Papilio ulysses
{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}
{{Redirect|Mountain blue|the pigment|Azurite|the other butterfly with this name|Albulina pheretes{{!}}Albulina pheretes}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Ulysses butterfly
| image = CSIRO ScienceImage 3831 Ulysses Butterfly.jpg
| image_caption =
| taxon = Papilio ulysses
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = *P. u. autolycus C.Felder & R.Felder, 1865
- P. u. denticulatus Joicey & Talbot, 1916
- P. u. dirce Jordan, 1909
- P. u. jennifeae Jakusch, 2007
- P. u. ulysses Linnaeus, 1758
See text
}}
Papilio ulysses, the Ulysses butterfly (also known as the blue mountain swallowtail butterfly or Blue emperor), is a large swallowtail butterfly, in the subgenus Achillides, of Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Its size varies depending on subspecies, but the wingspan is about {{convert|10.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in Queensland.Wildlife of Tropical North Queensland: Cooktown to MacKay. Queensland Museum. (2000), p. 114.
This butterfly is used as an emblem for tourism in Queensland, Australia.
Description
File:Papilio ulysses ambiguus Rothschild, 1895.JPG
The Ulysses butterfly typically has a wingspan of about {{convert|14|cm|abbr=on}}, but depending on subspecies has some variations in size (western subspecies largest). The upperside of the wings are an iridescent electric blue; the underside is a more subdued black and brown. The colours are produced by the microscopic structure of the scales, a phenomenon called structural colouration.P. Vukusic, J. R. Sambles, C. R. Lawrence, R. J. Wootton (2001) Sculpted-multilayer optical effects in two species of Papilio butterfly. Applied Optics 40:1116-1125 {{cite web |url=http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/emag/butterflies/pdf/Applied_Optics_Papilio.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-11-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222013604/http://newton.ex.ac.uk/research/emag/butterflies/pdf/Applied_Optics_Papilio.pdf |archive-date=2007-02-22 }}
The female of the species is different from the male in that she has little crescents of blue in the back, upside sections of her hindwings, where there is only black for males. When the butterfly is perched the intense blue of its wings is hidden by the plainer brown under side of its wings, helping it to blend in with its surroundings. When in flight, the butterfly can be seen hundreds of meters away as sudden bright blue flashes. Males are strongly attracted to the color blue, including blue objects which are sometimes mistaken for females.
Karl Jordan in Seitz (83-85) provides a full account of ulysses forma Seitz, A. Band 9: Abt. 2, Die exotischen Großschmetterlinge, Die indo-australischen Tagfalter, 1927, 1197 Seiten 177 Tafeln [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/61923 pdf] {{PD-notice}}
[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/61923 pdf]
Similar species
The other members of the Papilio ulysses species group.
- Papilio montrouzieri Boisduval, 1859
- Papilio syfanius Oberthür, 1886
Subspecies
- P. u. ulysses Seran, Ambon
- P. u. telemachus Montrouzier, 1856 Trobriand, Fergusson, Goodenough
- P. u. telegonus C. & R. Felder, 1860 Bachan, Ternate, Halmahera
- P. u. autolycus C. & R. Felder, 1865 West Irian - Papua
- P. u. joesa Butler, 1869 Cape York - McKay, Queensland
- P. u. orsippus Godman & Salvin, 1888 Choiseul, Isabel, Guadalcanal, Florida Island
- P. u. ambiguus Rothschild, 1895 Bismarck Archipelago
- P. u. melanotica Hagen, 1897 Moluccas
- P. u. gabrielis Rothschild, 1898 Admiralty Is.
- P. u. nigerrimus Ribbe, 1898 Bougainville, Shortland Is.
- P. u. morotaicus Rothschild, 1908 Morotai Island
- P. u. dohertius Rothschild, 1898 Obi
- P. u. ampelius Rothschild, 1908 Buru
- P. u. oxyartes Fruhstorfer, 1909 Aru
- P. u. georgius Rothschild, 1908 New Georgia Group
Diet and conservation
=Conservation=
The Ulysses butterfly inhabits tropical rainforest areas and suburban gardens. The Australian government requires breeders to obtain permits, although the species is not endangered. In the past, this butterfly had been threatened but planting pink flowered doughwood has increased its numbers. Reduction in the number of the Euodia trees, a tree heavily used for laying eggs and for leaves eaten by caterpillars, may threaten the survival of this butterfly. Females favour small trees up to 2 metres tall to lay their eggs.
=Diet=
The larval food plants of this butterfly include kerosene wood, a variety of Citrus, and Euodia. In Australia, the Ulysses butterfly imago is known to feed from the blossoms of the pink flowered doughwood, a tree with clusters of small pink flowers that extrude from its branches.{{cite web|title=Facts About the Migration of the Ulysses Butterfly|url=http://animals.pawnation.com/migration-ulysses-butterfly-6901.html|website=PawNation|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815181056/http://animals.pawnation.com/migration-ulysses-butterfly-6901.html|archive-date=15 August 2013|url-status=dead}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach, 1998 Schmetterlinge der Erde, Butterflies of the World Part I (1), Papilionidae Papilionidae I: Papilio, Subgenus Achillides, Bhutanitis, Pooples. Edited by Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach. Keltern: Goecke & Evers; Canterbury: Hillside Books, {{ISBN|9783931374624}}
External links
{{Commons category-inline}}
- [https://insecta.pro/taxonomy/15092 Insecta pro]
- [http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/papilionidae/papilioninae/papilio/index.html Papilio]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20100619050140/http://contribute.abc.net.au/_Ulysses-Butterfly/photo/2934888/32422.html ABC Contribute]
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Category:Butterflies described in 1758
Category:Butterflies of Indonesia
Category:Butterflies of Australia