|last=Kimmelman|first=Michael|date=June 17, 2008|work=The New York Times|access-date=October 18, 2021}} although one quarter of the Afro-French population live in overseas territories. This number is difficult to estimate because the French census does not use race as a category for ideological reasons.1/4 of the French African population comes from the Caribbean islands. [http://www.institutmontaigne.org/medias/im_rapport_oublies-de-legalite-des-chances.pdf in French] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926063003/http://www.institutmontaigne.org/medias/im_rapport_oublies-de-legalite-des-chances.pdf |date=September 26, 2007 }}

{{See also|Afro-Germans}}

As of 2020, there were approximately 1,000,000 Afro-Germans.{{cite web |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein? |url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html |quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande.}} This number is difficult to estimate because the German census does not use race as a category.{{cite book |last=Mazon |first=Patricia |url=https://archive.org/details/notsoplainasblac0000unse/page/3 |title=Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000 |publisher=University of Rochester Press |year=2005 |isbn=1-58046-183-2 |location=Rochester |pages=3}}

{{Main|Afro-Abkhazians}}

Some black people of unknown origin (Though perceived as Ethiopians) once inhabited southern Abkhazia; today, they have been assimilated into the Abkhaz population.

{{main|African emigrants to Italy}}

African emigrants to Italy include Italian citizens and residents originally from Africa; immigrants from Africa officially residing in Italy in 2015 numbered over 1 million residents.{{Cite web|author=Dati ISTAT 2016|title=Cittadini stranieri in Italia – 2016|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2018/|website=tuttitalia.it}}

{{See also|Afro-Dutch}}

There are an estimated 500,000 African or mixed African people in the Netherlands and the Dutch Antilles. They mainly live in the islands of Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao and Saint Martin, the latter of which is also partly French-controlled. Many Afro-Dutch people reside in the Netherlands.Gowricharn, Ruben S. ( 2006 ). [https://books.google.com/books?id=NR1upOe8KKMC&q=afro+dutch Caribbean Transnationalism: Migration, Pluralization, and Social Cohesion]. Lexington Books.

{{See also|Afro-Portuguese people}}

As of 2021, there were at least 232,000 people of recent Native African immigrant background living in Portugal. They mainly live in the regions of Lisbon, Porto, Coimbra. As Portugal doesn't collect information dealing with ethnicity, the estimate includes only people that, as of 2021, hold the citizenship of an African country or people who have acquired Portuguese citizenship from 2008 to 2021, thus excluding descendants, people of more distant African ancestry or people who have settled in Portugal generations ago and are now Portuguese citizens.{{Cite web |title=Sefstat |url=https://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2021.pdf}}{{Cite web |title=Portal do INE |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008370&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=pt |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=www.ine.pt}}

{{Main|Afro-Romanian}}

{{See also|Afro-Spaniards}}

As of 2021, there were 1,206,701 Africans. They mainly live in the regions of Andalusia, Catalonia, Madrid and the Canaries.{{Cite web |title=Población residente por fecha, sexo, nacionalidad (agrupación de países) y lugar de nacimiento (agrupación de países)(9691) |url=https://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691 |access-date=December 17, 2022 |website=INE |language=es |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025102106/https://ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=9691 |url-status=dead }}

{{Main|Black British}}

There are about 2,500,000 (4.2%) people identifying as Black British (not including British Mixed), among which are Afro-Caribbeans. They live mostly in urban areas in England.

File:An African man in Karabakh by George Kennan.jpg

{{Main|Afro-Russians}}

The first Black people in Russia were the result of the slave trade of the Ottoman Empire{{cite web |url = http://www.africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |title = Лили Голден и Лили Диксон. Телепроект "Черные русские": синопсис. Info on "Black Russians" film project in English |publisher = Africana.ru |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110115174736/http://africana.ru/Golden/info/black_russians_project_engl.htm |archive-date = January 15, 2011 |url-status = dead }} and their descendants still live on the coasts of the Black Sea. Czar Peter the Great was advised by his friend Lefort to bring in Africans to Russia for hard labor. Alexander Pushkin's great-grandfather was the African princeling Abram Petrovich Gannibal, who became Peter's protégé, was educated as a military engineer in France, and eventually became general-en-chef, responsible for the building of sea forts and canals in Russia.Gnammankou, Dieudonné. [http://www.gnammankou.com/publications.htm Abraham Hanibal – l'aïeul noir de Pouchkine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315094553/http://www.gnammankou.com/publications.htm |date=March 15, 2016 }}, Paris, 1996.{{cite web |url = http://www.profilebooks.com/title.php?titleissue_id=371 |title = Barnes, Hugh. Gannibal: The Moor of Petersburg |location = London |publisher = Profile Books |year = 2005 |access-date = February 22, 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110114031635/http://www.profilebooks.com/title.php?titleissue_id=371 |archive-date = January 14, 2011 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all }}

During the 1930s fifteen Black American families moved to the Soviet Union as agricultural experts.[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE7D6163AF930A25751C1A964958260 Eric Foner, "Three Very Rare Generations"] review of Yelena Khanga's family memoir Soul To Soul: A Black Russian American Family 1865–1992, in The New York Times, December 13, 1992. As African states became independent in the 1960s, the Soviet Union offered their citizens the chance to study in Russia; over 40 years, 400,000 African students came, and some settled there.{{cite web|url=http://www.mediarights.org/film/black_russians|title=Film: Black Russians|publisher=MediaRights.org|access-date=February 22, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110417213901/http://www.mediarights.org/film/black_russians|archive-date=April 17, 2011}}

{{Main|Afro-Turks}}

Afro-Turks are people of Zanj (Bantu) descent living in Turkey. Like the Afro-Abkhazians, they trace their origins to the Ottoman slave trade. Beginning several centuries ago, a number of Africans came to the Ottoman Empire, usually via Zanzibar as Zanj and from places such as present-day Niger, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Kenya and Sudan;{{cite web | url = http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080827055914/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=141522 |archive-date = August 27, 2008 |title = Turks with African ancestors want their existence to be felt |work = Today's Zaman |date = May 11, 2008 |access-date = August 28, 2008 }} they settled by the Dalaman, Menderes and Gediz valleys, Manavgat, and Çukurova. In the 19th century, contemporary records mention African quarters of İzmir, including Sabırtaşı, Dolapkuyu, Tamaşalık, İkiçeşmelik, and Ballıkuyu.

{{cite web

|url = http://www.radikal.com.tr/Default.aspx?aType=Detay&ArticleID=896230&Date=30.08.2008&CategoryID=79

|title = Afro-Türklerin tarihi, Radikal, 30 August 2008. Retrieved 22 January 2009

|publisher = Radikal.com.tr |date = August 30, 2008 |access-date = May 3, 2012

}}

Africans in Turkey are around 100.000 people.

{{Cite web|title=İstanbul'da yaşayan Afrikalıların sayısı 70 bine yakın. Ten renklerinden ötürü ötekileştirilmiyor olmak onları Türkiye'ye bağlıyor.|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html|url-status=live|access-date=October 26, 2021|website=www.trthaber.com|date=December 13, 2020 |language=tr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213134049/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/yasam/esenyurtun-afrikali-gocmenleri-538129.html |archive-date=December 13, 2020 }}

File:Siddi community (16527139018).jpg from the state of Gujarat in India]]

There are a number of communities in South Asia that are descended from African slaves, traders or soldiers.Shanti Sadiq Ali, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times] The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times], Orient Blackswan, 1996. These communities are the Siddi, Sheedi, Makrani and Sri Lanka Kaffirs.{{cite book |last1=Yimene |first1=Ababu Minda |title=An African Indian community in Hyderabad: Siddi identity, its maintenance and change |date=2004 |publisher=Cuvillier Verlag. |location=Gottingen, Germany |isbn=3-86537-206-6 |pages=117–118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DigPvwHTqJ4C&q=origin+african&pg=PR5 |access-date=October 19, 2021}} In some cases, they became very prominent, such as Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, Hoshu Sheedi, Malik Ambar,{{citation|title=Malik Ambar: The African slave who built Aurangabad and ruined the game for Mughals in the Deccan|date=May 15, 2020|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/malik-ambar-aurangabad-mughals-jahangir-akbar-shivaji-6397143/|access-date= May 15, 2020}} or the rulers of Janjira State. The Mauritian creole people are the descendants of African slaves similar to those in the Americas.

