Penaeus monodon

Penaeus monodon was first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1798. That name was overlooked until 1949, when Lipke Holthuis clarified to which species it referred.{{cite journal |author=L. B. Holthuis |year=1949 |title=The identity of Penaeus monodon Fabr. |journal=Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen |volume=52 |issue=9 |pages=1051–1057 |url=http://decapoda.nhm.org/pdfs/25756/25756.pdf |author-link=Lipke Holthuis }} Holthuis also showed that P. monodon had to be the type species of the genus Penaeus.

File:Penaeus monodon.jpg

Females can reach about {{convert|33|cm|abbr=on}} long, but are typically {{convert|25|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and weigh {{convert|200|-|320|g|0|abbr=on}}; males are slightly smaller at {{convert|20|-|25|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and weighing {{convert|100|-|170|g|abbr=on}}. The carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with alternative red and white. The antennae are grayish brown. Brown pereiopods and pleopods are present with fringing setae in red.{{Cite journal|hdl=10862/860|title = Studies on the fisheries biology of the giant tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon in the Philippines |last = Motoh, H|year=1981| publisher= Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center |issue=7 }}

Its natural distribution is the Indo-Pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, as far as Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, and northern Australia.{{cite book |series=FAO Species Catalogue |volume=1 |title=Shrimps and Prawns of the World. An Annotated Catalogue of Species of Interest to Fisheries |author=L. B. Holthuis |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |year=1980 |isbn=92-5-100896-5 |chapter=Penaeus (Penaeus) monodon |page=50 |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ac477e/ac477e00.htm |author-link=Lipke Holthuis}}

It is an invasive species in the northern waters of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean off the Southern U.S.{{cite web|last1=NOAA Fisheries|title=Invasion of Asian Tiger Shrimp in Southeast U.S. Waters|url=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/stories/2014/07/7_21_14asian_tiger_shrimp.html|website=www.nmfs.noaa.gov|access-date=3 October 2016|language=en-us}}

The first occurrence of P. monodon in the U.S. was in November 1988. Close to 300 shrimp were captured off the Southeastern shore after an accidental release from an aquaculture facility. This species can now be caught in waters from Texas to North Carolina. Although P. monodon has been an invasive species for many years, it has yet to grow large, established populations.Knott, D.M., P.L. Fuller, A.J. Benson, and M.E. Neilson, 2019, Penaeus monodon: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL Escapes in other parts of the world, though, have led to established P. monodon populations, such as off West Africa, Brazil, and the Caribbean.{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=Pam |last2=Knott |first2=David |last3=Kingsley-Smith |first3=Peter |last4=Morris |first4=James |last5=Buckel |first5=Christine |last6=Hunter |first6=Margaret |last7=Hartman |first7=Leslie |title=Invasion of Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico |journal=Aquatic Invasions |date=March 2014 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=59–70 |doi=10.3391/ai.2014.9.1.05 |doi-access=free }}[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/2/38524451.pdf Sahel and West Africa Club (2006) Exploring Economic Opportunities in Sustainable Shrimp Farming in West Africa: Focus on South-South Cooperation. Meeting Report. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development] (Accessed 29 May 2013)

P. monodon is suited to inhabit a multitude of environments.Motoh, H. (1985). Biology and ecology of Penaeus monodon. In Taki Y., Primavera J. H. and Llobrera J. A. (Eds.). Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Culture of Penaeid Prawns/Shrimps, 4–7 December 1984, Iloilo City, Philippines (pp. 27-36). Iloilo City, Philippines: Aquaculture Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center. {{hdl|10862/874}} They mainly occur in Southeastern Asia, but are widely found. Juveniles of P. monodon are generally found in sandy estuaries and mangroves, and upon adulthood, they move to deeper waters (0– 110 m) and live on muddy or rocky bottoms.FAO-FIRA, 2010. "Giant Tiger Prawn Home" (On-line). Accessed April 15, 2019 at http://affris.org/giant_tiger_prawn/overview.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130302223735/http://affris.org/giant_tiger_prawn/overview.php |date=2013-03-02 }} The P. monodon has shown to be nocturnal in the wild, burrowing into substrate during the day, and coming out at night to feed.Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Penaeus monodon. Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. Text by Kongkeo, H. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. Updated 29 July 2005. [Cited 15 April 2019]. P. monodon typically feed on detritus, polychaete worms, mollusks, and small crustaceans.{{cite journal |last1=Chimsung |first1=Noppawan |year=2014 |title=Maturation diets for black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) broodstock: a review |journal=Songklanakarin Journal of Science & Technology |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=265–273 |url=https://rdo.psu.ac.th/sjstweb/journal/36-3/36-3-3.pdf |citeseerx=10.1.1.1085.7574 }} They feed on algae, as well. Due to their nutrient-rich diet, these shrimp are unable to consume phytoplankton because of their feeding appendages, but they are able to consume senescent phytoplankton.{{cite journal |last1=Burford |first1=Michele Astrid |last2=Hiep |first2=Le Huu |last3=Van Sang |first3=Nguyen |last4=Khoi |first4=Chau Minh |last5=Thu |first5=Nguyen Kim |last6=Faggotter |first6=Stephen John |last7=Stewart-Koster |first7=Ben |last8=Condon |first8=Jason |last9=Sammut |first9=Jesmond |title=Does natural feed supply the nutritional needs of shrimp in extensive rice-shrimp ponds? – A stable isotope tracer approach |journal=Aquaculture |date=December 2020 |volume=529 |pages=735717 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735717 |s2cid=225011819 }} They also commence mating at night, and can produce around 800,000 eggs.

File:Giant tiger prawn total production thousand tonnes 1950-2022.svg{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}]]

P. monodon is the second-most widely cultured prawn species in the world, after only whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. In 2009, 770,000 tonnes were produced, with a total value of US$3,650,000,000. P. monodon makes up nearly 50% of cultured shrimp alone.{{cite journal |last1=Khedkar |first1=Gulab Dattarao |last2=Reddy |first2=A. Chandrashekar |last3=Ron |first3=Tetszuan Benny |last4=Haymer |first4=David |title=High levels of genetic diversity in Penaeus monodon populations from the east coast of India |journal=SpringerPlus |date=December 2013 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=671 |doi=10.1186/2193-1801-2-671 |pmid=24363984 |pmc=3868705 |doi-access=free }}

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The prawn is popular to culture because of its tolerance to salinity and very quick growth rate, but they are very vulnerable to fungal, viral, and bacterial infections."Giant Tiger Prawn". Sea Grant Extension Project. Louisiana State University Diseases such as white spot disease and yellowhead disease have led to a great economic impact in shrimp industries around the globe.{{cite journal |last1=Flegel |first1=T.W. |title=Major viral diseases of the black tiger prawn (Penaeus monodon) in Thailand |journal=World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=1 July 1997 |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=433–442 |doi=10.1023/A:1018580301578 |s2cid=83104916 }} They can receive transmitted diseases from other crustaceans such as the Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus), which is susceptible to yellowhead disease and has shown to transmit it to P. monodon in Thailand.{{cite journal |last1=Soowannayan |first1=Chumporn |last2=Nguyen |first2=Giang Thu |last3=Pham |first3=Long Ngoc |last4=Phanthura |first4=Mongkhol |last5=Nakthong |first5=Naruemon |title=Australian red claw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) is susceptible to yellowhead virus (YHV) infection and can transmit it to the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) |journal=Aquaculture |date=August 2015 |volume=445 |pages=63–69 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.04.015 }}

Black tiger shrimp's susceptibility to many diseases engenders economic constraints towards the black tiger shrimp food industry in Australia, which is farm-raised. To confront such challenges, attempts have been made to selectively breed specific pathogen-resistant lines of the species.{{cite journal |last1=Palmer |first1=Paul J. |last2=Rao |first2=Min |last3=Cowley |first3=Jeff A. |title=Reduced transmission of IHHNV to Penaeus monodon from shrimp pond wastewater filtered through a polychaete-assisted sand filter (PASF) system |journal=Aquaculture |date=March 30, 2021 |volume=535 |page=736359 |doi=10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736359 |s2cid=233550397 |doi-access=free }}

P. monodon has been farmed throughout the world, including West Africa, Hawaii, Tahiti, and England. For optimal growth, P. monodon is raised in waters between 28 and 33 °C. Characteristically for the Penaeus genus, P. monodon has a natural ability to survive and grow in a wide range of salinity, though its optimal salinity is around 15-25 g/L.{{cite journal |last1=Shekhar |first1=M. S. |last2=Kiruthika |first2=J. |last3=Rajesh |first3=S. |last4=Ponniah |first4=A. G. |title=High salinity induced expression profiling of differentially expressed genes in shrimp (Penaeus monodon) |journal=Molecular Biology Reports |date=September 2014 |volume=41 |issue=9 |pages=6275–6289 |doi=10.1007/s11033-014-3510-1 |pmid=24973887 |s2cid=17602689 }} While in a farm setting, the shrimp are typically fed a compound diet, which is produced in dried pellets. By mixing the diet to have compound feeds and fresh feed, P. monodon was shown to have better reproductive performance.

In 2010, Greenpeace added P. monodon to its seafood red list – "a list of fish that are commonly sold in supermarkets around the world, and which have a very high risk of being sourced from unsustainable fisheries". The reasons given by Greenpeace were "destruction of vast areas of mangroves in several countries, overfishing of juvenile shrimp from the wild to supply farms, and significant human-rights abuses".{{cite web|title=Greenpeace International Seafood Red list|url=http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/oceans/seafood/red-list-of-species/|access-date=February 16, 2010|publisher=Greenpeace}}

File:Tiger prawn IMG 1658.jpg

File:Flickr - cyclonebill - Tigerrejer med spinat, safrancreme og chili.jpg|With spinach and saffron cream sauce

File:Brochette de fruits de mer aux herbes.jpg|With coulis

File:Ebi Chili Mayo (3470640036).jpg|Tempura with wonton chips

In an effort to understand whether DNA repair processes can protect crustaceans against infection, basic research was conducted to elucidate the repair mechanisms used by P. monodon.{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Shikha |last2=Dahal |first2=Sumedha |last3=Naidu |first3=Sharanya J. |last4=Anand |first4=Deepika |last5=Gopalakrishnan |first5=Vidya |last6=Kooloth Valappil |first6=Rajendran |last7=Raghavan |first7=Sathees C. |title=DNA double-strand break repair in Penaeus monodon is predominantly dependent on homologous recombination |journal=DNA Research |date=24 January 2017 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=117–128 |doi=10.1093/dnares/dsw059 |pmid=28431013 |pmc=5397610 }} Repair of DNA double-strand breaks was found to be predominantly carried out by accurate homologous recombinational repair. Another, less accurate process, microhomology-mediated end joining, is also used to repair such breaks.

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Category:Crustaceans described in 1798

Category:Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius