Pug#Health issues

There are several theories as to the origin of the name "pug". Some sources state the breed was named after the marmoset monkey, a popular exotic pet during the 18th century, which was also known as the "Pug-monkey". The Pug probably acquired its moniker on account of its flat face loosely resembling that of a primate.

Another popular belief is that it's derived from the Latin "pugnus" meaning "fist". Early Pugs were commonly cropped and supposedly that alteration resulted in a head that looked like the shadow of a closed fist when viewed from the side.{{Cite web |title=Chapter X. The Pug |url=https://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/Non-Sporting/Chapter-X-The-Pug.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=chestofbooks.com}}

The Oxford English Dictionary has the word "pug" as in the dog breed being descended from the meaning of "A dwarf animal, an imp, etc.". Since the late 16th century the term "pug" has been used in English to describe squirrels, hares, foxes, ferret, salmon, sheep, and monkeys. The first attestation of "Pug-dog" is in 1749. The OED also notes it may be related to a now obsolete term of endearment for a person or animal.{{cite book |title=Oxford English Dictionary |chapter=pug, n.² |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2 March 2023 |doi=10.1093/oed/7135363746}}

File:Pug in Tallinn.JPG

While the Pugs that are depicted in eighteenth century prints tend to be long and lean,{{cite book |last=Farr |first=Kendall |author2=Montague, Sarah |title=Pugs in Public |year=1999 |publisher=Stewart, Tabori & Chang, a division of U.S. Media Holdings |location=New York |isbn=1-55670-939-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/pugsinpublic00farr }} modern breed preferences are for a square cobby body, a compact form, a deep chest, and well-developed muscle.{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/ |title=American Kennel Club - Pug |work=AKC.org |access-date=14 October 2008 |archive-date=24 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824031226/http://www.akc.org/breeds/pug/ |url-status=live }} Their smooth and glossy coats can be fawn, apricot fawn, silver fawn, or black.Color: The colors are fawn or black. The fawn color should be decided so as to make the contrast complete between the color and the trace and mask. The markings are clearly defined and there is a trace of a black line extending from the occiput to the tail. The tail normally curls tightly over the hip.

The Pug's muzzle is blunt and very short giving a square shaped appearance to the head.

Pugs have two distinct ear shapes, "rose" and "button". "Rose" ears are smaller than the standard style of "button" ears, and are folded with the front edge against the side of the head. Breeding preference goes to "button" style ears.{{cite web |url=http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |title=Ears |work=Pugs.org |publisher=Pug Dog Club of America |access-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015072916/http://www.pugs.org/IS/ears.htm |archive-date=15 October 2008}}

Pugs' legs are strong, straight, of moderate length, and are set well under. Their shoulders are moderately laid back. Their ankles are strong, their feet are small, their toes are well split-up, and their nails are black. The lower teeth normally protrude further than their upper, resulting in an under-bite.

The American Kennel Club says the motto of the breed is the Latin phrase multum in parvo, or "much in little" or "a lot of dog in a small space".{{cite web |url=http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/pug/detail/#history |title=American Kennel Club - Pug History| work=AKC.org |publisher=American Kennel Club |access-date=19 August 2006 |archive-date=13 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313095007/http://www.akc.org/dog-breeds/pug/detail/#history |url-status=live}} Pugs tend to be intuitive and sensitive to the moods of their owners and are usually eager to please them. Pugs are playful and thrive on human companionship. Pugs are often called "shadows" because they follow their owners around and like to stay close to the action, craving attention and affection from their owners.{{cite book |last=Belmonte |first=Brenda |title=The Pug Handbook |date=2004 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series Inc. |location=New York |page=[https://archive.org/details/pughandbook0000belm/page/13 13] |isbn=978-0-7641-2488-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/pughandbook0000belm|url-access=registration |quote=pug craves attention. }}

File:William Hogarth 006.jpg with his Pug, Trump, in 1745]]

The ancestor of the Pug was a dog called the Lo-Chiang-Sze, or Lo-Sze in its shortened form.{{Cite web |date=27 August 2021 |first=Denise |last=Flaim |title=Pug History: Origins of the Ancient, Wrinkly Companion Dog |url=https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/dog-breeds/pug-history-ancient-companion-origins/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=American Kennel Club |language=en}} That name explicitly refers to a short-legged, short-mouthed{{Cite web |date=5 September 2020 |title=The Lo-Sze |url=https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/the-lo-sze/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=National Purebred Dog Day® |language=en-US}} and, most importantly, short-coated dog, potentially as a way to distinguish it from the Pekingese, which was of similar build. Many people today refer to it as the "ancient pug".

The Lo-sze was popular in the imperial court during the Song dynasty{{cite book |last=Collier |first=V. W. F. |url=https://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrich |title=Dogs of China & Japan, in nature and art |publisher=W. Heinemann, London |year=1921 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dogsofchinajapan00collrich/page/147 147] |quote=The Lo-Chiang dog was a "pai" dog and consequently small, "short-headed," and "short-legged" before 1000 C.E. It was very possibly the Chinese Pug and appears to have been fashionable at the Chinese court from the beginning of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh century, possibly even up to the removal of the capital from Hsianfu (Xi'an) to Peking (Beijing) in about 1153 C.E.}} and was brought from China to Europe in the sixteenth century by the Dutch East India Company. The Happa or Hap-pah dog has also been considered as playing a part in the formation of the modern Pug breed, but it was not acquired by European fanciers until 1860 when specimens were looted by French and British troops during their complete destruction of the Old Summer Palace (Yuanmingyuan) in Beijing, during the Second Opium War.