The Siddi ({{IPA|hns|sɪd̪d̪i|pron}}), also known as the Sheedi, Sidi, Siddhi, or Habshi, are an ethnic group inhabiting India and Pakistan. Members are mostly descended from the Bantu peoples of Southeast Africa, along with Habesha immigrants. Some were merchants, sailors, indentured servants, slaves and mercenaries.{{cite journal|last=Shah|first=Anish M.|title=Indian Siddis: African Descendants with Indian Admixture|journal=American Journal of Human Genetics|date=July 15, 2011|volume=89|issue=1|pages=154–161|doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.030|display-authors=etal|pmid=21741027|pmc=3135801}} The Siddi population is currently estimated at 850,000 individuals, with Karnataka, Gujarat and Telangana states in India and Makran and Karachi in Pakistan as the main population centres.{{Citation | title=Gujarat | author=Kumar Suresh Singh, Rajendra Behari Lal | year=2003 | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India (Popular Prakashan) | isbn=978-81-7991-106-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWrTs5yt1DkC | quote=At present the Siddis are living in the western coast of Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka states the prominent black Indian known is Reme. Their main concentration is in Junagadh district of Rajkot division. They are a scheduled tribe. According to the 1981 census, the population of the Siddi tribe is 54,291. The Siddi speak Gujarati language within their kin circle as well as with the outsiders. Gujarati script is used...}} Siddis are primarily Muslims, although some are Hindus and others belong to the Catholic Church.{{Citation | title=The African dispersal in the Deccan | author=Shanti Sadiq Ali | year=1996 | publisher=Orient Blackswan | isbn=978-81-250-0485-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC | quote=Among the Siddi families in Karnataka there are Catholics, Hindus and Muslims... It was a normal procedure for the Portuguese to baptise African slaves ... After living for generations among Hindus they considered themselves to be Hindus.... The Siddi Hindus owe allegiance to Saudmath ...}}

Although often economically and socially marginalised as a community today, Siddis once ruled Bengal as the Habshi dynasty of the Bengal Sultanate, while the famous Siddi, Malik Ambar, effectively controlled the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. He played a major role, politically and militarily, in Indian history by slowing down the penetration of the Delhi-based Mughals into the Deccan Plateau of South central India.{{cite news |last1=Roychowdhury |first1=Adrija |title=African rulers of India: That part of our history we choose to forget |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/ |access-date=September 10, 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=June 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728090645/https://indianexpress.com/article/research/african-rulers-of-india-that-part-of-our-history-we-choose-to-forget/ |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}

