Prophalangopsidae

{{Short description|Family of cricket-like animals}}

{{Redirect|Grig|the fictional Dungeons and Dragons creature|Fey (Dungeons & Dragons)|the Norwegian composer|Edvard Grieg}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Jurassic | Present}}

| image = Cyphoderris buckelli 01.jpg

| image_caption = Cyphoderris buckelli

| image2 = Pycnophlebia speciosa.JPG

| image2_caption = Pycnophlebia speciosa, a Jurassic species

| taxon = Prophalangopsidae

| authority = Kirby, 1906

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision = Extant genera:

Aboilomimus

Cyphoderris

Paracyphoderris

Prophalangopsis

Tarragoilus

}}

The family Prophalangopsidae are insects belonging to the order Orthoptera. They are the only extant members of the superfamily Hagloidea. There is only one extant genus in North America, where they are known as grigs, four genera in Asia, and many extinct genera (see below).

The earliest fossils of the family date to the Early Jurassic around 200 million years ago, and the family exhibited great diversity between the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous, with their fossil record after that time being sparse.{{Cite journal |last=Gu |first=Jun-Jie |last2=Qiao |first2=Ge-Xia |last3=Ren |first3=Dong |date=July 2010 |title=Revision and New Taxa of Fossil Prophalangopsidae (Orthoptera: Ensifera) |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1665/034.019.0110 |journal=Journal of Orthoptera Research |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=41–56 |doi=10.1665/034.019.0110 |issn=1082-6467}}

The closest living relatives to the Prophalangopsidae are the family Tettigoniidae (katydids or bush-crickets), but the evolutionary split occurred more than 230 million years ago in the Permian.{{cite web|title=Family Prophalangopsidae hump-winged grigs|url=http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/walker/buzz/s337a.htm|access-date=31 Dec 2014}}{{cite web|title=Family Prophalangopsidae (hump-winged grigs) in North America north of Mexico|url=http://eol.org/pages/991/details|access-date=31 Dec 2014}}

The female of the species consumes the wings of the male during mating.{{cite journal|title=The First Time|journal=National Geographic|date=January 2015|volume=227|issue=1|page=20}}

Haglidae is often used as a synonym of the family,{{Cite journal|last1=Ower|first1=Geoffrey D.|last2=Judge|first2=Kevin A.|last3=Steiger|first3=Sandra|last4=Caron|first4=Kyle J.|last5=Smith|first5=Rebecca A.|last6=Hunt|first6=John|last7=Sakaluk|first7=Scott K.|date=August 2013|title=Multivariate sexual selection on male song structure in wild populations of sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans (Orthoptera: Haglidae)|journal=Ecology and Evolution|volume=3|issue=10|language=en|pages=3590–4103|doi=10.1002/ece3.736|pmc=3797502|pmid=24223293|bibcode=2013EcoEv...3.3590O }} but is used to refer to a distinct grouping of extinct hagloids by paleontologists.{{Cite journal|last1=Gu|first1=Jun-Jie|last2=Yang|first2=Xin|last3=Huang|first3=Rong|last4=Yang|first4=Guijun|last5=Yue|first5=Yanli|last6=Ren|first6=Dong|date=2021-04-22|title=New species and material of Hagloidea (Insecta, Ensifera) from the Yanliao biota of China|url=https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/63571/|journal=ZooKeys|language=en|issue=1033|pages=183–190|doi=10.3897/zookeys.1033.63571|pmid=33958925|pmc=8084857|issn=1313-2970|doi-access=free|bibcode=2021ZooK.1033..183G }}

Subfamilies and genera

The Orthoptera Species File lists the following:[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/Common/basic/Taxa.aspx?TaxonNameID=19 Orthoptera Species File: Prophalangopsidae Kirby, 1906 (retrieved 5 January 2018)] Archibald, Gu, and Mathewes (2022) removed the genera †Albertoilus and †Palaeorehnia from the family, moving them to a revised †Palaeorehniidae which they considered unplaced as to superfamily.{{Cite journal |last1=Archibald |first1=S. B. |last2=Gu |first2=J.-J. |last3=Mathewes |first3=R. W. |title=The Palaeorehniidae (Orthoptera, Ensifera, "Zeuneropterinae"), and new taxa from the early Eocene Okanagan Highlands, western North America |year=2022 |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5100 |issue=4 |pages=559–572 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5100.4.6 |pmid=35391059 }}

References

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