Pskov#History

{{moresources|section|date=August 2022}}

{{See also|Timeline of Pskov}}

File:Вид на Псковский Кром с реки Великой, 2014..jpg

Pskov is one of the oldest cities in Russia. The name of the city, originally Pleskov (historic Russian spelling {{lang|ru|Плѣсковъ}}, {{Transliteration|ru|Plěskov}}), may be loosely translated as "[the town] of purling waters". It was historically known in English as Plescow.{{cite book|last1=Bacon|first1=George A|title=The Academy: A Journal of Secondary Education, Volume 4|date=1889|page=403}}

Its earliest mention comes in 903,{{cite book |last1=Borrero |first1=Mauricio |title=Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-7475-4 |page=285 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dhm0cGdrTOIC |language=en}} which records that Igor of Kiev married a local lady, Olga (later Saint Olga of Kiev).{{cite book |last1=Esmark |first1=Kim |last2=Hermanson |first2=Lars |last3=Orning |first3=Hans Jacob |title=Nordic Elites in Transformation, c. 1050–1250, Volume II: Social Networks |date=2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781000037340 |chapter=Early Scandinavian power centers in the east}} Pskovians sometimes take this year as the city's foundation date, and in 2003 a great jubilee took place to celebrate Pskov's 1,100th anniversary.

The first prince of Pskov was Vladimir the Great's youngest son Sudislav. Once imprisoned by his brother Yaroslav, he was not released until the latter's death several decades later. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the town adhered politically to the Novgorod Republic. In 1241, it was taken by the Teutonic Knights, but Alexander Nevsky recaptured it several months later during a legendary campaign dramatized in Sergei Eisenstein's 1938 movie Alexander Nevsky.

In order to secure their independence from the knights, the Pskovians elected a Lithuanian prince, named Daumantas, a Roman Catholic converted to Orthodox faith and known in Russia as Dovmont, as their military leader and prince in 1266. Having fortified the town, Daumantas routed the Teutonic Knights at Rakvere and overran much of Estonia. His remains and sword are preserved in the local kremlin, and the core of the citadel, erected by him, still bears the name of "Dovmont's town".

In 1341 the city recognized overlordship of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1347 it switched allegiance to the Novgorod Republic, and the following year it became the capital of the newly independent Pskov Republic.

{{Main|Pskov Republic}}

By the 14th century, the town functioned as the capital of a de facto sovereign republic. Its most powerful force was the merchants who traded with the Hanseatic League. Pskov's independence was formally recognized by Novgorod in 1348.{{cite book|author= |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom IX|year=1888|language=pl|location=Warszawa|pages=249–250}} Several years later, the veche promulgated a law code (called the Pskov Charter), which was one of the principal sources of the all-Russian law code issued in 1497.

Already in the 13th century German merchants were present in Zapskovye area of Pskov and the Hanseatic League had a trading post in the same area in the first half of 16th century which moved to Zavelichye after a fire in 1562.{{cite book |title= The German Hansa|last= Dollinger|first= Philippe|author-link= Philippe Dollinger|year= 1999 |publisher= Psychology Press|isbn= 9780415190732|page= 105}}Аракчеев владимир Анатольевич, [http://hansarus.org/uploads/Files/FINAL_Pskov_Hansa.pdf Псков и Ганза в эпоху средневековья], ООО «Дизайн экспресс», 2012 {{in lang|ru}} The wars with Livonian Order, Poland-Lithuania and Sweden interrupted the trade but it was maintained until the 17th century, with Swedish merchants gaining the upper hand eventually.

{{Historical populations|1882|21170|1897|30388|1989|203789|2002|202780|2010|203279|2021|193082|source=}}

The importance of the city made it the subject of numerous sieges throughout its history. The Pskov Krom (or Kremlin) withstood twenty-six sieges in the 15th century alone. At one point, five stone walls ringed it, making the city practically impregnable. A local school of icon-painting flourished, and the local masons were considered the best in Russia. Many peculiar features of Russian architecture were first introduced in Pskov.

