Pigs in culture

File:Piero di Cosimo 025.jpg c. 1480]]

Pigs, widespread in societies around the world since Neolithic times, have been used for many purposes in art, literature, and other expressions of human culture. In classical times, the Romans considered pork the finest of meats, enjoying sausages, and depicting them in their art. Across Europe, pigs have been celebrated in carnivals since the Middle Ages, becoming specially important in Medieval Germany in cities such as Nuremberg, and in Early Modern Italy in cities such as Bologna.

In literature, both for children and adults, pig characters appear in allegories, comic stories, and serious novels. In art, pigs have been represented in a wide range of media and styles from the earliest times in many cultures. Pig names are used in idioms and animal epithets, often derogatory, since pigs have long been linked with dirtiness and greed, while places such as Swindon are named for their association with swine. The eating of pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism, but pigs are sacred in some other religions.

Celebration of meat

File:Arch of Constantine, Lustration of the troops.jpg, relief panel showing lustration of the troops of Marcus Aurelius, with a fat pig at lower right]]

= Classical times =

The scholar Michael MacKinnon writes that "Pork was generally considered the choicest of all the domestic meats consumed during Roman times, and it was ingested in a multitude of forms, from sausages to steaks, by rich and poor alike. No other animal had so many Latin names (e.g. sus, porcus, porco, aper) or was the ingredient in so many ancient recipes as outlined in the culinary manual of Apicius."{{cite journal |last1=MacKinnon |first1=Michael |title=High on the Hog: Linking Zooarchaeological, Literary, and Artistic Data for Pig Breeds in Roman Italy |journal=American Journal of Archaeology |volume=105 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=649–673 |issn=0002-9114 |doi=10.2307/507411 |jstor=507411 |s2cid=193116973 }} Pigs have been found at almost every archaeological site in Roman Italy; they are described by Roman agricultural writers such as Cato and Varro, and in Pliny the Elder's Natural History. MacKinnon notes that ancient breeds of pig can be seen on monuments such as the Arch of Constantine, which portrays a lop-eared, fat-bellied, and smooth breed.

= Carnival =

Benton Jay Komins, a scholar of culture, notes that the pig has been celebrated throughout Europe since ancient times in its carnivals, the name coming from the Italian carne levare, the lifting of meat.{{cite journal |last=Komins |first=Benton Jay |title=Western Culture and the Ambiguous Legacies of the Pig |journal=CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture |volume=3 |issue=4 |year=2001 |issn=1481-4374 |doi=10.7771/1481-4374.1137|doi-access=free }} Komins quotes the scholars Peter Stallybrass and Allon White on the pig's ambiguous role:

{{Blockquote|"In the fair and the carnival, we would expect to find a quite different orientation toward the pig: in 'carne-levare' the pig was celebrated; the pleasures of food were represented in the sausage and the rites of inversion were emblematized in the pig's bladder of the fool. ... Even in the carnival the pig was the locus of conflicting meanings. If the pig was duly celebrated, it could also become the symbolic analogy of scapegoated groups and demonized 'Others'".{{cite book |last1=Stallybrass |first1=Peter |last2=White |first2=Allon |title=The Politics and Poetics of Transgression |date=1986 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0416415803}} Cited by Komins (2001)}}

= English tradition =

File:Melton Mowbray Pork Pie.png]]

In England, pork pies were being made in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire by the 1780s, according to the Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association (founded in 1998). The pies were originally baked in a clay pot with a pastry cover, developing to their modern form of a pastry case. Local tradition states that farm hands carried these while at work; aristocratic fox hunters of the Quorn, Cottesmore and Belvoir hunts supposedly saw this and acquired a taste for the pies.{{cite web |title=History of Melton Mowbray Pork Pie |url=http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14 |publisher=Melton Mowbray Pork Pie Association |access-date=15 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502063519/http://mmppa.co.uk/?page_id=14 |archive-date=2 May 2015 |url-status=dead}}{{cite book |last=Wilson |first=C. Anne |title=Food and Drink in Britain: From the Stone Age to the 19th Century |url=https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann |url-access=registration |publisher=Academy Chicago Publishers |date=June 2003 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fooddrinkinbrita00cann/page/273 273] |isbn=978-0897333641}} A slightly later date of origin is given by the claim that pie manufacture in the town began around 1831 when a local baker and confectioner, Edward Adcock, started to make pies as a sideline.{{cite journal |last=Brownlow |first=J. E. |title=The Melton Mowbray Pork-Pie Industry |journal=Transactions of the Leicestershire Archaeological and Historical Society |volume=37 |year=1963 |page=36}} Melton Mowbray pork pies were granted PGI status in 2008.{{cite news |title=Pork pie makers celebrate status |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/leicestershire/7331238.stm |work=BBC News |date=4 April 2008}}