Some Pan-Africanists also consider other peoples as diasporic African peoples. These groups include, among others, Negritos, such as in the case of the peoples of the Malay Peninsula (Orang Asli);{{cite web |title = Black People in the Philippines |author = Runoko Rashidi |access-date = September 29, 2007 |date = November 4, 2000 |url = http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/filipinos.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115639/http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/filipinos.html |archive-date = September 29, 2007 |url-status = dead }} New Guinea (Papuans);{{cite web |title = West Papua New Guinea: Interview with Foreign Minister Ben Tanggahma |access-date = September 29, 2007 |date = July 25, 2007 |url = http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/nguinea.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184514/http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/nguinea.html |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |url-status = dead }} Andamanese; certain peoples of the Indian subcontinent,{{cite web |title = Notes from a Brother in India: History and Heritage |author = Iniyan Elango |date = August 8, 2002 |access-date = September 29, 2007 |url = http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/elango1.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000117/http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/elango1.html |archive-date = September 28, 2007 |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |title = The Blacks of East Bengal: A Native's Perspective |author = Horen Tudu |access-date = September 29, 2007 |date = August 8, 2002 |url = http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/bengal.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000410/http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/bengal.html |archive-date = September 28, 2007 |url-status = dead }} and the aboriginal peoples of Melanesia and Micronesia.{{cite web |title = Blacks in the Pacific |access-date = September 29, 2007 |author = Runoko Rashidi |date = November 19, 1999 |url = http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/pacific.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184632/http://www.cwo.com/~lucumi/pacific.html |archive-date = September 30, 2007 |url-status = dead }}{{cite web |url = http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/cgi-bin/omd?micronesians |title = Micronesians |publisher = Newcastle University |access-date = September 2, 2017 }} Most of these claims are rejected by mainstream ethnologists as pseudoscience and pseudo-anthropology, as part of ideologically motivated Afrocentrist irredentism, touted primarily among some extremist elements in the United States who do not reflect on the mainstream African-American community.Mary Lefkowitz, Not Out Of Africa: How "Afrocentrism" Became An Excuse To Teach Myth As History, New Republic Press, {{ISBN|0-465-09838-X}}, {{ISBN|978-0-465-09838-5}} Mainstream anthropologists determine that the Andamanese and others are part of a network of autochthonous ethnic groups present in South Asia that trace their genetic ancestry to a migratory sequence that culminated in the Australian Aboriginals rather than from Africa directly.{{cite journal |last1=Kumar |first1=Vikrant |last2=Reddy |first2=B. Mohan |title=Status of Austro-Asiatic groups in the peopling of India: An exploratory study based on the available prehistoric, linguistic and biological evidences |journal=Journal of Biosciences |date=June 1, 2003 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=507–522 |doi=10.1007/BF02705125 |pmid=12799497 |s2cid=3078465 }}{{cite journal |last1=Watkins |first1=W. S. |last2=Bamshad |first2=M. |last3=Dixon |first3=M. E. |last4=Rao |first4=B. Bhaskara |last5=Naidu |first5=J. M. |last6=Reddy |first6=P. G. |last7=Prasad |first7=B. V. R. |last8=Das |first8=P. K. |last9=Reddy |first9=P. C. |last10=Gai |first10=P. B. |last11=Bhanu |first11=A. |last12=Kusuma |first12=Y. S. |last13=Lum |first13=J. K. |last14=Fischer |first14=P. |last15=Jorde |first15=L. B. |title=Multiple origins of the mtDNA 9-bp deletion in populations of South India |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |date=1999 |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=147–158 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199906)109:2<147::AID-AJPA1>3.0.CO;2-C |pmid=10378454 }}{{cite journal |last1=Endicott |first1=Phillip |last2=Gilbert |first2=M. Thomas P. |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=Lalueza-Fox |first4=Carles |last5=Willerslev |first5=Eske |last6=Hansen |first6=Anders J. |last7=Cooper |first7=Alan |title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=January 2003 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=178–184 |doi=10.1086/345487 |pmid=12478481 |pmc=378623 }} Genetic testing has shown the Andamani to belong to the Y-Chromosome Haplogroup D-M174, which is in common with Australian Aboriginals and the Ainu people of Japan rather than the actual African diaspora.{{Cite web|url=http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728005528/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mcdonald/WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf|title=WorldHaplogroupsMaps.pdf.|archive-date=July 28, 2004}}

File:The Kingdom of Aksum.png at its height, with a presence on the Arabian peninsula outside of the African continent]] The Kingdom of Aksum was an ancient empire in what is now northern Ethiopia. There were four invasions and subsequent settlements of Aksumites in Himyar, located across the Red Sea in modern-day Yemen. These invasions and settlements led to one of the first large-scale African diasporas in the ancient world.

In 517 AD, the Himyarite king Ma'adikarib was overthrown by Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish leader who began persecuting Christians{{cite book |title=The Chronicle of Seert |translator-last=Alcock |translator-first=Anthony |url=https://archive.org/details/AlcockChronicleOfSeertET |year=2014 |chapter=73. The Conversion of the People of Najrân }} and confiscating trade goods between Aksum and the Byzantine Empire,{{ cite book |last=Kobishchanov |first=Yuri M. |year=1990 |title=Axum |location=University Park, Pennsylvania |publisher=Penn State University Press |page=91 |isbn=0271005319 |author-link=Yuri Kobishchanov }} both of which were Christian nations.{{cite book |author=Procopius |translator-last=Dewing |translator-first=Henry Bronson |year=1914 |title=Procopius, with an English translation by H. B. Dewing |location=London |publisher=William Heinemann |pages=189, 193 |volume=1 |author-link=Procopius }} According to the Book of the Himyarites, a man identified as Bishop Thomas journeyed to Aksum to report on the persecution of Christians in Himyar to the Aksumite Kingdom.{{cite book |title=The book of the Himyarites : fragments of a hitherto unknown Syriac work. |publisher=Lund : C.W.K. Gleerup |editor-first=Axel |editor-last=Moberg |year=1924 |page=ci }} As a result, the Aksumite king Ahayawa invaded Himyar.{{harvp | Moberg | 1924 | pp=ci }}. Some sources (e.g. Acta Sanctorum) indicate that the king at this time was not Ahayawa, but Kaleb; other sources (e.g. Procopius) begin with the second invasion led by Kaleb. Dhu Nuwas fled this first invasion,{{cite book |title=Acta Sanctorum |at=Octobris X, index chronologicus, saeculo VI |location=Brussels |year=1861 |url=https://www.roger-pearse.com/weblog/2012/06/19/volumes-of-the-acta-sanctorum-online/ }} Cited in {{ harvp | Kobishchanov | 1990 | p=91 }}. (The Tapharis named in Acta Santorum is Zafar, Yemen.) and at least 580 Aksumite soldiers remained in Himyar.{{harvp | Moberg | 1924 | pp=ci-cii, cv }}. Page ci establishes that the first presence of Aksumites (Abyssinians) in Himyar was due to Ahayawa's (HWYN') invasion. Page cv indicates that Dhu Nuwas (Masrūq) killed 300 Aksumite soldiers on one occasion and 280 on another, leading to the conclusion that at least 580 Aksumite soldiers were in Himyar. Page cii shows that these killings happened soon after Ahayawa's invasion, suggesting that the 580 Aksumite soldiers were part of the invasion. Himyarites who opposed Aksumite settlement united under Dhu Nuwas,{{ sfn | Kobishchanov | 1990 | p=92 }} and the formerly expelled king traveled back to kill the Aksumite soldiers and continue the oppression of Christians, forcing some settlers back into Aksum.{{sfn | Moberg | 1924 | pp=cii }}

File:Kaleb.jpg]] In response to Dhu Nuwas's Christian persecution, the new Aksumite king Kaleb first sent a group of Himyarite refugees in his Aksumite kingdom back into Himyar to stir up underground resistance against Dhu Nuwas. These discontented Himyarites then united under nobleman Sumyafa Ashwa.{{ sfn | Kobishchanov | 1990 | p=100 }} Kaleb successfully invaded Himyar with an Aksumite army in 525 and installed Sumyafa Ashwa to rule.{{ sfn | Procopius | 1914 | p=189 }} {{ sfn | Moberg | 1924 | pp=cxlii, cxxxiv-cxxxv }} More Aksumite soldiers remained in Himyar to claim land.{{ sfn | Procopius | 1914 | p=191 }} The Byzantine ruler Justinian learned of this development and sent an ambassador, Julianus, to ally Aksum and Himyar with the Byzantine Empire against Persia. The overtures made by the Byzantine Empire to influence Himyar demonstrate that the Aksumite settlers in Himyar, due to their sustained residence and political organization, constituted a "stable community in exile", which historian Carlton Wilson deems a necessary condition to classify a settlement as a diaspora.{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Carlton |year=1997 |title=Conceptualizing the African Diaspora |journal=Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East |volume=17 |number=2 |pages=118–122 |doi=10.1215/1089201X-17-2-118 }} Justinian had two wishes for this proposed alliance: first, for Aksum to purchase and distribute Indian silk to the Byzantine Empire to undermine Persia economically, and second, for Aksum-ruled Himyar to invade Persia, led by the general Caisus. Both of these plans failed, as Persia's proximity to India made the interruption of their silk trade impossible, and neither Himyar nor Aksum saw value in attacking an adversary that was both stronger and far too distant. Caisus was also responsible for killing a relative of Sumyafa Ashwa's, making Aksumites unwilling to go into battle under him.{{ sfn | Procopius | 1914 | p=193 }}