Finally, in 1510, the city was annexed by the Grand Duchy of Moscow.Maclean, Fitzroy (18 March 1979). [https://www.nytimes.com/1979/03/18/archives/pskov-a-journey-into-russias-past-pskov-an-old-russian-city.html Pskov: A Journey Into Russia's Past], The New York Times Three hundred families were deported from Pskov to central Russia, and merchants and military families from Muscovy were settled in the city. At this time Pskov had at least 6,500 households and a population of more than 30,000; it was one of the three biggest cities of Muscovy, alongside Moscow and Novgorod.{{cite book |last1=Зимин |first1=А.А|title=Россия на пороге Нового времени (Очерки политической истории России первой трети XVI в.)|chapter=Глава 6. Псков |publisher=Мысль |pages=112–21|language=ru|quote= Ведь в 1510 г. в одном Среднем городе Пскова насчитывалось 6500 дворов}}{{cite book |last1= Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Nefedov|first2= Sergey |author1-link=Peter Turchin |title=Secular cycles |date=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-13696-7 |pages=243–44}})

File:BrullovKP OsadaPskovPolGTG.jpg, by Karl Bryullov.]]

The deportation of noble families to Moscow under Ivan IV in 1570 is a subject of Rimsky-Korsakov's opera Pskovityanka (1872). Pskov still attracted enemy armies and it withstood a prolonged siege by a 50,000-strong Polish-Lithuanian army during the final stage of the Livonian War (1581–1582). The king of Poland Stephen Báthory undertook some thirty-one attacks to storm the city, which was defended mainly by civilians. Even after one of the city walls was broken, the Pskovians managed to fill the gap and repel the attack. "A big city, it is like Paris", wrote Báthory's secretary about Pskov.{{cite book |title= Ivan the Terrible |section = Peace Negotiations |last= de Madariaga|first= Isabel|year= 2006 |publisher= Yale University Press |isbn= 978-0-30014376-8 |page = 526}}

The estimates of the population of Pskov land in the middle of 16th century range from 150 to 300 thousand. Famines, epidemics (especially the epidemic of 1552) and the warfare led to a five-fold decrease of the population by 1582–1585 due to mortality and migration.{{cite book |last1=Горская |first1= Наталья Александровна |title=Историческая демография России эпохи феодализма: итоги и проблемы изучения |date=1994 |publisher= Наука |location=Москва |isbn= 978-502009750-6 |pages=94–97|language=ru}}{{cite book |last1= Turchin |first1=Peter |last2=Nefedov|first2=Sergey |author1-link=Peter Turchin |title= Secular cycles |date= 2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-13696-7 |pages=244–45, 251–52}})

The city withstood a siege by the Swedish in 1615. The successful defence of the city led to the peace negotiations culminating in the Treaty of Stolbovo.

File:Pskov old photo.jpg

Peter the Great's conquest of Estonia and Livonia during the Great Northern War in the early 18th century spelled the end of Pskov's traditional role as a vital border fortress and a key to Russia's interior. As a consequence, the city's importance and well-being declined dramatically, although it served as a seat of separate Pskov Governorate since 1777. In 1897, the ethnic make-up, by mother tongue, was 80.0% Russian, {{nowrap|5.7% Polish}}, 4.7% Jewish, 4.3% German, 2.4% Latvian, 2.1% Estonian.{{cite book|author=|title=Первая Всеобщая перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г.|volume=XXXIV|year=1904|language=ru|pages=48–51}}

During World War I, Pskov became the headquarters for Russia's Northern Front, commanded by Nikolai Ruzsky. On 15 March 1917, aboard the Imperial train, Tsar Nicholas II abdicated here.{{cite book |last1=Massie |first1=Robert |title=Nicholas and Alexandria |date=1967 |publisher=Ballantine Books |location=New York |isbn=9780345438317 |pages=412–417}} After the Russo-German Brest-Litovsk Peace Conference (22 December 1917 – 3 March 1918), the Imperial German Army invaded the area.

Pskov was also occupied by the Estonian army between 25 May 1919 and 28 August 1919 during the Estonian War of Independence when the White Russian commander Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz became the military administrator of Pskov. He personally ceded most of his responsibilities to a democratically elected municipal duma and focused on both cultural and economical recovery of the war-impoverished city. He also put an end to censorship of press and allowed for creation of several socialist associations and newspapers.

