Population of Canada

{{main|Indigenous peoples in Canada#Demography}}

{{see also|Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

File:Indigenous population by census division.svg (First Nations, Inuit, Métis) by census division, according to the 2021 Canadian census{{cite web | title=Census Program Data Viewer dashboard | website=Statistics Canada | date=February 9, 2022 | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/cpdv-vdpr/index-eng.cfm | access-date=February 3, 2024}}]]

A variety of estimations have been postulated for the Indigenous population in what is now Canada prior to European contact.{{cite book|author1=Michael R. Haines|author2=Richard H. Steckel|title=A Population History of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA12|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7|page=12}} Estimates of this population during the late 15th century range between 200,000 and two million,{{cite book|author1=Michael R. Haines|author2=Richard H. Steckel|title=A Population History of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PA13|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7|page=13}} with a figure of 500,000 currently accepted by Canada's Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples.{{cite book|author1=Garrick Alan Bailey|author2=William C ... Sturtevant|author3=Smithsonian Institution (U S )|title=Handbook of North American Indians: Indians in Contemporary Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1IwUbZqjTUC&pg=PA285|year=2008|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-080388-8|page=285}} Although not without conflict, European Canadians' early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful.{{cite book|author=David L. Preston|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667-1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|pages=43–44}} However repeated outbreaks of European infectious diseases such as influenza, measles and smallpox (to which they had no natural immunity),{{cite book|author1=William G. Dean|author2=Geoffrey J. Matthews|title=Concise Historical Atlas of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw39BoD0-6cC&pg=PA2|year=1998|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-4203-3|page=2}} combined with other effects of European contact, resulted in a twenty-five per cent to eighty per cent Indigenous population decrease post-contact.{{cite book|author1=Herbert C. Northcott|author2=Donna Marie Wilson|title=Dying And Death in Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-55111-873-4|pages=25–27}} Roland G Robertson suggests that during the late 1630s, smallpox killed over half of the Wyandot (Huron), who controlled most of the early North American fur trade in the area of New France.{{cite book|author=R. G. Robertson|title=Rotting Face : Smallpox and the American Indian|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EoEm_OO8RgC|year=2001|publisher=University of Nebraska|isbn=978-0-87004-497-7}} In 1822 the Indigenous Canadian population, excluding the Métis, was estimated as 283,500 people.{{cite book |last1=Hassel |first1=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7CHCxpcHHcC&pg=PA59 |title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Zweiter Heft... |publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar |year=1824 |page=59}} In 1871 there was an enumeration of the Indigenous population within the limits of Canada at the time, showing a total of only 102,358 individuals. In 1885 the number of Indigenous people in Canada was reported as 131,952 individuals.{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftw5zwEACAAJ&pg=PA910 |title=The George Catlin Indian Gallery in the U.S. National Museum |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1886 |location=Washington |pages=910–915}} From 2006 to 2016, the Indigenous population has grown by 42.5 per cent, four times the national rate.{{Cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/171025/dq171025a-eng.htm |title=The Daily — Aboriginal peoples in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census |first=Statistics Canada |last=Government of Canada |date=October 25, 2017 |website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}} The Indigenous population representing 5 percent or 1.8 million individuals, grew by 9.4 percent compared to the non-Indigenous population, which grew by 5.3 percent from 2016 to 2021.{{cite web | title=Canada's Indigenous population | website=Statistics Canada | date=2023-06-21 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/3920-canadas-indigenous-population | access-date=2024-04-14}} The 2021 Census data reveals that there are over 1. 8 million Indigenous people in Canada, comprising 5. 0% of the overall Canadian population, a slight increase from 4. 9% in 2016,{{cite web | title=Canada’s Indigenous population | website=Statistics Canada | date=2023-06-21 | url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/o1/en/plus/3920-canadas-indigenous-population | access-date=2024-12-18}}

