Pivdenmash

File:Dnepr rocket lift-off 1.jpg

Pivdenmash operated initially as "plant 586" in the Soviet Union. In 1954, Soviet aviation engineer Mikhail Yangel established the autonomous design bureau designated OKB-586, from the former chief designer's division of plant 586. Yangel had previously headed OKB-1 (today RKK Energiya) and was primarily a supporter of storable propellant technology – unlike Sergei Korolev at OKB-1, who was a supporter of missiles using cryogenic propellants. To pursue development of ballistic missiles using storable liquid propellants, Mikhail Yangel had received authorization to convert the chief designer's division of the plant into an autonomous design bureau. Following this, OKB-586 was designated Southern Design Bureau (better known as KB Pivdenne) and plant 586 was renamed Southern Machine-Building Plant in 1966, with a focus on the design and production of ballistic missiles. The plant was later renamed Southern Machine-Building Production Union, or Yuzhmash (Ukraine).

Missiles produced at Pivdenmash included the first nuclear armed Soviet rocket R-5M (SS-3 'Shyster'), the R-12 Dvina (SS-4 'Sandal'), the R-14 Chusovaya (SS-5 'Skean'), the first widely deployed Soviet ICBM R-16 (SS-7 'Saddler'), the R-36 (SS-9 'Scarp'), the MR-UR-100 Sotka (SS-17 'Spanker'), and the R-36M (SS-18 'Satan'). During the Soviet era, the plant was capable of producing of up to 120 ICBMs a year. In the late 1980s, Pivdenmash was selected to be the main production facility of the RT-2PM2 Topol-M ICBM (SS-27 "Sickle B").

After the beginning of perestroika, demand for military production declined significantly, and the Pivdenmash product line was expanded to include non-military uses such as civilian machinery. One line of products added after 1992 are trolleybuses. Models include the articulated YuMZ T1 (1992–2008), its non-articulated brother YuMZ T2 (1993–2008) and more modern YuMZ E-186 (2005–2006) which features a low floor cabin. Leonid Kuchma, long-time chief manager (1986–1992) of the company, became the Prime Minister in 1992, and later President of Ukraine in 1994.

alt=Pivdenmash' "Antares II" rocket designed for [[NASA to deliver commercial cargo to the International Space Station|thumb|upright=1.0|right|Pivdenmash' "Antares II" launch vehicle designed for NASA to deliver commercial cargo to the International Space Station]]

In addition to production facilities in Dnipro, Pivdenne Production Association includes the Pavlohrad Mechanical Plant, which specializes in producing solid-fuel missiles. Pivdenmash's importance was further bolstered by its links to Ukraine's former President Leonid Kuchma, who worked at Pivdenmash between 1975 and 1992. He was the plant's general manager from 1986 to 1991.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}}

In February 2015, following a year of strained relations, Russia announced that it would sever its "joint program with Ukraine to launch Dnepr rockets and [was] no longer interested in buying Ukrainian Zenit boosters, deepening problems for [Ukraine's] space program and its struggling Pivdenmash factory".{{cite news|last1=Messier|first1=Doug|title=Russia Severing Ties With Ukraine on Dnepr, Zenit Launch Programs|url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/02/06/russia-severing-ties-ukraine-dnepr-zenit-launch-programs/|access-date=8 February 2015|publisher=Parabolic Arc|date=6 February 2015}} With the loss of Russian business some thought that the only hope for the company was increased international business which seemed unlikely in the time frame available. Bankruptcy seemed certain as of February 2015, but was averted.{{cite news|author1=Doug Messier|title=Ukraine Space Industry on Verge of Collapse |url=http://www.parabolicarc.com/2015/02/10/ukraine-space-industry-verge-collapse/|access-date=February 14, 2015|work=Parabolic Arc|date=February 10, 2015}}