Under the Soviet government, large parts of the city were rebuilt, many ancient buildings, particularly churches, were demolished to give space for new constructions. During World War II, in June 1940, the Soviet 8th Army invaded Estonia and Latvia from the city.{{cite book|author= |year=2016|title=Eestlased vene sõjaväes 1940–1945. Raamat 12|language=et,en|location=Tallinn|publisher=Estonian Repressed Persons Records Bureau|page=33|isbn=978-9985-9914-5-9}} The medieval citadel provided little protection against modern artillery of the Wehrmacht, and Pskov suffered substantial damage during the German occupation from 9 July 1941 until 23 July 1944. The Germans operated a forced labour camp for Jewish men and women.{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000344|title=Zwangsarbeitslager für Juden Pleskau|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=9 January 2024|language=de}} In February 1944, thousands of people were killed during Russian bombings of the city.{{cite web|url=https://ekspress.delfi.ee/artikkel/69073543/pihkva-pole-enam-kaugel|title="Pihkva pole enam kaugel!"|website=Eesti Ekspress|access-date=9 January 2024|language=et}} A huge portion of the population died during the war, and Pskov has since struggled to regain its traditional position as a major industrial and cultural center of western Russia.

Pskov is the administrative center of the oblast and, within the framework of administrative divisions, it also serves as the administrative center of Pskovsky District, even though it is not a part of it.Law #833-oz As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Pskov—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Pskov is incorporated as Pskov Urban Okrug.Law #419-oz.

{{Onesource|section|date=August 2022}}

File:Pskov Krom.jpg]]

Pskov still preserves much of its medieval walls, built from the 13th century on. Its medieval citadel is called either the Krom or the Kremlin. Within its walls rises the {{convert|256|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} Trinity Cathedral, founded in 1138 and rebuilt in the 1690s. The cathedral contains the tombs of saint princes Vsevolod (died in 1138) and Dovmont (died in 1299). Other ancient cathedrals adorn the Mirozhsky Monastery (completed by 1152), famous for its 12th-century frescoes, St. John's (completed by 1243), and the Snetogorsky monastery (built in 1310 and stucco-painted in 1313).

File:Pskov ChurchStBasil Hill5c.jpg

Pskov is exceedingly rich in tiny, squat, picturesque churches, dating mainly from the 15th and the 16th centuries. There are many dozens of them, the most notable being St. Basil's on the Hill (1413), St. Kozma and Demian's near the Bridge (1463), St. George's from the Downhill (1494), Assumption from the Ferryside (1444, 1521), and St. Nicholas' from Usokha (1536). The 17th-century residential architecture is represented by merchant mansions, such as the Salt House, the Pogankin Palace, and the Trubinsky mansion.

Among the sights in the vicinity of Pskov are Izborsk, a seat of Rurik's brother in the 9th century and one of the most formidable fortresses of medieval Russia; the Pskov Monastery of the Caves, the oldest continually functioning monastery in Russia (founded in the mid-15th century) and a magnet for pilgrims from all over the country; the 16th-century Krypetsky Monastery; Yelizarov Convent, which used to be a great cultural and literary center of medieval Russia; and Mikhaylovskoye, a family home of Alexander Pushkin where he wrote some of the best known lines in the Russian language. The national poet of Russia is buried in the ancient cloister at the Holy Mountains nearby. Unfortunately, the area presently{{when|date=May 2024}} has only a minimal tourist infrastructure, and the historic core of Pskov requires serious investments to realize its great tourist potential.

On 7 July 2019, the Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2005/|title=Six cultural sites added to UNESCO's World Heritage List|website=UNESCO|date=7 July 2019}}

File:Pskov asv07-2018 Kremlin view from east img2.jpg river in Pskov]]

Vehicle emissions reach 83% of total emissions from stationary and mobile sources. The volume of emissions of atmospheric pollutants from stationary sources in 2007 amounted to 16.5 thousand tons, including 7.1 thousand tons (43.2%) of carbon monoxide and 2.6 thousand tons (15.8%) of solids. The largest source of air pollution in Pskov is Pskov Poultry Farm LLC (1365.92 tons of pollutants were emitted) and the Pskov Heating Networks SE (478.12 tons). All rivers flowing through the territory of the Pskov Oblast, including the city of Pskov, are characterized by increased concentrations of total iron, copper ions, and hardly oxidizable organic compounds in the water.

