Procellaria

The genus Procellaria was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=131 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727036 }} The name is from the Latin procella meaning "storm" or "gale".{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 |url=https://archive.org/stream/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling#page/n317/mode/1up | page=317 }} The type species was designated as the white-chinned petrel by George Robert Gray in 1840.{{ cite book | last=Gray | first=George Robert | author-link=George Robert Gray | year=1840 | title=A List of the Genera of Birds : with an Indication of the Typical Species of Each Genus | place=London | publisher=R. and J.E. Taylor | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13668995 | page=78}}{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=85 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108725 }}

The genus Procellaria is within the Procellariinae clade, which includes the Shearwaters (a monophyletic group comprising Puffinus, Ardenna and Calonectris) along with a clade of 7-8 species of small stocky petrels in Bulweria and Pseudobulweria.{{cite journal |last1=Estandia |first1=A |last2=Chesser |first2=RT |last3=James |first3=HF |last4=Levy |first4=MA |last5=Ferrer Obiol |first5=J |last6=Bretagnolle |first6=V |last7=Gonzales-Solis |first7=J |last8=Welch |first8=AJ |title=Substitution rate variation in a robust procellariiform seabird phylogeny is not solely explained by body mass, flight efficiency, population size or life history traits |journal=bioRxiv |date=July 2021 |doi=10.1101/2021.07.27.453752|s2cid=236502443 }}

There are five extant species, all of which have "petrel" in their common name.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date= January 2021 | title=Petrels, albatrosses | work=IOC World Bird List Version 11.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/petrels/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=15 February 2021 }}

{{Species table |genus= Procellaria |authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year= 1758 |species-count=five|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row

|name= Grey petrel, grey shearwater, or pediunker|binomial=Procellaria cinerea

|image=File:Procellaria cinerea 2 - SE Tasmania.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gmelin, JF |authority-year=1789 |authority-not-original=yes

|range= breeds on subantarctic islands

|range-image=File:Procellaria cinerea map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= NT

|population=

|direction=

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=White-chinned petrel |binomial=Procellaria aequinoctialis

|image=File:White-chinned Petrel (16021720036).jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Linnaeus |authority-year=1758 |authority-not-original=

|range= breeds on subantarctic islands

|range-image=File:Procellaria aequinoctialis map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= VU

|population=

|direction=

|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on

| P. a. aequinoctialis Linnaeus, 1758

| P. a. steadi Mathews, 1912

}}

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Spectacled petrel |binomial=Procellaria conspicillata

|image=File:Spectacled Petrel, Procellaria conspicillata Cropped.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gould |authority-year=1844 |authority-not-original=

|range= breeds on Inaccessible Island

|range-image=File:Procellaria conspicillata map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= VU

|population=

|direction=

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Black petrel or Parkinson's petrel |binomial=Procellaria parkinsoni

|image=File:Blackpetrel.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Gray |authority-year=1862 |authority-not-original=

|range= breeds on Little Barrier Island and Great Barrier Island

|range-image=File:Procellaria parkinsoni map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= VU

|population=

|direction=

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/row

|name=Westland petrel |binomial=Procellaria westlandica

|image=File:Procellaria westlandica1.jpg|image-size=180px |image-alt=

|authority-name=Falla|authority-year= 1946 |authority-not-original=

|range= breeds on South Island

|range-image=File:Procellaria westlandica map.svg

|range-image-size=180px

|size=

|habitat=

|hunting=

|iucn-status= EN

|population=

|direction=

|subspecies=

}}

{{Species table/end}}

Fossil material of an extinct species Procellaria altirostris discovered in New Zealand and dating from the Pliocene was described in 2021.{{cite journal | last1=Tennyson | first1=A.J. | last2=Tomotani | first2=B.M. | year=2021|title=A new fossil species of Procellaria (Aves: Procellariiformes) from the Pliocene of New Zealand|journal=Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia | volume=61 | page=e20216116 | doi=10.11606/1807-0205/2021.61.16 | s2cid=234091690 | doi-access=free }}

Procellaria is a member of the family Procellariidae and the order Procellariiformes. As members of Procellariiformes, they share certain characteristics. First they have tubular nostrils called naricorns. This feature gives them their common name, tubenoses. The opening to the nostril is located differently in some birds. These birds have the opening on top of the upper bill. Second, they produce a stomach oil that contains wax esters and triglycerides. This oil fills two functions. When predators threaten the birds or their chick or egg, they spit the substance on them. This substance has an awful smell, and mats the feathers down, degrading their usefulness. Also, they can digest the wax esters for a high energy source of food, during long flights or the period of time that they are incubating their egg or caring for their young. They also have a uniquely structured bill, with seven to nine distinct horny plates.{{sfnp|Double|2003}} Finally, they have a salt gland that is located above their nasal passages and helps desalinate their body, as they drink seawater. They excrete the salty waste out their nose.{{sfnp|Ehrlich|Dobkin|Wheye|1988|p={{page needed|date=January 2022}}}}

They range from the cold waters of the Southern Ocean to temperate waters, and are pelagic except during the breeding season.

These tubenoses fly like shearwaters, with stiff wings and shearing technique across wave fronts. This technique saves energy. During breeding season they utilize coastal cliffs on islands, laying their single egg in a burrow.{{ cite book | last=Carboneras | first=C. | year=1992 | chapter=Family Procellariidae (Petrels and Shearwaters) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | series=Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks | place=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | pages=216–257 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0001unse/page/216/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }}

The conservation status of bird species are designated by BirdLife International on behalf of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The white-chinned, spectacled and black petrel are classified as "Vulnerable", the grey petrel as "Near-threatened" and the Westland petrel as "Endangered".{{cite web| url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/quicksearch?qs=Procellaria | title=Search for Procellaria | access-date=15 February 2021 | author=BirdLife International | date=2021 | work=Data Zone}} All five members of the genus are listed in the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels.{{ cite web | title=Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels | url=https://www.acap.aq/ | access-date=17 December 2021 }}

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite encyclopedia |last=Double | first = M. C. |editor1-first = Michael | editor1-last = Hutchins | editor2-first = Jerome A. | editor2-last = Jackson | editor3-first = Walter J. | editor3-last = Bock | editor4-first = Donna | editor4-last = Olendorf | others = Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator | encyclopedia = Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia | title = Procellariiformes (Tubenosed Seabirds) | edition = 2nd | year = 2003 | publisher = Gale Group | series = Volume 8: Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins | location = Farmington Hills, MI | isbn = 0-7876-5784-0 | pages = 107–111}}
• {{cite book|last1=Ehrlich|first1=Paul R.|last2=Dobkin|first2=David, S.|last3=Wheye|first3=Darryl |title=The Birders Handbook|edition=1st|year=1988|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York, NY|isbn=0-671-65989-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0/page/29 29]–31 |url=https://archive.org/details/birdershandbookf00ehrl_0|url-access=registration}}

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Category:Procellariidae

Category:Bird genera

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus