Phyllorhiza punctata

File:Phyllorhiza punctata IV macro.jpg, Germany]]

File:Phyllorhiza punctata in Tiergarten Schönbrunn 24 July 2020 JM (2).jpg, Hietzing, Wien, Austria]]

True jellyfish go through a two-stage life cycle which consists of a medusa stage (adult) and a polyp stage (juvenile). In the medusa stage, male jellyfish release sperm into the water column and the female jellyfish gathers the sperm into her mouth where she holds the eggs. Once fertilization occurs and larvae are formed they leave their mother and settle to the ocean floor. Once on the bottom a polyp form occurs and this form reproduces asexually by "cloning" or dividing itself into other polyps. Jellyfish can live for up to five years in the polyp stage and up to two years in the medusa stage (active).{{cn|date=April 2020}}

When found in warm waters these jellyfish flourish. They are mostly euryhaline but low salinities may have a negative effect on the species. In times of low salinity, these jellyfish exhibit loss of their zooxanthellae.{{cite web|url=http://www.sms.si.edu/irlspec/Phyllorhiza_punctata.htm |first=J. |last=Masterson |title=Phyllorhiza punctata |publisher=Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce |date=2007-06-13 |access-date=2012-05-28 }} Their dispersal patterns are locally patchy.{{Cite web |url=http://www.nature.nps.gov/water/marineinvasives/assets/PDFs/Phyllorhiza_punctata.pdf |title=Phyllorhiza punctata White Spotted Jellyfish |last= |first= |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date= }}

They have only a mild venom and are not considered a threat to humans. They have a mild or non-noticeable sting which can be cured with dilute acid. (Usually white or cider vinegar)

The Phyllorhiza punctata is a part of the Rhizostomatidae family and the genus Phyllorhiza.

Their venom is not potent enough to kill their prey which is why they are filter feeders. Their main food source is zooplankton. Normally they travel in large groups, which tends to result in huge swaths of them consuming all of the zooplankton in the area. This leads to detrimental impacts for the local ecosystem in which they travel through. Since they eat all the zooplankton, there is a lack of food for the other species relying on the plankton as their food source.{{cite web |title=Phyllorhiza punctata (Australian spotted jellyfish) |date=3 May 2013 |publisher=CABI |url=http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/109213 |access-date=6 November 2016 }}

Their native distribution is around Cairns, Queensland, Australia, and Thailand. Having its native habitat extend north from eastern Australia up to South East Asia. They have also been found in non-native regions such as Western Australia, United States, the Atlantic Basin, Brazil, Puerto Rico, the eastern Mediterranean, Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico. The P. punctata prefer warm temperate seas and aggregate in waters near coastlines.

Their nutrition comes primarily from zooplankton. The process of consumption is by filtration. Fluid flows over clusters of mouthlets near the base of the oral arm disk in the centre of the cylinder. The feeding process is continuous since the jellyfish must be swimming in order to move the prey to different mouthlets so they can be digested.D'Ambra, I., Costello, J. H., & Bentivegna, F. (2001). Flow and prey capture by the scyphomedusa Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884. Springer Link, 451(1), 223–227.

Reproduction in P. punctata is unique. In the initial stage of life – the polyp stage – the polyp is asexual. It reproduces by multiplying itself various times; creating a larger hatch than the original the mother had created. The next stage – the medusa stage – is when the jellyfish becomes sexually reproductive. The male shoots his sperm into the water and the female collects the sperm in her mouthlets and filter them to her reproductive organs. There they grow into polyps where they are eventually dropped to the bottom of the ocean where they grow and begin to reproduce on their own.

File:Phyllorhiza punctata.ogv, Sweden]]

The species has been found in the waters off the Hawaiian Islands since at least 1945,{{cite web |url=http://www2.bishopmuseum.org/HBS/invertguide/species/phyllorhiza_punctata.htm |title=Phyllorhiza punctata, Introduced Marine Species of Hawaii Guidebook |publisher=Bishop Museum |date=2002 |access-date=2012-05-28 }} in the Mediterranean Sea since at least 1965,Cevik, C., O. B. Derici1, F. Cevik and L. Cavas (2011). First record of Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Mastigiidae) from Turkey. Aquatic Invasions 6(1): S27–S28 and in large numbers in the Gulf of Mexico since 2000.{{cite web |url=http://dockwatch.disl.org/haveyouseen.htm |title=Phyllorhiza punctata ('spotted jellyfish') |publisher=Dauphin Island Sea Lab |access-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622043729/http://dockwatch.disl.org/haveyouseen.htm |archive-date=22 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }} In the eastern Pacific, it has been sighted in the San Diego area and the Gulf of California as early as 1981.Bayha, Keith M. and Graham, William M. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zr_EBAAAQBAJ&dq=Phyllorhiza++san+diego&pg=PA49 "Nonindigenous Marine Jellyfish: Invasiveness, Invasibility, and Impacts,"] from Jellyfish Blooms, Kylie A. Pitt, Cathy H. Lucas, eds. Springer. 2014. Table 3.1. p.49.{{Cite web |title=Invasive Species: Aquatic Species - White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) |url=https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/white-spotted-jellyfish |website=www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov |access-date=2016-02-13 |first=National Invasive Species Information |last=Center }} While it is not known how it was introduced to these regions, it has been theorized that budding polyps may have attached themselves to ships,{{cite web |url=http://www.elkhornslough.org/research/aquaticinvaders/aquatic5.htm |publisher=Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve |title=Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata) |access-date=2012-05-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204170812/http://www.elkhornslough.org/research/aquaticinvaders/aquatic5.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }} or were carried in a ship's ballast tank which was subsequently dumped.{{cite web |url=http://www.faunanet.gov.au/wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713150429/http://www.faunanet.gov.au/wos/factfile.cfm?Fact_ID=15 |archive-date=2009-07-13 |title=White-spotted Jellyfish Fact File |publisher=Australian Museum |date=2009 }} As an invasive species, it has become a threat to several species of shrimp. In Gulf waters, the medusae grow to unusually large size, upwards of {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}} across.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In July 2007, smallish individuals were seen in Bogue Sound much further north along the North Carolina coast. However, their ability to consume plankton and the eggs and larvae of important fish species is cause for concern. Each jellyfish can filter as much as {{convert|50000|L|usgal}} of seawater per day. While doing that, it ingests the plankton that native species need.

In North America and Hawaii, its non-native locations are the following: Northern Gulf of Mexico, Southern California, Greater Antilles, Florida, and the Hawaiian Islands.

They are also threatening large fishing industries because of their consumption of eggs and the larvae of fish, crab and shrimp. Along with harming populations in the fisheries, they severely clog the fishnets, damage boat intakes, and ruin fishing gear. At times they cause the closure of productive areas for fishing.

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• [https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/profile/white-spotted-jellyfish Species Profile - White Spotted Jellyfish (Phyllorhiza punctata)], National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library. Lists general information and resources for White Spotted Jellyfish.
• [https://www.gulfbase.org/project/survey-relationship-australian-spotted-jellyfish-phyllorhiza-punctata-and-ocs-platforms A Survey of the Relationship of the Australian Spotted Jellyfish, Phyllorhiza punctata, and OCS Platforms]
• [https://www.calacademy.org/explore-science/white-spotted-jellyfish White-Spotted Jellyfish], California Academy of Sciences

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Category:Mastigiidae

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Category:Animals described in 1884