= German tradition =

German cities such as Nuremberg have made pork sausages since at least 1315 AD, when the Würstlein (sausage controller) office was introduced. Some 1500 types of sausage are produced in the country. The Nuremberg bratwurst is required to be at most {{convert|90|mm|in}} long and to weigh at most {{convert|25|g|oz}}; it is flavoured with mace, pepper, and marjoram. In Early Modern times starting in 1614, Nuremberg's butchers paraded through the city each year carrying a {{convert|400|metre|yard}} long sausage.{{cite news |last=Newey |first=Adam |title=Nuremberg, Germany: celebrating the city's sausage |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/germany/articles/Nuremberg-Germany-In-praise-of-the-citys-sausage/ |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=8 December 2014}}

File:Nürnberg - Bratwurstglöcklein.jpg|The Bratwurst Glöcklein ("Little-bell sausages"), Germany's most renowned inn of the time, founded in Nuremberg in the 14th century. The inn was destroyed in the Second World War. 1914 postcard.

File:German Bratwürste.jpg|A range of Bratwurst grilled sausages at the main market in Nuremberg

= Italian tradition =

The pig, and pork products such as mortadella, were economically important in Italian cities such as Bologna and Modena in the Early Modern period, and celebrated as such; they have remained so into modern times. In 2019, the Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna held an exhibition Pane e salame. Immagini gastronomiche bolognesi dalle raccolte dell'Archiginnasio ("Bread and salami. Bolognese gastronomic images from the Archiginnasio collection") on the gastronomic images in its collection.{{cite web |title=Eventi: Pane e salame |date=August 2009 |url=http://www.bibliotechebologna.it/eventi/51430/luogo/51660/date/2017-02-14:2018-03-14/date_from/2017-02-14/date_to/2018-03-14/id/100097 |publisher=Istituzione Biblioteche Bologna |access-date=31 December 2019 |language=it}}{{cite news |last1=Virbila |first1=S. Irene |title=Fare of the Country; Mortadella: Bologna's Bologna |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/07/travel/fare-of-the-country-mortadella-bologna-s-bologna.html |work=The New York Times |date=7 August 1988}}

File:La Vera Historia della Piacevolissima Festa Della Porchetta 1599.jpg|La Vera Historia della Piacevolissima Festa Della Porchetta ("The True History of the Most Pleasant Feast of the Little Pig") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1599

File:Canzone Sopra La Porcellina 1622.jpg|Canzone Sopra La Porcellina ("Song Upon the Piglet") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1622

File:Dichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle Bologna 1661.jpg|Dichiarazione del Bando delle Mortadelle ("Declaration of the Band of the Mortadellas"), Bologna, 1661

File:Gli Elogi del Porco 1761.jpg|Gli Elogi del Porco ("The Praises of the Pig"), Modena, 1761

File:Bologna amazing hams sausages mortadella.jpg|Hams, pigs' trotters, sausages, and mortadella in Bologna, 2019

Literature

= For adults =

File:Story of the Learned Pig by an Officer of the Royal Navy 1786.jpg by an Officer of the Royal Navy, 1786]]

Pigs have appeared in literature with a variety of associations, ranging from the pleasures of eating, as in Charles Lamb's A Dissertation upon Roast Pig, to William Golding's Lord of the Flies (with the fat character "Piggy"), where the rotting boar's head on a stick represents Beelzebub, "lord of the flies" being the direct translation of the Hebrew בעל זבוב, and George Orwell's allegorical novel Animal Farm, where the central characters representing Soviet leaders are pigs.{{cite news |last=Mullan |first=John |author-link=John Mullan (academic) |title=Ten of the best pigs in literature |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/aug/21/ten-best-pigs-in-literature |work=The Guardian |date=21 August 2010}}{{cite web |last=Bragg |first= Melvyn |author-link=Melvyn Bragg |title=Topics - Pigs in literature |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qykl/topics/Pigs_in_literature |publisher=BBC Radio 4 |access-date=1 January 2020 |quote= Animal Farm ... Sir Gawain and the Green Knight ... The Mabinogion ... The Odyssey ... (In Our Time)}}{{cite book |last=Sillar |first=Frederick Cameron |title=The symbolic pig: An anthology of pigs in literature and art |date=1961 |publisher=Oliver & Boyd |oclc=1068340205}} The pig, is used to comic effect in P. G. Wodehouse's stories set in Blandings Castle, where the eccentric Lord Emsworth keeps an extremely fat prize pig called the Empress of Blandings which is frequently stolen, kidnapped or otherwise threatened.{{cite web |title=Blandings |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p013gn0j/p013fpb0 |publisher=BBC |access-date=31 December 2019}} Quite a different use is made of the pig in Lloyd Alexander's fantasy books The Chronicles of Prydain, where Hen Wen is a pig with foresight, used to see the future and locate mystical items such as The Black Cauldron.{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Mary |title=Hen Wen |url=http://www.ancienttexts.org/library/celtic/jce/henwen.html |publisher=Ancient Texts |date=2003}}