A third invasion was prompted by a rebellion of Aksumite soldiers between 532 and 535,{{ sfn | Kobishchanov | 1990 | p=105 }} led by the former slave{{ sfn | Procopius | 1914 | p=191 }} and Aksumite commander{{ sfn | Kobishchanov | 1990 | p=105 }} Abreha, against Sumyafa Ashwa. Kaleb sent 3,000 soldiers to quell this rebellion, led by one of his relatives, but these soldiers joined Abreha's rebellion upon arrival and killed Kaleb's relative. Kaleb sent reinforcements in another attempt to end the rebellion, but his soldiers were defeated and forced to turn around. Following Kaleb's death, Abreha paid tribute to Aksum to reinforce Himyar's independence.{{ sfn | Procopius | 1914 | p=191 }} The new Himyarite nation consisted of several thousand Aksumite emigrants, serving as one of the earliest examples of a large-scale movement of tropical Africans outside of the continent. Just a century later, Aksum's relationship to this southwestern part of the Arabian Peninsula would be pivotal to the introduction of Islam at Mecca and Yathrib (Medina), as evidenced by the naming of Bilal,{{cite encyclopedia |title=Bilа̄l b. Rabа̄ḥ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second edition |last=Arafat |first=W. }} {{cite book |author=Isḥа̄q |date=1998 |title=The Life Of Muhammad |location=Karachi |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=143–144|author-link=Ibn Ishaq}} an Ethiopian,{{ sfn | Isḥа̄q | 1998 | pp=235-236 }} as the first muezzin, and the flight of some of Muhammad's earliest followers from Mecca to Askum.{{ cite book |title=Biography of the Prophet |author=Sīrat ibn Hishа̄m |editor-first='Abdus-Salа̄m |editor-last=M. Hа̄rūn |date=2000 |publisher=Al-Falah Foundation for Translation, Publication and Distribution |location=Cairo }}

File:ChinnaSmith.jpg's Earl "Chinna" Smith is a reggae performer; the genre includes frequent references to Rastafari, pan-Africanism, and artwork with pan-African colors.]]

Although fragmented and separated by land and water, the African Diaspora maintains connection through the use of music.{{Cite web |title=Selena Gomez and Rema on Winning the First Ever Afrobeats Award at the 2023 MTV VMAs |url=https://www.zaminna.com/african-diaspora-news/selena-gomez-and-rema-on-winning-the-first-ever-afrobeats-award-at-the-2023-mtv-vmas |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.zaminna.com |language=en}}{{Cite web |title=Is All This Because Of The Internet? |url=https://www.zaminna.com/african-diaspora-news/is-all-this-because-of-the-internet |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=www.zaminna.com |language=en}} This link between the various sects of the African Diaspora is termed by Paul Gilroy as The Black Atlantic.{{Cite book|title=The Black Atlantic|url=https://archive.org/details/blackatlanticmod00gilr_898|url-access=limited|last=Gilroy|first=Paul|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=1993|isbn=9780674076068|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackatlanticmod00gilr_898/page/n4 1]–97}} The Black Atlantic is possible because black people have a shared history rooted in oppression that is displayed in Black genres such as rap and reggae.{{Cite book|title=Dub: Soundscapes and Shattered Songs in Jamaican Reggae|last=Veal|first=Michael|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|year=2007|pages=454–467}} The linkages within the black diaspora formulated through music allows consumers of music and artists to pull from different cultures to combine and create a conglomerate of experiences that reaches across the world.{{cite journal |last=Campbell |first=Mark |date=December 2012 |title='Other/ed' Kinds of Blackness: An Afrodiasporic Versioning of Black Canada |journal=Southern Journal of Canadian Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=46–65 |url=https://ojs.library.carleton.ca/index.php/sjcs/article/view/288 |doi=10.22215/sjcs.v5i1.288 |s2cid=133614797 |doi-access=free }}