{{see|New France#Growth of the settlements}}

The European population grew slowly under French rule,{{cite book|author=David L. Preston|title=The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667-1783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-9N6-6UCnoC&pg=PA43|year=2009|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-2549-7|page=43}} thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births, rather than by immigration.{{cite book|author=John Powell|title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&pg=PA203|year=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7|page=203}} Most of the French were farmers, and the rate of natural increase among the settlers themselves was very high.{{cite book|author1=Thomas F. McIlwraith|author2=Edward K. Muller|title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fa--xLT_dRYC&pg=PA72|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4616-3960-2|page=72}} The women had about 30 per cent more children than comparable women who remained in France. Demographer Yves Landry says, "Canadians had an exceptional diet for their time."{{cite journal|author=Yves Landry|title=Fertility in France and New France: The Distinguishing Characteristics of Canadian Behavior in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries|journal=Social Science History|jstor=1171305|year=1993|volume=17|issue=4|publisher=Université de Montréal|pages=577–592, quote p 586|doi=10.1017/S0145553200016928|s2cid=147651557 }} The 1666 census of New France was the first census conducted in North America.{{cite web|title=North America's First Census|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/jtalon2-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=23 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616060433/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/jtalon2-eng.htm|archive-date=16 June 2012}} It was organized by Jean Talon, the first Intendant of New France, between 1665 and 1666. According to Talon's census there were 3,215 people in New France, comprising 538 separate families.{{cite web|title=Ttables of census data collected in 1665 and 1666 by Jean Talon|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/5200679-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=23 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202195703/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/5200679-eng.htm|archive-date=2 December 2010}} The census showed a great difference in the number of men at 2,034 versus 1,181 women. By the early 1700s the New France settlers were well established along the Saint Lawrence River and Acadian Peninsula with a population around 15,000 to 16,000.{{cite web|title=Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=26 August 2010}} Mainly due to natural increase and modest immigration from Northwest France (Brittany, Normandy, Île-de-France, Poitou-Charentes and Pays de la Loire) the population of New France increased to 55,000 according to the last French census of 1754.{{cite book|author=Peter M. Leslie|title=Ethnonationalism in a Federal State: The Case of Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7NXifhZKfgC&pg=PA6|year=1988|publisher=Queen's University|isbn=978-0-88911-456-2|page=6 note 5}} This was an increase from 42,701 in 1730.{{cite book|author=Louis Hartz|title=The Founding of New Societies: Studies in the History of the United States, Latin America, South Africa, Canada, and Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7YFyzsBYnEC&pg=PT231|year=1969|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-97109-5|page=231}}