The following indicators characterize air pollution in Pskov:

• annual average and maximum one-time concentration of sulfur dioxide – below 1 MPC
• the annual average concentration of nitrogen dioxide – 1.5 MPC; the maximum single concentration – 3.4 MPC
• annual average and maximum one-time concentration of carbon monoxide – below 1 MPC
• average annual concentration of suspended solids – below 1 MPC; the maximum single concentration – 2.2 MPC
• the degree of air pollution in general for Pskov is approximately low and is determined by the API value – 2.81{{cite web|url=http://www.pskov.ru/prelease/24.02.11/12123 |title=Доклад об экологической ситуации в Псковской области за 2009—2010 годы | Портал государственных органов Псковской области |publisher=Pskov.ru |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=29 August 2023}}

Since the late 1990s, the Clean Water project officially registered by United Russia in 2006 has been implemented.{{cite web|url=http://businesspskov.ru/rinfra/izhkh/84853.html |title=Будет ли чистой «Чистая вода»? |publisher=Businesspskov.ru |date= |accessdate=29 August 2023}} Improving the quality of drinking water is planned to be carried out by gradually abandoning surface water intake from the Velikaya River and transitioning to the extraction of water from underground sources.Savitskaya, L. (4 August 2017) [https://gubernia.media/region/zhazhda-patriotizma/ Жажда патриотизма]. gubernia.media However, underground water intake leads to the clogging of hot water supply systems (up to complete obstruction) in those facilities where this water enters[https://www.gtrkpskov.ru/news-feed/vesti-pskov/16150-nakip-v-trubakh-ostavlyaet-bez-goryachej-vody-zhitelej-neskolkikh-pskovskikh-novostroek.html Накипь в трубах оставляет без горячей воды жителей нескольких псковских новостроек] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718034635/https://www.gtrkpskov.ru/news-feed/vesti-pskov/16150-nakip-v-trubakh-ostavlyaet-bez-goryachej-vody-zhitelej-neskolkikh-pskovskikh-novostroek.html |date=18 July 2021 }}. gtrkpskov.ru[http://pravdapskov.ru/news/0019346.html В Псковских теплосетях объяснили, почему чистая вода засоряет трубы] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718034634/http://pravdapskov.ru/news/0019346.html |date=18 July 2021 }}. pravdapskov.ru{{cite web |url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/776827 |title=Путин поручил к октябрю обеспечить Псков чистой водой |publisher=Interfax.ru |date=21 March 2023 |accessdate=29 August 2023}} due to its increased hardness.{{cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2021/07/07/reg-szfo/pskovskaia-prokuratura-nachala-proverku-kachestva-vody.html |title=Вода «чистая», а осадок остался |publisher=Rg.ru |date= 7 July 2021|accessdate=29 August 2023}}Savitskaya, L. (22 February 2021) [https://www.severreal.org/a/31106032.html Операция «Чистая вода». Почему в новостройках Пскова нет воды]. severreal.org

The climate of Pskov is humid continental (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with maritime influences due to the city's relative proximity to the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland; with relatively mild (for Russia) but still quite long winter and warm summer. Further west in Europe on the same latitude, winters are quite a bit milder and summer highs a bit cooler. Summer and fall have more precipitation than winter and spring.

{{Weather box

|location=Pskov (1991-2020, extremes 1874–present)

|metric first=yes

|single line=yes

| Jan record high C = 9.8

| Feb record high C = 11.3

| Mar record high C = 19.3

| Apr record high C = 27.6

| May record high C = 32.0

| Jun record high C = 35.3

| Jul record high C = 35.7

| Aug record high C = 35.6

| Sep record high C = 30.3

| Oct record high C = 22.6

| Nov record high C = 14.1

| Dec record high C = 12.4

| year record high C = 35.6

| Jan high C = -2.3

| Feb high C = -1.8

| Mar high C = 3.4

| Apr high C = 11.7

| May high C = 18.1

| Jun high C = 21.7

| Jul high C = 24.1

| Aug high C = 22.5

| Sep high C = 16.7

| Oct high C = 9.2

| Nov high C = 2.9

| Dec high C = -0.6

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = -4.7

| Feb mean C = -5.0

| Mar mean C = -0.7

| Apr mean C = 6.3

| May mean C = 12.2

| Jun mean C = 16.2

| Jul mean C = 18.6

| Aug mean C = 16.9

| Sep mean C = 11.7

| Oct mean C = 5.8

| Nov mean C = 0.8

| Dec mean C = -2.6

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = -7.4

| Feb low C = -8.2

| Mar low C = -4.5

| Apr low C = 1.3

| May low C = 6.3

| Jun low C = 10.6

| Jul low C = 13.1

| Aug low C = 11.6

| Sep low C = 7.3

| Oct low C = 2.6

| Nov low C = -1.4

| Dec low C = -4.9

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -40.6

| Feb record low C = -37.6

| Mar record low C = -29.7

| Apr record low C = -20.9

| May record low C = -5.9

| Jun record low C = -0.1

| Jul record low C = 2.7

| Aug record low C = 1.3

| Sep record low C = -4.6

| Oct record low C = -12.5

| Nov record low C = -23.8

| Dec record low C = -40.3

| year record low C = -40.6

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 48

| Feb precipitation mm = 37

| Mar precipitation mm = 36

| Apr precipitation mm = 39

| May precipitation mm = 58

| Jun precipitation mm = 85

| Jul precipitation mm = 71

| Aug precipitation mm = 85

| Sep precipitation mm = 63

| Oct precipitation mm = 65

| Nov precipitation mm = 55

| Dec precipitation mm = 45

| year precipitation mm =

| Jan rain days = 9

| Feb rain days = 7

| Mar rain days = 9

| Apr rain days = 12

| May rain days = 15

| Jun rain days = 18

| Jul rain days = 16

| Aug rain days = 16

| Sep rain days = 17

| Oct rain days = 18

| Nov rain days = 14

| Dec rain days = 10

| year rain days = 161

| Jan snow days = 22

| Feb snow days = 20

| Mar snow days = 14

| Apr snow days = 5

| May snow days = 1

| Jun snow days = 0.03

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0.03

| Oct snow days = 3

| Nov snow days = 13

| Dec snow days = 20

| year snow days = 98

| Jan humidity = 87

| Feb humidity = 84

| Mar humidity = 80

| Apr humidity = 70

| May humidity = 67

| Jun humidity = 72

| Jul humidity = 74

| Aug humidity = 78

| Sep humidity = 83

| Oct humidity = 86

| Nov humidity = 88

| Dec humidity = 89

|year humidity = 80

| Jan sun = 41

| Feb sun = 71

| Mar sun = 136

| Apr sun = 189

| May sun = 279

| Jun sun = 300

| Jul sun = 285

| Aug sun = 233

| Sep sun = 152

| Oct sun = 90

| Nov sun = 34

| Dec sun = 25

|year sun = 1835

|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net{{cite web |url=http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26258.htm |title=Pogoda.ru.net |access-date=8 December 2021 |language=ru}}

|source 2 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990){{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/26258.TXT

| server = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

| title = Pskov Climate Normals 1961–1990

| access-date = 5 December 2019}}

|date=August 2010

}}

File:RR5514-0016R 10 рублей биметалл 2003 Древние города России Псков реверс 2.jpg

File:Pskov asv07-2018 railway station area img07.jpg

• JSC "AVAR" (AvtoElectroArmatura). Electric equipment production for cars, lorries buses and tractors (relays, switches, fuses, electronic articles)
• Pskov is served by Pskov Airport which is also used for military aviation.

• Valery Alekseyev (born 1979), professional association football player
• Alexander Bastrykin (born 1953), Head of The Investigative Committee of Russia
• Irina Podnosova (born 1953), Chief Justice of Russia
• Valentin Chernykh (1935–2012), screenwriter
• Semyon Dimanstein (1886–1938), Soviet state activist, killed in Stalin's purges, a representative of the Soviet Jews
• Oxana Fedorova (born 1977), Miss Russia 2001, Miss Universe 2002 (dethroned)
• Mikhail Golitsyn (1639–1687), statesman, governor of Pskov
• Eugeniusz Grodziński (1912–1994), Polish philosopher
• Veniamin Kaverin (1902–1989), writer
• Yakov Knyazhnin (1740–1791), dramatist and playwright
• Vasily Kuptsov (1899–1935), painter
• Oleg Lavrentiev (1926–2011), Soviet, Russian and Ukrainian physicist
• Kronid Lyubarsky (1934–1996), journalist, dissident, human rights activist
• Boris Meissner (1915–2003), German lawyer and social scientist
• Mikhail Minin (1922–2008), First soldier to hoist the Soviet flag atop the Reichstag building during the Battle of Berlin
• Elena Neklyudova (born 1973), singer-songwriter
• Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin (1605–1680), Russian statesman of the 17th century.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Orduin-Nashchokin, Athanasy Lavrentevich | volume= 20 |last= Bain |first= Robert Nisbet |author-link= Robert Nisbet Bain| page = 238 |short= 1 }}
• Yulia Peresild (born 1984), stage and film actress

File:Юлия Пересильд.jpg]]

• Georg von Rauch (1904–1991), historian
• Nikolai Skrydlov (1844–1918), admiral in the Imperial Russian Navy
• Vladimir Smirnov (born 1957), Russian businessman
• Grigory Teplov (1717–1779), academic administrator
• Aleksander von der Bellen (1859–1924), politician, provincial commissar of Pskov
• Maxim Vorobiev (1787–1855), landscape painter
• Ferdinand von Wrangel (1797–1870), explorer and seaman
• Vsevolod of Pskov, Novgorodian prince, canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Vsevolod-Gavriil
• Aleksandr Vasiliev (born 1982), politician

• Nina Cheremisina (born 1946), former rower
• Mariya Fadeyeva (born 1958), former rower
• Sergei Fedorov (born 1969), hockey player
• Sergey Matveyev (born 1972), former Olympic rower
• Igor Nedorezov (born 1981), professional footballer
• Alexander Nikolaev (born 1990), sprint canoer
• Svetlana Semyonova (born 1958), former rower
• Konstantin Shabanov (born 1989), track and field athlete
• Aleksei Snigiryov (born 1968), professional footballer
• Galina Sovetnikova (born 1955), former rower
• Marina Studneva (born 1959), former rower
• Ruslan Surodin (born 1982), professional footballer
• Valeri Tsvetkov (born 1977), professional footballer
• Vladimir Vagin (born 1982), professional footballer
• Nikita Vasilyev (born 1992), professional football player
• Sergei Vinogradov (born 1981), professional football player

{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Pskov is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Общая информация|url=http://www.pskovgorod.ru/cats.html?id=383|website=pskovgorod.ru|publisher=Pskov|language=ru|access-date=1 February 2020}}

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}

• {{flagicon|FRA}} Arles, France
• {{flagicon|POL}} Białystok, Poland
• {{flagicon|LVA}} Daugavpils, Latvia
• {{flagicon|GER}} Gera, Germany
• {{flagicon|FIN}} Kuopio, Finland
• {{flagicon|GER}} Neuss, Germany
• {{flagicon|NED}} Nijmegen, Netherlands
• {{flagicon|SWE}} Norrtälje, Sweden
• {{flagicon|SCO}} Perth, Scotland, United Kingdom
• {{flagicon|LVA}} Rēzekne, Latvia
• {{flagicon|USA}} Roanoke, United States
• {{flagicon|EST}} Tartu, Estonia
• {{flagicon|LVA}} Valmiera, Latvia
• {{flagicon|BLR}} Vitebsk, Belarus

{{div col end}}

In February 2023, it was announced that Roanoke, United States was officially pausing its sister city affiliation with Pskov due to the continuing Russian invasion of Ukraine.Hunter, Molly. "Sister City ties on hold Roanoke's relationship with Russian city paused, flag to be removed." Roanoke Times, The (VA), February 22, 2023: 1A.

{{Reflist}}

• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|adm|law}}
• {{RussiaAdmMunRef|psk|mun|list0}}

{{See also|Timeline of Pskov#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Pskov}}

{{Wikivoyage|Pskov}}

• {{Official website|pskovgorod.ru}} {{in lang|ru}}
• Nortfort.ru. [http://www.nortfort.ru/pskov/index_e.html Pskov fortress]
• [http://www.derjavapskov.ru/ The Pskov Power. Archive of the Pskov area of regional studies]
• {{Cite book |publisher = Hurst and Blackett |location = London |author= Annette M. B. Meakin |title = Russia, Travels and Studies |date = 1906 |oclc = 3664651 |chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028397929#page/n195/mode/2up |chapter = Pskoff |ol = 24181315M }}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Pskov (town) |volume= 22 | pages = 542–543 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch|author-link=Peter Kropotkin |last2=Bealby |first2= John Thomas }}
• {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Pskov (government) |volume= 22 | page = 542 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch|author-link=Peter Kropotkin |last2=Bealby |first2= John Thomas }}
• [http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=703 The murder of the Jews of Pskov] during World War II, at Yad Vashem website
• {{cite book|last=Savignac |first=David (trans) |title=The Pskov 3rd Chronicle|url=https://www.academia.edu/28622167}}
• {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|2989168|Pskov, Russia}}

{{Pskov Oblast}}

{{Major fortresses of Western Russia}}

{{Hanseatic League}}

{{World Heritage Sites in Russia}}

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Category:Cities and towns in Pskov Oblast

Category:Pskovsky Uyezd

Category:World Heritage Sites in Russia

Category:Trading posts of the Hanseatic League

Category:Rus' towns