• African apologies for the Atlantic slave trade
• Africanisms
• African Australians
• African Diaspora Archaeology Newsletter
• African immigration to Europe
• Afro-Latin Americans
• African diaspora religions
• Black-brown unity
• Blaxit
• Emigration from Africa
• Genetic history of the African diaspora
• List of topics related to the African diaspora

{{Clear}}

{{Notes}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=OHg2eXlVMykC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora in the United States and Europe: the Ghanaian experience |first1 = John A. |last1 = Arthur |publisher = Ashgate |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-0-7546-4841-3 }}
• {{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nkVxNVvex-sC&q=Encyclopedia%20of%20the%20African%20diaspora%3A%20origins%2C%20experiences%20and%20culture&pg=PP1 |title = Encyclopedia of the African Diaspora: origins, experiences and culture, Volume 1 |first = Carole |last = Boyce Davies |author-link = Carole Boyce Davies |location = Santa Barbara, Calif |publisher = ABC-CLIO |year = 2008 |isbn = 978-1-85109-700-5 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=i2ub33rbk3MC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Navigating the African Diaspora: The Anthropology of Invisibility |first = Donald Martin |last = Carter |publisher = University of Minnesota Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-8166-4777-4 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=e7uVp3ipwW0C&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Racial Structure and Radical Politics in the African Diaspora |first = James L. Jr. |last = Conyers |publisher = London: Transaction |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-1-4128-1045-6 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iLxYa1HpdbgC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Extending the Diaspora: New Histories of Black People |first1 = Dawne Y. |last1 = Curry |first2 = Eric D. |last2 = Duke |first3 = Marshanda A. |last3 = Smith |publisher = University of Illinois Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-252-03459-6 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YH-DgrHLu1UC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = Black Europe and the African Diaspora |first1 = Darlene Clark |author-link=Darlene Clark Hine|last1 = Hine |first2 = Trica |last2 = Danielle Keaton |first3 = Stephen |last3 = Small |publisher = University of Illinois Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-252-07657-2 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Karmwar |first1=Manish |title=African Diaspora in India |journal=Diaspora Studies |date=January 1, 2010 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=69–91 |doi=10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |doi-broken-date=November 1, 2024 |s2cid=152992988 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |access-date=November 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205175346/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09739572.2010.10597342 |url-status=dead }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CMg--t-YQWQC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The New African Diaspora |first1 = Isidore |last1 = Okpewho |author-link1 = Isidore Okpewho |first2 = Nkiru |last2 = Nzegwu |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 2009 |isbn = 978-0-253-35337-5 }}.
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KEsqd8CkCZ8C&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora and the Disciplines |first1 = Tejumola |last1 = Olaniyan |first2 = James H |last2 = Sweet |publisher = Indiana University Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-253-35464-8 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hCcMb_2i0SUC&q=African%20diaspora&pg=PP1 |title = The Latin American Identity and the African Diaspora: Ethnogenesis in Context |first = Antonio |last = Olliz-Boyd |publisher = Cambria Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-60497-704-2 }}
• {{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QpoxptJZ73sC&q=The%20African%20diaspora%20in%20Canada%3A%20negotiating%20identity%20%26%20belonging&pg=PP1 |title = The African Diaspora in Canada: negotiating identity & belonging |last1 = Wisdom |first1 = Tettey |first2 = Korbla P. |last2 = Puplampu |publisher = University of Calgary Press |year = 2005 |isbn = 978-1-55238-175-5 }}

{{Refend}}

{{Sister project links|c=Category:African diaspora|wikt=Afrodiasporic|n=no|q=History of Free African Diaspora|s=no|b=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no|v=no|voy=no|d=Q385967}}

• [http://exhibitions.nypl.org/africansindianocean/index2.php "The African Diaspora in the Indian Ocean World"], Omar H. Ali, Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture
• [http://www.blackpresence.co.uk/ The History of Black People in Britain]
• [http://www.moadsf.org/ "Museum of the African Diaspora"], Online exhibits and other resources from the San Francisco-based museum.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071153/http://www.diaspora-centre.org/ The African Diaspora Policy Centre (ADPC)]

{{African diaspora|state=expanded}}

{{Immigration from Africa}}

{{Pan-Africanism}}{{Diasporas}}