On 14 August 2017, the Institute of International Strategic Studies issued a report presenting evidence that "North Korea has acquired a high-performance liquid-propellant engine from illicit networks in Russia and Ukraine", likely produced by Pivdenmash facilities.{{cite web|last1=Elleman|first1=Michael|title=The secret to North Korea's ICBM success|url=http://www.iiss.org/en/iiss%20voices/blogsections/iiss-voices-2017-adeb/august-2b48/north-korea-icbm-success-3abb|website=iiss.org|publisher=International Institute for Strategic Studies|access-date=14 August 2017}} Both the company {{cite web|title=The refutation of publication of The New York Times|url=http://www.yuzhmash.com/presscenter/news/new?id=303|website=yuzhmash.com|publisher=PA Yuzhny Machine-Building Plant named after A. Makarov|access-date=14 August 2017}} and the Ukrainian government{{cite web|title=Oleksandr Turchynov: Ukrainian defense-industrial complex did not supply weapons and military technology to North Korea |url=http://www.rnbo.gov.ua/en/news/2856.html|publisher=National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine|access-date=14 August 2017}} denied the allegation.

In October 2016, An Antares 230 launch vehicle using a Pivdenmash core launched the Cygnus OA-5 mission from Wallops Island to deliver supplies to the ISS.{{cite web|last1=Henry|first1=Caleb |title=Orbital ATK's Antares Returns to Flight Using RD-181 Engines|url=http://www.satellitetoday.com/publications/st/2016/10/18/orbital-atks-antares-returns-flight-using-rd-181-engines/ |website=satellitetoday.com|date=18 October 2016 |publisher=Via Satellite|access-date=27 January 2018}} This was Antares' return-to-flight following the failed Cygnus Orb-3 mission nearly two years earlier, resulting from a faulty AJ-26 engine. The vehicle was modified to utilize the NPO Energomash RD-181 engine, which has since performed flawlessly.

In December 2017, after a two-year hiatus, the final Zenit launch vehicle was launched by Roscosmos from Baikonur Cosmodrome to deliver AngoSat 1.{{cite web|last1=Zak|first1=Anatoly|title=Zenit delivers Angosat-1, but the spacecraft breaks contact with ground control|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/zenit-angosat-launch.html |publisher=RussianSpaceWeb.com|access-date=28 December 2017}}

In February–March 2018, Pivdenmash announced plans to develop a testing platform for Hyperloop technology developed by Elon Musk and was scheduled for completion in 2019 in Dnipro,{{cite web|last1=Xuequan|first1=Mu|title=Ukraine to launch testing platform for Hyperloop: minister|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/22/c_136992214.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084842/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/22/c_136992214.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2018|website=Xinhua|access-date=19 March 2018}} though the Minister of Infrastructure of Ukraine later cancelled this as an "absurd" project.{{cite web |url=https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/09/20/7226902/|title=There will be no hyper-hole in Ukraine - Krykliy|newspaper=Ukrainska Pravda|access-date=September 20, 2019|language=uk}} Even so, by 2021, the group was reported to have partnerships with 23 countries, including Saudi Arabia.{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Saudi Arabia's National Building sets up unit of Ukrainian aerospace firm Yuzhmash |url=https://arab.news/bw233 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Arab News |language=en}}

In July 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Pivdenmash facility in Dnipro was struck by a Russian long-range cruise missile attack.{{cite news |title=Missile strike on Ukraine space plant in Dnipro kills three |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-62189844 |work=BBC News |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=18 July 2022}} The plant was targeted again during the October–November 2022 nationwide missile strikes on Ukraine on 17 November 2022.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/russian-missile-strikes-target-ukrainian-gas-production-facilities-ukraines-pm-2022-11-17/|title=Russian missiles pound Ukrainian energy facilities and defence plant|website=reuters.com|date=17 November 2022}}

On August 1, 2023, the final Antares 230+ lifted off from Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia with Cygnus NG-19 to resupply the International Space Station. Owing to engine unavailability and the inability of Pivdenmash to produce further first stages due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, future Cygnus spacecraft will initially be launched aboard SpaceX's Falcon 9 launcher before transitioning to the Antares 330.{{Cite web |title=Northrop Grumman Teams with Firefly Aerospace to Develop Antares Rocket Upgrade and New Medium Launch Vehicle |url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-teams-with-firefly-aerospace-to-develop-antares-rocket-upgrade-and-new-medium-launch-vehicle |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Northrop Grumman Newsroom |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Harwood |first=William |date=2022-11-07 |title=Northrop Grumman launches Cygnus cargo ship to space station with supplies and "treats" for crew - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/northrop-grumman-launches-cygnus-space-station-resupply-mission/ |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}} This vehicle uses a new first stage developed by Firefly Aerospace and the existing second stage from the Antares 230+. Pivdenmash will no longer be involved in the design or manufacturing of this vehicle.

On November 21, 2024, the infrastructure was struck by a Russian non-nuclear IRBM (Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile).{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Russia launches new IRBM at Ukraine, Zelenskyy says Putin is 'terrified' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraine-russia-icbm-launch-intercontinental-ballistic-missile/story?id=116085317 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=ABC News |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Putin says Russia attacked Ukraine with a new missile that he claims the West can't stop |url=https://apnews.com/article/russia-ukraine-icbm-attackddnipro-38b0faf6eed2cef98bdbc9be18f58244 |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=AP News |language=en}}

• Oleksandr Makarov (1961–1986)
• Leonid Kuchma (1986–1992)
• Yuriy Alekseyev (1992–2005)
• Viktor Shchegol (2005–2014)
• Sergei Voit (2014–present)

{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}

• Factory of missile and aviation aggregates (created in 2010 through organization)
• Pavlohrad Mechanical Factory (located in Pavlohrad)
• Dnipro Tractor Factory
• Factory of Technological Equipment
• Production Complex "Metalurhiya"
• Production Complex "Pivdenmashenergo"
• Construction and Installation Complex
• Sports Complex Meteor
• Social and domestic administration
• Sanatoriums "Dubrava" (Bila Tserkva) and "Druzhba" (Alushta), Hotel Pivdennyi, Mashynobudivnykiv Palace of Culture
• Airline Pivdenmashavia

Pivdenmash is known for its military and space industry products, and earned the city of Dnipro the nickname of "Rocket City".

The company had been the key missile producer for Soviet ICBM and space exploration programs. Historic and Pivdenmash launch systems included:

• the R-5 Pobeda — the Soviet Union's first nuclear armed missile
• the R-12 Dvina theatre ballistic missile
• the R-14 Chusovaya theatre ballistic missile
• the R-16 — the first widely deployed ICBM of the Soviet Union
• the R-36 (8K67) ICBM
• the RT-20P, the first mobile ICBM (not deployed)
• the R-36orb, the first ICBM with orbital warhead (not deployed)
• the R-36M ICBM family (converted to Dnepr rocket)
• the MR-UR-100 Sotka ICBM family
• the 15A11 missile for Perimeter system
• the RT-23 Molodets ICBM family
• the Hrim-2 mobile short-range ballistic missile system

• Kosmos{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
• Dnepr
• Tsyklon (based on R-36/8K67){{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
• Tsyklon-2
• Tsyklon-3
• Tsyklon-4
• Cyclone-4M
• Zenit
• Boosters for Energia (based on Zenit first stage){{citation needed|date=July 2022}}

• RD-843

• Dead Hand — A similar system existed in the U.S. known as the Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS)

Created in 1944 as Dnipropetrovsk Tractor Factory, it was later expanded.

File:YuMZ E186 (cropped).jpg

File:YuMZ-6KL tractor 2011 G1.jpg

• YuMZ T1 (1992–2008)
• YuMZ T2 (1993–2008)
• YuMZ T2.09 (1998–2007)
• YuMZ E186 (2005–2006)
• Dnipro T103 (2013–present)
• Dnipro T203 (2017–present)

• YuMZ-2 (1954–1958)
• YuMZ-5 (1957–1962)
• YuMZ-6 (1971–2001)
• YuMZ 8040.2
• YuMZ 8244.2
• YuMZ 8080

{{Portal|Spaceflight}}

• Pivdenne Design Bureau – major missile designer closely co-operating with Pivdenmash
• State Space Agency of Ukraine

{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Yuzhmash}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050203023443/http://www.yuzhmash.com//about/index/management?id=13 English-language home page]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907002112/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Ukraine/Missile/2164_3854.html Makarov Pivdennyy (Yuzhnyy) Machine-Building Plant] at the Nuclear Threat Initiative

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