File:Distribution of Population, 1851 to 1941.jpg

During the late 18th and early 19th century Canada under British rule experienced strong population growth. In the wake of the 1775 invasion of Canada by the newly formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, approximately 60,000 of the 80,000 Americans loyal to the Crown, designated later as United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America, a large portion of whom migrated to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick (separated from Nova Scotia) in 1784.{{cite book |title=Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKsn09oVwQC&pg=PA357|year=2012|publisher=Random House |page=357|isbn = 9781400075478}} Although the exact numbers cannot be certain because of unregistered migrationJasanoff, p. 357 At least 20,000 went to Nova Scotia, 14,000 to New Brunswick; 1,500 to PEI and 6,000 to Ontario(13,000 including 5,000 blacks went to England and 5,500 to the Caribbean). For the rest of the 1780s additional immigrants arrived from the south. From 1791 An additional 30,000 Americans, called "Late Loyalists", were lured into Ontario in the 1790s by the promise of land and swearing loyalty to the Crown.{{cite book|author1=John M. Murrin|author2=Paul E. Johnson|author3=James M. McPherson |author4=Gary Gerstle |author5=Emily S. Rosenberg|title=Liberty, Equality, Power, A History of the American People: To 1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlyz-YK4oG8C&pg=PA172|year=2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-56634-2|page=172}} As a result of the period known as the Great Migration by 1831, Lower Canada's population had reached approximately 553,000, with Upper Canada reaching about 237,000 individuals.{{cite book|author1=Elisée Reclus|author2=Ernest George Ravenstein|author3=Augustus Henry Keane|title=The Earth and Its Inhabitants ...: British North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQM_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA479|year=1893|publisher=D. Appleton|page=479}} The Great Famine of Ireland of the 1840s had significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince Edward Island and the Province of Canada, peaking in 1847 with 100,000 distressed individuals.{{cite book|author=Donald MacKay|title=Flight from Famine: The Coming of the Irish to Canada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M1tVIoSY7IYC&pg=PA13|year=2009|publisher=Dundurn|isbn=978-1-77070-506-7|page=13}} By 1851, the population of the Maritime colonies also reached roughly 533,000 (277,000 in Nova Scotia, 194,000 in New Brunswick and 62,000 in Prince Edward Island).{{cite book|author=Kenneth J. Rea|title=A guide to Canadian economic history|year=1991|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-0-921627-81-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conflictorderact0000unse/page/64 64–65]|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictorderact0000unse/page/64}} To the west British Columbia had about 55,000 individuals by 1851. Beginning in the late 1850s, the immigration of Chinese into the Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.{{cite book|author1=Patricia Wong Wong Hall|author2=Hwang, Victor M.|title=Anti-Asian Violence in North America: Asian American and Asian Canadian Reflections on Hate, Healing, and Resistance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdfX7UCyDuQC&pg=PA9|year=2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-0459-2|page=9}} By 1861, as a result of natural births and the Great Migration of Canada from the British Isles, the Province of Canada population increased to 3.1 million inhabitants. Newfoundland's population by 1861 reached approximately 125,000 individuals.

The population has increased every year since the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867; however, the population of Newfoundland was not included prior to its entry into confederation as Canada's tenth province in 1949.{{cite web|title=Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=16 April 2010}} The first national census of the country was taken in 1871, with a population count around 3,689,000.{{cite web|title=History of the Census of Canada|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Info/history.cfm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2010|archive-date=7 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060507013117/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Info/history.cfm|url-status=dead}} The year with the least population growth (in real terms) was 1882–1883, when only 30,000 new individuals were enumerated.

File:Canada immigration graph.png

The 1911 census was a detailed enumeration of the population showing a count of 7,206,643 individuals.{{cite web|title=OGSPI 1911 Census Menu|url=http://www.ogs.on.ca/ogspi/1/1.htm|publisher=The Ontario Genealogical Society (OGS)|year=2005|access-date=23 June 2010|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202239/http://www.ogs.on.ca/ogspi/1/1.htm|url-status=dead}} This was an increase of 34% over the 1901 census of 5,371,315.{{cite web|title=Canadian Immigration – Early 1900s|url=http://www.british-immigrants-in-montreal.com/canadian-immigration-early-1900s.html|publisher=British immigrants in Montreal|year=2010|access-date=24 June 2010}} The year with the most population growth was during the peak of the Post-World War II baby boom in 1956–1957, when the population grew by over 529,000, in a single twelve-month period. The Canadian baby boom, defined as the period from 1947 to 1966, saw more than 400,000 babies born annually.{{cite news|title=By definition: Boom, bust, X and why|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060623.dates24/BNStory/BabyBoomers/home|work=The Globe and Mail|date=2006–2009|access-date=23 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520180757/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060623.dates24/BNStory/BabyBoomers/home|archive-date=20 May 2009}} The 1996 census recorded a total population of 28,846,761.{{cite web|title=Census of Canada, A population and dwelling counts|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/970415/dq970415-eng.pdf|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=1997|access-date=22 June 2010}} This was a 5.7% increase over the 1991 census of 27,296,859. The 2001 census had a total population count of 30,007,094.{{cite web|title=2001 Census facts: did you know...|url=http://www.cfc-fcc.ca/doc/whatsnew_docs/N_1_06_E_InformationSheet.pdf|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2006|access-date=24 June 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706172504/http://www.cfc-fcc.ca/doc/whatsnew_docs/N_1_06_E_InformationSheet.pdf|archive-date=6 July 2011}} In contrast, the official Statistics Canada population estimate for 2001 was 31,021,300.{{cite web|title=Population estimates|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/010925/dq010925a-eng.htm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2006|access-date=24 June 2010}}

