Macrobrachium rosenbergii
{{Short description|Species of prawn}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Australian English|date=May 2011}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Macrobrachium rosenbergii.jpg
| image2 = Washington DC Zoo - Macrobrachium rosenbergii 4.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Macrobrachium
| species = rosenbergii
| authority = De Man, 1879
}}
File:Giant river prawn total production thousand tonnes 1950-2022.svg{{Cite web |title=Fisheries and Aquaculture - Global Production |url=https://www.fao.org/fishery/en/collection/global_production?lang=en |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)}}]]
Macrobrachium rosenbergii, also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region, from India to Southeast Asia and Northern Australia. The giant freshwater prawn has also been introduced to parts of Africa, Thailand, China, Japan, New Zealand, the Americas, and the Caribbean. It is one of the biggest freshwater prawns in the world, and is widely cultivated in several countries for food.{{cite book|author =H. Motoh & K. Kuronuma|title =Field guide for the edible crustacea of the Philippines|publisher =Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC)|year =1980|page =44|url =https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/152/ediblecrustacea.pdf;jsessionid=BFAC47AB199C35EDB0062CE423639508.jvm1?sequence=1|access-date =2016-12-23|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20171201072729/https://repository.seafdec.org.ph/bitstream/handle/10862/152/ediblecrustacea.pdf;jsessionid=BFAC47AB199C35EDB0062CE423639508.jvm1?sequence=1|archive-date =2017-12-01|url-status =live}} While M. rosenbergii is considered a freshwater species, the larval stage of the animal depends on brackish water. Once the individual shrimp has grown beyond the planktonic stage and becomes a juvenile, it lives entirely in fresh water.
It is also known as the Malaysian prawn, freshwater scampi (India), or cherabin (Australia). Locally, it is known as golda chingri ({{langx|bn|গলদা চিংড়ি}}) in Bangladesh and India, udang galah in Indonesia and Malaysia, uwáng or uláng in the Philippines, Thailand prawn in Southern China and Taiwan (Chinese: Tàiguó xiā 泰國蝦),{{Cite web |title=(In Chinese) 大陸南方養蝦發展動態概述 |url=https://www.miobuffer.com.tw/fishworld/199901/04.htm |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.miobuffer.com.tw}} and {{transliteration|th|kung maenam}} (กุ้งแม่น้ำ) or {{transliteration|th|kung kam kram}} (กุ้งก้ามกราม) in Thailand.{{cite web|title=Macrobrachium rosenbergii (giant freshwater prawn)|url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/96269|website=CABI|access-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223134136/http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/96269|archive-date=2016-12-23|url-status=live}}
Description
File:Kung kam kram.jpg, each (whole) prawn weighing around 500 g]]
M. rosenbergii can grow to a length over {{convert|30|cm|abbr=on}}.{{cite book |url=http://www.fao.org/3/w7192e/w7192e.pdf |chapter=Shrimps and Prawns |author=T. Y. Chan |editor=Kent E. Carpenter |editor2=Volker H. Niem |title=The Living Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 2: Cephalopods, Crustaceans, Holothurians and Sharks |series=FAO Species Identification Guide for Fishery Purposes |year=1998 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |isbn=92-5-104051-6 }} They are predominantly brownish in colour, but can vary. Smaller individuals may be greenish and display faint vertical stripes. The rostrum is very prominent and contains 11 to 14 dorsal teeth and 8 to 11 ventral teeth. The first pair of walking legs (pereiopods) is elongated and very thin, ending in delicate claws (chelipeds), which are used as feeding appendages. The second pair of walking legs are much larger and powerful, especially in males. The movable claws of the second pair of walking legs are distinctively covered in dense bristles (setae) that give them a velvety appearance. The colour of the claws in males varies according to their social dominance.
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Females can be distinguished from males by their wider abdomens and smaller second pereiopods. The genital openings are found on the body segments containing the fifth pereiopods and the third pereiopods in males and females, respectively.
However, Prof. Amir Sagi and his research group from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev have found the IAG physiological sexual switch,Ardavan Farhadi et al., 2021. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350826435_The_Regulatory_Mechanism_of_Sexual_Development_in_Decapod_Crustaceans The Regulatory Mechanism of Sexual Development in Decapod Crustaceans]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, pp. 1-19 (references in pages 13-18; Citations within the text).Kenji Toyota, 2024. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016648024001400 Crustacean endocrinology: Sexual differentiation and potential application for aquaculture]. General and Comparative Endocrinology, Vol. 356, 15 September 2024, 114578.{{Cite web |title=Israeli Innovation Awarded 1st place in the Aquaculture Innovation Award |url=https://israelagri.com/israeli-innovation-awarded-1st-place-in-the-aquaculture-innovation-award/ |website=IsraelAgri|date=9 June 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Sánchez Keighley |first=Paul |title=Israeli Innovation Awarded 1st. Place in the Aquaculture Innovation Award |url=https://nocamels.com/2013/02/researcher-creates-transsexual-prawns-to-get-bigger-crustaceans/ |website=IsraelAgri|date=5 February 2013}} and its associated gene expressionZHOU Huan et al., 2024. [http://ssswxb.ihb.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.7541/2024.2023.0362 Protein Interaction of IAG in Cherax Quadricarinatus Based on Nuclear Systaem Yeast Two-Hybrid Technology]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 48, pp. 1095-1101 (references 2 & 14).Miao M. [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2023.1266641/full CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Mutation of EcIAG Leads to Sex Reversal in the Male Ridgetail White Prawn Exopalaemon Carinicauda]. Front Endocrinol (Lousanne), 21 November 2023 (references: 1, 17, 20, 22, 24 & 52). in decapods investigating multigenic functions in crustacean reproduction and growth and the establishment of genome editing in prawns using application of CRISPR.{{Cite web |last=Grossman |first=Ariel |title=New Project Enhances Crustacean Genes For Sustainable Seafood |url=https://nocamels.com/2023/11/project-enhances-crustacean-genes-to-make-sustainable-seafood/ |website=No Camels - Israeli Innovation News, November 01, 2023|date=November 2023}}{{Cite web |title=Targeted Gene Technology Comes to Crustacea Aquaculture |url=https://thefishsite.com/articles/targeted-gene-technology-comes-to-crustacea-aquaculture |website=The Fish Site, 1 November 2023|date=November 2023}}{{Cite web |title=Alliance to Establish Crustacean Gene Editing Technology |url=https://hatcheryfm.com/shrimp/alliance-to-establish-crustacean-gene-editing-technology/ |website=Hatchery Feed & Management, Alliance to Establish Crustacean Gene Editing Technology, November 1, 2023}}
His group established monosex biotechnologies in crustacean culture including the application of temporal RNA interference (RNAi) in the field of aquaculture for all-male culture.Tao Wang et al., [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/raq.12924 Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Determination and Differentiation in Decapod Crustaceans for Potential Aquaculture Applications: An overview]. Reviews in Aquaculture, 23 May 2024 (references: 4, 5, 11, 26, 50, 62, 64, 180, 231, 238 & also in the recomanded articles at the 1st page.).{{Cite web |title=It's a Girl! Gene Silencing Technology Alters Sex of Prawns - Peer-Reviewed Publication - Society for Experimental Biology |url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/530250 |website=Eurek Alert, 30-Jun-2014}}{{Cite web |title=Transformed Male Prawns Could Increase World Food Supply |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_FgDh_3Cbg |website=Voice of America, by YouTube, 26 October, 2015| date=26 October 2015 }} Crustacean monosex technologies are applied in Vietnam, Thailand, China, Malaysia, Israel.Phansawat, P., Keetanon, A., Rairat, T., Pichitkul, P., Poldetch, P., & Chuchird, N., 2022. [https://www.thaiscience.info/Journals/Article/JFEV/10997363.pdf Benefits of Male Monosex Culture of Giant Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii): Improving Growth Performance, Production Yield, and Profitability]. Journal of Fisheries and Environment, 46, pp.157-168.{{Cite web |title=Biotechnology to boost Malaysian freshwater prawn seed production |url=https://hatcheryfm.com/news/latest-news/biotechnology-to-boost-malaysian-freshwater-prawn-seed-production/ |website=Hatchery Feed Management, July 22, 2022}}{{Cite web |last=Vorsanger |first=Sarah |title=Israeli Scientists Use Prawns to Fight Tropical Disease |url=https://www.zavit.org.il/intl/en/health-nutrition/israeli-scientists-use-all-female-prawns-to-fight-tropical-disease/ |website=Zavit - Science Environment in Israel, October 27, 2019}}{{Cite web |title=Generating Single-Sex Prawn Populations |url=https://www.worldfishing.net/generating-single-sex-prawn-populations/141318.article |website=World Fishing & Aquaculture, 02/07/2014}} He is a co-founder of the all-female culture biotech company Enzootic Ltd.{{Cite web |title=Enzootic Team |url=https://finder.startupnationcentral.org/company_page/enzootic?section=team |website=Enzootic - All-female Shrimp Aquaculture, 26.3.2023}}
Prawns are efficient predators thus might serve as sustainable and responsible biocontrol agents over various invasive and pest species.Yingying Wang et al., [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/373793487_Efficacy_of_Giant_River_Prawn_Macrobrachium_rosenbergii_in_Controlling_the_Invasive_Snail_Pomacea_canaliculata_Implications_for_Ecological_Farming Efficacy of Giant River Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii in Controlling the Invasive Snail Pomacea canaliculata: Implications for Ecological Farming]. Diversity, 15, September 2023, pp. 1-12 (references: 42, 57 and also 2 recomanded articles). The Sagi lab development of monosex prawn biotechnologies enables the application of responsible, efficient, and non-invasive biocontrol agents in various parts of the world. Hoover et al., 2019. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0301-7 Modelled effects of prawn aquaculture on poverty alleviation and schistosomiasis control]. Nature Sustainability 2: 611-620.
=Morphotypes=
Three different morphotypes of males exist.{{cite journal |author=A. Barki |author2=I. Karplus |author3=M. Goren |name-list-style=amp |year=1991 |title=Morphotype related dominance hierarchies in males of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (Crustacea, Palaemonidae) |journal=Behaviour |volume=117 |issue=3/4 |pages=145–160 |jstor=4534936 |doi=10.1163/156853991x00508}} The first stage is called "small male" (SM); this smallest stage has short, nearly translucent claws. If conditions allow, small males grow and metamorphose into "orange claws" (OC), which have large orange claws on their second chelipeds, which may have a length of 0.8 to 1.4 times their body size. OC males later may transform into the third and final stage, the "blue claw" (BC) males. These have blue claws, and their second chelipeds may become twice as long as their bodies.{{cite web |author=Forrest Wynne |url=http://aquanic.org/publicat/state/ky/prawn_ext.htm |title=Grow-out culture of freshwater prawns in Kentucky |date = May 2000|access-date=July 4, 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821114126/http://www.aquanic.org/publicat/state/ky/prawn_ext.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2008}}
Males of M. rosenbergii have a strict hierarchy; the territorial BC males dominate the OCs, which in turn dominate the SMs. The presence of BC males inhibits the growth of SMs and delays the metamorphosis of OCs into BCs; an OC keeps growing until it is larger than the largest BC male in its neighbourhood before transforming. All three male stages are sexually active, and females that have undergone their premating moult cooperate with any male to reproduce. BC males protect the females until their shells have hardened; OCs and SMs show no such behaviour.
Life cycle
File:6272Ulang fingerlings 06.jpg
In mating, the male deposits spermatophores on the underside of the female's thorax, between the walking legs. The female then extrudes eggs, which pass through the spermatophores. The female carries the fertilised eggs with her until they hatch; the time may vary, but is generally less than 3 weeks. Females lay 10,000–50,000 eggs up to five times per year.
From these eggs hatch zoeae, the first larval stage of crustaceans. They go through several larval stages in brackish water before metamorphosing into postlarvae, at which stage they are {{convert|0.28|-|0.39|in|abbr=on}} long and resemble adults. This metamorphosis usually takes place about 32 to 35 days after hatching. These postlarvae then migrate back into fresh water.
Uses
M. rosenbergii is widely eaten in Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries. They are also commonly used in indoor shrimping venues.{{Cite news |last=Jennings |first=Ralph |date=2012-10-01 |title=In urban Taiwan, indoor shrimp fishing is booming |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-oct-01-la-fg-taiwan-shrimp-20121001-story.html |work=Los Angeles Times}}{{Cite web |last=陳 |first=韋聿 |date=2018-04-10 |title=很蝦的歷史：臺灣的釣蝦場是怎麼冒出來的？ |url=https://opinion.cw.com.tw/blog/profile/439/article/6769}}
File:Kung yang.JPG|Thai kung yang, or grilled prawns
File:56Ulang giant river prawn 19.jpg|Raw
File:9977Foods cuisine of Bulacan 09.jpg|Cooked
File:16Halabos na Ulang 22.jpg|Peeled
File:9246Tambubong Caingin Sampaloc, San Rafael Road, Bulacan 28.jpg|Sold in the Philippines
References
{{Reflist|32em}}
External links
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fctj-ZF5xUw How to Know Gender of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oIIrkikU2FQ Macrobrachium rosenbergii diet.]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9QYHcsyrkc Prove Macrobrachium rosenbergii can upsize in wild.]
- [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r48Vl0AWjJs How to catch Macrobrachium rosenbergii.]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20210922001355/http://www.fao.org/fishery/culturedspecies/Macrobrachium_rosenbergii/en FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture: Macrobrachium rosenbergii - 2021]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20190710120817/http://www.aquacultureoftexas.com/ Aquaculture of Texas]
- {{Commons category-inline|Macrobrachium rosenbergii}}
{{Edible crustaceans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q2700085}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Commercial crustaceans
Category:Freshwater crustaceans of Asia
Category:Freshwater crustaceans of Australia