One of the earliest literary references comes from Heraclitus, who speaks of the preference pigs have for mud over clean water in the Fragments.Heraclitus, Fragment 37 Pigs held significance for both ancient Pyrrhonic philosophers (for whom the pig was representative of akrasia) and ancient Epicurean philosophers (for whom it was representative of pleasure-seeking).Warren, James (2002). Epicurus and Democritean Ethics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133-134 Plato in the Republic discusses a "healthy state" of simplicity as "a city for pigs" ({{langx|el|huōn polis)}}.Republic, 369ff In Wu Cheng'en's 16th-century Chinese novel Journey to the West, Zhu Bajie is part human, part pig.{{cite web |title=Zhu Bajie, Zhu Wuneng |url= https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Chinese_Customs/Zhu_Bajie.htm |publisher=Nations Online |access-date=4 April 2020}} In books, poems and cartoons in 18th-century England, The Learned Pig was a trained animal who appeared to be able to answer questions.{{cite web |last1=Buzwell |first1=Greg |title= William Shakespeare and The Learned Pig |url= https://blogs.bl.uk/english-and-drama/2016/08/william-shakespeare-and-the-learned-pig.html |publisher=British Library |date=19 August 2016}} Thomas Hardy describes the killing of a pig in his 1895 novel Jude the Obscure.{{cite news |last1=Yallop |first1=Jacqueline |title=Pig tales – the swine in books and art |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jul/15/pig-tales-the-swine-in-boks-and-art |work=The Guardian |date=15 July 2017}}

= For children =

File:Pigling Bland pg 4 Enh.jpg setting out on his adventures]]

Pigs have featured in children's books since at least 1840, when Three Little Pigs appeared in print;{{cite journal |last=Robinson |first=Robert D. |title=The Three Little Pigs: From Six Directions |journal=Elementary English |date=March 1968 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=356–359 |jstor=41386323}} the story has appeared in many different versions such as Disney's 1933 film and Roald Dahl's 1982 Revolting Rhymes. Even earlier is the popular 18th-century English nursery rhyme and fingerplay, "This Little Piggy",{{cite book |last=Herman |first=D. |title=The Cambridge Companion to Narrative |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00herm |url-access=limited |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani00herm/page/n22 9] |isbn=978-0521673662}} frequently in film and literature, such as the Warner Brothers cartoons A Tale of Two Kitties (1942) and A Hare Grows In Manhattan (1947) which use the rhyme to comic effect. Two of Beatrix Potter's "little books", The Tale of Pigling Bland (1913) and The Tale of Little Pig Robinson (1930), feature the adventures of pigs dressed as people.

Several animated cartoon series have included pigs as prominent characters. One of the earliest pigs in cartoon was the gluttonous "Piggy", who appeared in four Warner Brothers Merrie Melodies shorts between 1931 and 1937, most notably Pigs Is Pigs, and was followed by Porky Pig, with similar habits.[http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/index.html CNN.com - TV Guide's 50 greatest cartoon characters of all time - July 30, 2002] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091223092542/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/SHOWBIZ/TV/07/30/cartoon.characters.list/index.html |date=23 December 2009 }}

Piglet is Pooh's constant companion in A. A. Milne's Winnie the Pooh stories and the Disney films based on them, while in Charlotte's Web, the central character Wilbur is a pig who formed a relationship with a spider named Charlotte.{{cite journal |title=Webs of Concern: The Little Prince and Charlotte's Web |first=Laurence |last=Gagnon |journal=Children's Literature |volume=2 |issue=2 |year=1973 |pages=61–66 |doi= 10.1353/chl.0.0419}} The 1995 film Babe humorously portrayed a pig who wanted to be a herding dog, based on the character in Dick King-Smith's 1983 novel The Sheep Pig.{{cite magazine |last=Chanko |first=Kenneth M. |url=https://ew.com/article/1995/08/18/real-pigs-steal-scene-babe/ |title=This Pig Just Might Fly |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=18 August 1995 |access-date=31 December 2019 |archive-date=23 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123211525/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,298358,00.html |url-status=live }} Among new takes on the classic Three Little Pigs is Corey Rosen Schwartz and Dan Santat's 2012 The Three Ninja Pigs.{{cite web |title=Variations on Favorite Stories: The Three Little Pigs |url=https://guides.lib.uni.edu/c.php?g=668416&p=4700914 |publisher=ROD Library, University of Northern Iowa |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510123837/https://guides.lib.uni.edu/c.php?g=668416&p=4700914 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |url-status=live}}

Art

Pigs have appeared in art in media including pottery, sculpture, metalwork, engravings, oil paintings, watercolour, and stained glass, from neolithic times onwards. Some have functioned as amulets.{{cite web |title=Pig |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/search-results#!/search?q=pig |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=2 January 2020}}{{Clear}}

File:Neolithic pottery pig, Hemudu Culture, Zhejiang, 1974 (cropped).jpg|Neolithic pottery pig, Hemudu culture, Zhejiang, China

File:Demeter1.jpg|Two men sacrificing a pig to Demeter. red-figure pot, Ancient Greece

File:7763 - Piraeus Arch. Museum, Athens - Sarcophagus with Calydonian Boar hunt - Photo by Giovanni Dall'Ort.jpg|Sarcophagus with Calydonian Boar hunt. Athens, 2nd century

File:Boar-helmeted figure on the Gundestrup Cauldron.jpg|Boar-helmeted figure on the Gundestrup Cauldron. 3rd century

File:Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-Gilt bronze pig sculpture-01.jpg|Gilt bronze pig, Gyeongju Temple, Bulguksa. Silla kingdom, Korea

File:Eber-Pulverflasche-Buchsbaum-Silber-16Jhr.jpg|Wild boar with boarhounds. Silver powder flask, Germany, 16th century

File:Rembrandt van Rijn - The Hog - Google Art Project.jpg|The Hog. Etching by Rembrandt van Rijn, 1643

File:Barent Fabritius - Het geslacht varken.jpg|The Slaughtered Pig by Barent Fabritius, 1656

File:Pig market in a Dutch town.jpg|Pig market in a Dutch town by Nicolaes Molenaer, 17th century

File:Fr Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Lhor Saint Anthony the Great stained glass - pig detail.jpg|Pig at the feet of St Anthony the Hermit. Stained glass, Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Lhor, Moselle, France

File:Brooklyn Museum - Prince Hunting Wild Boar (Miniature Painting).jpg|Prince Hunting Wild Boar. Gouache and gold on paper. India, c. 1765

File:Folding screens of Inoshishi-zu (portion) by Mori Sosen.jpg|Folding screens of Inoshishi-zu by Mori Sosen. Edo period, Japan, 18th-19th century

File:Félicien Rops - Pornokratès - 1878.jpg|Pornokratès by Félicien Rops. Watercolour, pastel, and gouache, 1878

File:Lợn âm dương.JPG|Lợn âm dương – Vietnamese Đông Hồ painting (19th - 20th centuries)

File:Sepik pig mask Berlin-Dahlem.jpg|Ritual pig mask, Sepik region, Papua New Guinea. Rattan, palm leaf sheaths, and cassowary feathers. Collected 1914

File:Amulette cochon 06.jpg|Amulet in shape of a pig. Pottery, Mexico

Religion

File:Varaha avtar, killing a demon to protect Bhu, c1740.jpg, the boar avatar of Vishnu, killing a demon. Gouache on paper, Chamba, c. 1740]]

Pig meat has come to be seen as unacceptable to some world religions. In Islam and Judaism the consumption of pork is forbidden.Qur'an 2:173, 5:3, 6:145, and 16:115.{{Bibleverse||Leviticus|11:3–8|HE}} Many Hindus are lacto-vegetarian, avoiding all kinds of meat.{{cite book |last=Insel |first=Paul |title=Nutrition |publisher=Jones & Bartlett Learning |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-284-02116-5 |oclc=812791756 |page=231}} In Buddhism, the pig symbolises delusion (Sanskrit: moha), one of the three poisons (Sanskrit: triviṣa).{{cite book |last=Loy |first=David |title=The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mwF6-sgB-UkC |year=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-86171-366-0 |page=28}} As with Hindus, many Buddhists are vegetarian, and some sutras of the Buddha state that meat should not be eaten;[http://www.shabkar.org/scripture/sutras/index.htm Sutras on refraining from eating meat] monks in the Mahayana traditions are forbidden to eat meat of any kind.{{cite magazine |url=http://soulcurrymagazine.com/sc/buddhism-vegetarianism-non-vegetarianism.html |title=Buddhism & Vegetarianism |date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021172541/http://soulcurrymagazine.com/sc/buddhism-vegetarianism-non-vegetarianism.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |magazine=Soul Curry |url-status=dead}}

Pigs have in contrast been sacred in several religions, including the Druids of Ireland, whose priests were called "swine". One of the animals sacred to the Roman goddess Diana was the boar; she sent the Calydonian boar to destroy the land. In Hinduism, the boar-headed Varaha is venerated as an avatar of the god Vishnu.{{cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA444 |date=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |pages=444–445}} The sow was sacred to the Egyptian goddess Isis and used in sacrifice to Osiris.{{cite web |last1=Bonwick |first1=James |title=Sacred Pigs |url=https://www.libraryireland.com/Druids/Sacred-Pigs.php |publisher=Library Ireland |date=1894}}

Places

File:Swineford Lock.jpg Lock is named for a ford where pigs used to cross the river Avon.]]

Many places are named for pigs. In England such placenames include Grizedale ("Pig valley", from Old Scandinavian griss, young pig, and dalr, valley), Swilland ("Pig land", from Old English swin and land), Swindon ("Pig hill"), and Swineford ("Pig ford").{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=A. D. |title=A Dictionary of English Place-Names |date=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0192831313 |pages=150, 318}} In Scandinavia there are names such as Svinbergen ("Pig hill"), Svindal ("Pig valley"), Svingrund ("Pig ground"), Svinhagen ("Pig hedge"), Svinkärr ("Pig marsh"), Svinvik ("Pig bay"), Svinholm ("Pig islet"), Svinskär ("Pig skerry"), Svintorget ("Pig market"), and Svinö ("Pig island").{{cite web |title=Finlands Svenska Ortnamn (FSO), entry "Svin-" |url=http://kaino.kotus.fi/svenska/ledlex/S.php |publisher=Institute for the Languages of Finland |access-date=2 January 2020 |language=sv}}

Idiom

Several idioms related to pigs have entered the English language, often with negative connotations of dirt, greed, or the monopolisation of resources, as in "road hog" or "server hog". As the scholar Richard Horwitz puts it, people all over the world have made pigs stand for "extremes of human joy or fear, celebration, ridicule, and repulsion".{{cite book |author=Horwitz, Richard P. |title=Hog Ties: Pigs, Manure, and Mortality in American Culture |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |date=2002 |isbn=0816641838 |page=23}} Pig names are used as epithets for negative human attributes, especially greed, gluttony, and uncleanliness, and these ascribed attributes have often led to critical comparisons between pigs and humans.{{cite news |title=Fine Swine |date=2 February 2001 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/4259823/Fine-swine.html}}

"Pig" is used as a slang term for either a police officer or a male chauvinist, the latter term adopted originally by the women's liberation movement in the 1960s.{{cite book |last=Tarrow |first=Sidney |title=The language of contention: revolutions in words, 1688–2012 |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1107036246 |page=123 |chapter=5. Gender words}}

Piggy bank

File:Hand Putting Deposit Into Piggy Bank (5737295175).jpg

Piggy banks are ceramic containers to save money into. Piggy banks in the shape of pigs are found in the 12th century on Java, Indonesia and in the 13th century in Thuringia, Germany.{{cite news |title=Geröntgt: Mittelalterliches Sparschwein ist leer |date=30 October 2013 |agency=Welt |url=https://www.welt.de/newsticker/dpa_nt/infoline_nt/boulevard_nt/article121366015/Mittelalterliches-Sparschwein-ist-leer.html}} The connection between saving, prosperity and pigs may in East Asia come from their round bellies and a connection with the earth spirits.

References

External links

Category:Pigs in literature