Canada's total population enumerated by the 2006 census was 31,612,897. This count was lower than the official 1 July 2006 population estimate of 32,623,490 people.{{cite web|title=Differences between Statistics Canada's census counts and population estimates|url=http://www.gov.nu.ca/eia/stats/Cenvsest/cenvsest.pdf|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2006|access-date=22 June 2010}} Ninety per cent of the population growth between 2001 and 2006 was concentrated in the main metropolitan areas.{{cite web|title=Population and dwelling counts A portrait of the Canadian population|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/pd-pl-eng.cfm|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2007|access-date=22 June 2010}} The 2011 census was the fifteenth decennial census with a total population count of 33,476,688 up 5.9% from 2006. On average, censuses have been taken every five years since 1905. Censuses are required to be taken at least every ten years as mandated in section 8 of the Constitution Act, 1867.{{cite web|url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html|title=The Constitution Act, 1867|publisher=The Solon Law Archive|year=2001|access-date=23 June 2010}}

A population estimate for 2022 put the total number of people in Canada at 38,232,593.{{citation |title=The World FactBook – Canada |date=2022 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/canada/#people-and-society |work=The World Factbook}}

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2022.{{citation |title=Canada Population 2022 |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/canada-population/ |website=World Population Review}}

• One birth every 1 minute
• One death every 2 minutes
• One net migrant every 2 minutes
• Net gain of one person every 2 minutes

File:Canada's fertility rate from 1929 to 2019.png

In 2010, Canada's annual population growth rate was 1.238%, or a daily increase of 1,137 individuals.{{cite web|title=Canadians in Context – Population Size and Growth|url=http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=35|publisher=Human Resources and Skills Development Canada|year=2010|access-date=23 June 2010|archive-date=6 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706181616/http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=35|url-status=dead}} Between 1867 and 2009 Canada's population grew by 979%. Canada had the highest net migration rate (0.61%) of all G-8 member countries between 1994 and 2004. Natural growth accounts for an annual increase of 137,626 persons, at a yearly rate of 0.413%. Between 2001 and 2006, there were 1,446,080 immigrants and 237,418 emigrants, resulting in a net migration of just over 1.2 million people. Since 2001 until 2010, immigration has ranged between 221,352 and 262,236 immigrants per annum.{{cite web|url=http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp|title=Immigration overview – Permanent and temporary residents|publisher=Citizenship and Immigration Canada|access-date=11 February 2014|year=2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222234704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/menu-fact.asp|archive-date=22 December 2016|url-status=dead}}

In 2023, Canada's population jumped by over 1 million people for the first time in the country's history. The population now stands at 39.5 million and is set to pass the 40 million mark later this year. The population growth has largely been fuelled by migrants who have been brought into the country to ease labour shortages.{{cite news|title=Immigration fuels Canada's largest population growth of over 1 million|publisher=BBC News |date=23 March 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-65047436|access-date=23 March 2023}}

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Prior to Canadian confederation in 1867 the population counts reflected only the former colonies and settlements and not the country to be as a whole with Indigenous nations separated.{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4198820-eng.pdf|publisher=Statistics of Canada|title=Summaries of census information from 1605 to 1871|year=2008|access-date=20 July 2010}}

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The first in date of the Colonies which became successful, and which consequently marked the starting point of European settlements on what would be Canada , was the foundation of Port Royal, Acadia.{{cite web|url= https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/98-187-x/4064812-eng.htm|title= Early French settlements (1605 to 1691)|accessdate=7 December 2023}}

List of censuses.{{cite web|url= https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/98-187-x/4064812-eng.htm|title= Early French settlements (1605 to 1691)|accessdate=7 December 2023}}{{cite web | title= Introduction to Censuses of Canada, 1665 to 1871

| url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/98-187-x/98-187-x2000001-eng.pdf?st=NBbqVrdJ | access-date=Oct 20, 2024}}

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{{Historical populations

|align=centre

|footnote={{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/98-187-x/4151287-eng.htm |title=Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Estimated population of Canada, 1605 to present |publisher=Statistics Canada |year=2013 |access-date=2 February 2014}}

|1867| 3463000

|1868| 3511000

|1869| 3565000

|1870| 3625000

|1871| 3689000

|1872| 3755000

|1873| 3826000

|1874| 3895000

|1875| 3954000

|1876| 4009000

|1877| 4064000

|1878| 4121000

|1879| 4186000

|1880| 4255000

|1881| 4325000

|1882| 4400000

|1883| 4430000

|1884| 4487000

|1885| 4537000

|1886| 4580000

|1887| 4626000

|1888| 4678000

|1889| 4729000

|1890| 4779000

|1891| 4831000

|1892| 4883000

|1893| 4931000

|1894| 4979000

|1895| 5026000

|1896| 5074000

|1897| 5122000

|1898| 5175000

|1899| 5235000

|1900| 5310000

|1901| 5371000

|1902| 5494000

|1903| 5651000

|1904| 5827000

|1905| 6002000

|1906| 6097000

|1907| 6411000

|1908| 6625000

|1909| 6700000

|1910| 6988000

|1911| 7207000

|1912| 7389000

|1913| 7632000

|1914| 7879000

|1915| 7981000

|1916| 8001000

|1917|8060000

|1918|8148000

|1919|8311000

|1920|8435000

|1921|8788000

|1922|8919000

}}

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{{Historical populations

|align=centre

|footnote=

|1922|8919000

|1923|9010000

|1924|9143000

|1925|9294000

|1926|9451000

|1927|9637000

|1928|9835000

|1929|10029000

|1930|10208000

|1931|10377000

|1932|10510000

|1933|10633000

|1934|10741000

|1935|10845000

|1936|10950000

|1937|11045000

|1938|11152000

|1939|11267000

|1940|11382000

|1941|11507000

|1942|11654000

|1943|11795000

|1944|11946000

|1945|12072000

|1946|12292000

|1947|12551000

|1948|12823000

|1949|13447000

|1950|13712000

|1951|14009000

|1952|14459000

|1953|14845000

|1954|15287000

|1955|15698000

|1956|16081000

|1957|16610000

|1958|17080000

|1959|17483000

|1960|17870000

|1961|18239000

|1962|18583000

|1963|18931000

|1964|19291000

|1965|19644000

|1966|19967000

|1967|20500000

|1968|20701000

|1969|21001000

|1970|21297000

|1971|21963000

|1972|22219000

|1973|22494000

|1974|22809000

|1975|23143000

}}

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{{Historical populations

|align=centre

|footnote={{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=28 September 2022 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501 |title=Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}

|1975|23143000

|1976|23449000

|1977|23727000

|1978|23964000

|1979|24203000

|1980|24517000

|1981|24821000

|1982|25118000

|1983|25367000

|1984|25608000

|1985|25843000

|1986|26101000

|1987|26449000

|1988|26798000

|1989|27056000

|1990|27512000

|1991|27945000

|1992|28377000

|1993|28682000

|1994|28997000

|1995|29302000

|1996|29610000

|1997|29906000

|1998|30155000

|1999|30401000

|2000|30686000

|2001|31021000

|2002|31360000

|2003|31644000

|2004|31941000

|2005|32244000

|2006|32571000

|2007|32889000

|2008|33247000

|2009|33629000

|2010|34005000

|2011|34339000

|2012|34714000

|2013|35083000

|2014|35437000

|2015|35703000

|2016|36109000

|2017|36545000

|2018|37065000

|2019|37601000

|2020|38007000

|2021|38226000

|2022|38930000

}}

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{{Historical populations

| title = Indigenous Population History in Canada

| type = Canada

| footnote = Source: Statistics Canada
{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/98-187-x/4151278-eng.htm|title=Censuses of Canada 1665 to 1871: Aboriginal peoples|website=www150.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=The aboriginal population and the Census : 120 years of information, 1871-1991 / Gustave Goldmann. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.823238/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{rp|5&6}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{rp|3}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{rp|1}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=1991 employment equity data highlights. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.822803/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{rp|17}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-04 |title=Data tables, 1996 Census Total Population by Age Groups (11) and Sex (3), Showing Aboriginal Groups (8), for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=5206&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=7&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23 |title=2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Aboriginal Identity (8), Age Groups (11B) and Sex (3) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=62716&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=45&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2020-05-01 |title=2006 Census Topic-based tabulations Aboriginal Identity (8), Sex (3) and Age Groups (12) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89122&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=73&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Aboriginal Identity (8), Age Groups (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105387&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=94&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-17 |title=Aboriginal Identity (9), Age (20), Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110588&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=122&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-09-21 |title=Indigenous identity by Registered or Treaty Indian status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810026501 |access-date=2022-09-21 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}{{cite book |last1=Hassel |first1=Georg |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A7CHCxpcHHcC&pg=PA59 |title=Statistischer Umriß der sämmtlichen europäischen und der vornehmsten außereuropäischen Staaten, in Hinsicht ihrer Entwickelung, Größe, Volksmenge, Finanz- und Militärverfassung, tabellarisch dargestellt; Zweiter Heft... |publisher=Verlag des Geographischen Instituts Weimar |year=1824 |page=59}}{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ftw5zwEACAAJ&pg=PA910 |title=The George Catlin Indian Gallery in the U.S. National Museum |publisher=Government Printing Office |year=1886 |location=Washington |pages=910–915}}

{{smaller|Note: Population decline between 1991 and 1996 censuses attributed to change in criteria in census count; "the 1996 Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples used a more restrictive definition of Aboriginal".{{Cite journal |title=11.3 Natives by the Numbers |url=https://opentextbc.ca/postconfederation/chapter/11-3-natives-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=2022-09-22 |website=www.opentextbc.ca|date=17 May 2016 |last1=Belshaw |first1=John Douglas }}}}

|1822|283500

|1871|102358

|1881|108547

|1885|131952

|1901|147941

|1911|105611

|1921|114083

|1931|128899

|1941|160937

|1951|165607

|1961|220121

|1971|312765

|1981|491460

|1986|711725

|1991|1016340

|1996|799010

|2001|976305

|2006|1172790

|2011|1400690

|2016|1673785

|2021|1807250

}}

{{Historical populations

|align=left

|title=

|footnote={{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1932-eng.aspx?opt=/eng/1932/193201290091_p.%2091.pdf| page= 91|title=Canada Year Book 1932|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=8 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1955-eng.aspx| page= 135|title=Canada Year Book 1955|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=8 February 2014}}{{cite web|url=http://www66.statcan.gc.ca/eng/acyb_c1967-eng.aspx| page= 184|title=Canada Year Book 1967|publisher=Statistics Canada|year=2009|access-date=8 February 2014}}[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=103&S=50&O=A Population and private dwellings occupied by usual residents and intercensal growth for Canada] – 1971 to 2011. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2014[http://www.citypopulation.de/Canada-Manitoba.html Manitoba (Canada): Province & Major Cities] – Statistics & Maps on City Population. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2014[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= 1996 Census of Canada] – Electronic Area Profiles. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2014[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-550/Index.cfm?TPL=P1C&Page=RETR&LANG=Eng&T=101, Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories] – 2006 and 2001 censuses. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2014[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories] – 2011 and 2006 censuses. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2014[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories] – 2016 and 2011 censuses. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 8 February 2017

|1871|3689257

|1881|4324810

|1891|4833239

|1901|5371315

|1911|7206643

|1921|8787949

|1931|10374196

|1941|11506655

|1951|14009429

|1961|18238247

|1971|21568311

|1976|22992604

|1981|24343181

|1986|25309331

|1991|27296859

|1996|28846761

|2001|30007094

|2006|31612897

|2011|33476688

|2016|35151728

|2021|36991981

}}{{-}}

In 2006, Statistics Canada projected for the decade 2021 to 2031 the population to grow by more than 5 million, or more than 10%. Between 1990 and 2008, the population increased by 5.6 million, equivalent to 20.4 per cent overall growth. The 2016 Canadian census counted a total population of 35.1 million, or 1.5 million under the 2006 projection.

In October 2020, the Trudeau government announced its plans to bring in more than 1.2 million immigrants over the subsequent three years, to catch up to the high-growth scenario.{{cite news |last1=Harris |first1=Kathleen |title=government plans to bring in more than 1.2M immigrants in next 3 years |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/mendicino-immigration-pandemic-refugees-1.5782642 |publisher=CBC |date=30 October 2020}}

{{Historical populations

|title=Population projections{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/91-520-x/2010001/t303-eng.pdf|title=Population Projections for Canada - Components of population growth, high-growth scenario - 2009/2010 to 2060/2061|publisher=Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 91-520|year=2006|access-date=8 September 2013}}
High-growth scenario

|align=centre

|2011|33470000

|2016|36540000

|2021|39110000

|2026|41750000

|2031|44430000

|2036|47130000

|2041|49900000

|2046|52910000

|2051|56070000

|2056|59400000

|2061|63000000

}}

[[File:Population density per province by Canada gradient map (2021).svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Population density of Canadian provinces and territories, 2021

{{legend|#034e7b|>25 people/km²}}

{{legend|#0570b0|15-24.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#3690c0|10-14.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#74a9cf|5-9.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#a6bddb|1-4.9 people/km²}}

{{legend|#d0d1e6|<1 people/km²}}]]

{{Main|Population of Canada by province and territory}}

• List of population centres in Alberta
• List of population centres in British Columbia
• List of population centres in Manitoba
• List of population centres in New Brunswick
• List of population centres in Newfoundland and Labrador
• List of population centres in the Northwest Territories
• List of population centres in Nova Scotia
• List of population centres in Nunavut
• List of population centres in Ontario
• List of population centres in Prince Edward Island
• List of population centres in Quebec
• List of population centres in Saskatchewan
• List of population centres in Yukon

{{main|List of the largest population centres in Canada}}

• List of largest Canadian cities by census
• List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population

• List of Indian reserves in Canada by population

{{Portal|Canada|North America}}

• Demographics of Canada
• Canada immigration statistics
• Immigration to Canada
• Interprovincial migration in Canada
• List of Canadian provinces and territories by Human Development Index

{{Clear}}

{{Reflist|group=Note}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|author1=Roderic P. Beaujot|author2=Don Kerr|title=The changing face of Canada: essential readings in population|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PP1|year= 2007|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-322-2}}
• {{cite book|author1=Michael R. Haines|author2=Richard H. Steckel|title=A Population History of North America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdgiysIVcgC&pg=PP1|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}}
• {{cite book|author=Alan Simmons|title=Immigration and Canada: Global and Transnational Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0YwAJ7MpswC&pg=PP1|year=2010|publisher=Canadian Scholars' Press|isbn=978-1-55130-362-8}}

{{refend}}

• [https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2018005-eng.htm Canada's population clock] – Statistics Canada
• [http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/canada-population/ Canada Population] – Worldometers
• [http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/statistics/population/PDF/Annual_Pop_Prov.PDF Annual Estimates of Population for Canada, Provinces and Territories, from July 1, 1971 to July 1, 2014] – Economics and Statistics Branch (Newfoundland & Labrador Statistics Agency)
• [http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/index-eng.cfm Population and Dwelling Count, 2011 Census] – Statistics Canada
• [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/demo23a-eng.htm Population estimates and projections, 2010 – 2036] – Statistics Canada
• [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-516-x/sectiona/4147436-eng.htm Historical population and migration statistical data] – Statistics Canada (Archived)
• [https://populationinstitutecanada.ca/ Population Institute of Canada]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Population Of Canada By Years}}

Category:Demographics of Canada