In ancient times, Pugs were bred to be companions for ruling families in China. Pet Pugs were highly valued by Chinese emperors, and the royal dogs were kept in luxury and guarded by soldiers. Pugs later spread to other parts of Asia. In Tibet, Buddhist monks kept Pugs as pets in their monasteries. The breed has retained its affectionate devotion to its owners since ancient times.

Pugs became popular at European courts, and reportedly became the official dog of the House of Orange in 1572, after a Pug named Pompey saved the life of the Prince of Orange by alerting him to the approach of assassins.

A Pug traveled with William III and Mary II when they left the Netherlands to accept the throne of England in 1688. During that period, the Pug may have been bred with the old-type King Charles spaniel, giving the modern King Charles Spaniel its pug-like characteristics.{{cite book |title=Cavalier King Charles Spaniel: Your Happy Healthy Pet |last=Moffat |first=Norma |date=27 March 2006 |publisher=Howell Book House |edition=2nd |isbn=0-471-74823-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471748236/page/19 19] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780471748236/page/19 }}

The breed eventually became popular in other European countries as well. Pugs were painted by Goya in Spain, and in Italy they rode up front on private carriages, dressed in jackets and pantaloons that matched those of the coachman. They were used by the military to track animals and people, and were also employed as guard dogs.

File:Henry Bernard Chalon - A favourite Pug bitch (1802).jpg]]

The English painter William Hogarth was the devoted owner of a series of Pugs. His 1745 self-portrait, which is now in London's Tate Gallery, includes his Pug, Trump.[http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hogarth-the-painter-and-his-pug-n00112 William Hogarth. The Painter and his Pug, 1745.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506141005/http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/hogarth-the-painter-and-his-pug-n00112 |date=6 May 2013 }} Tate Gallery, London, England. www.tate.org.uk. Retrieved 9 April 2013. The Pug was also well known in Italy. In 1789, author Hester Piozzi wrote in her journal: "The little Pug dog or Dutch mastiff has quitted London for Padua, I perceive. Every carriage I meet here has a Pug in it."{{cite book |title=Pugs: Everything about Purchase, Care, Nutrition, Behavior, and Training |last=Maggitti |first=Phil |year=2000 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-7641-1045-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/pugscompletepeto00phil/page/10 10] |url=https://archive.org/details/pugscompletepeto00phil |url-access=registration |quote=pug. |access-date=17 January 2010}}{{cite book|author=Wilhelmina Swainston-Goodger|title=The Pug-Dog - Its History and Origin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O9d8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50|date=5 March 2013|publisher=Read Books Limited|isbn=978-1-4474-8817-0|pages=50–|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-date=29 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229013118/https://books.google.com/books?id=O9d8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT50#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}

The popularity of the Pug continued to spread in France during the eighteenth century. Before her marriage to Napoleon Bonaparte, Joséphine had her Pug, Fortune, carry concealed messages to her family while she was confined at Les Carmes prison, it having alone been given visiting rights.{{cite journal |first=Katharine |last=Macdonogh |date=August 1996 |title=Prison Pets in the French Revolution |journal=History Today |volume=46}}

In nineteenth-century England, the breed flourished under the patronage of Queen Victoria. Her many Pugs, which she bred herself, included Olga, Pedro, Minka, Fatima and Venus. Her involvement with dogs in general helped to establish the Kennel Club, which was formed in 1873. Queen Victoria favored apricot and fawn colors. Her passion for Pugs was passed on to many other members of the royal family, including her grandson King George V{{cite web |url=http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=photo&x=0&y=0&object=2107790&row=81 |title=Royal Collection - The Duke of York holding a Pug |work=royalcollection.org.uk |access-date=6 September 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122952/http://www.royalcollection.org.uk/eGallery/object.asp?searchText=photo&x=0&y=0&object=2107790&row=81 |url-status=live}} and his son King Edward VIII. Many responded to the breed's image of anti-functionalism and diminutive size during that period.Yang, C. (2012). Culture in Miniature: Toy Dogs and Object Life. Eighteenth Century Fiction, 25(1), 139-174.

In paintings and engravings of the 18th and 19th centuries, Pugs usually appear with longer legs and noses than today, and sometimes with cropped ears. That practice was carried out in Europe up until the 19th century, the intent being to accentuate the wrinkles of the forehead.{{Cite web |title=Things you should know before owning a Pug |url=http://www.anniebees.com/PadisCorner/ThingsToKnow.htm |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=www.anniebees.com}} The so-called "prince mark" – a set of wrinkles resembling the Chinese character for prince (王) – was a desirable attribute of the breed.{{Cite web |website=National Purebred Dog Day |date=14 May 2016 |title=The Prince Mark |url=https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/the-prince-mark/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |language=en-US}}

It was around this time that two prolific strains of Pug came to be known in Britain: the Morrison and Willoughby lines.{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=Willoughby and Morrison Pugs |url=https://nationalpurebreddogday.com/willoughby-and-morrison-pugs/ |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=National Purebred Dog Day® |language=en-US}} Dogs of the Willoughby line were said to be of "bad colour", stone fawn with an excess of black on the head, whereas Morrison Pugs were a richer yellow fawn with well defined black masks.{{Cite web |title=The Pug. Part 2 |url=https://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/Non-Sporting/The-Pug-Part-2.html |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=chestofbooks.com}}

The Morrison Pug was more in accordance with current breed type, being cobbier and shorter muzzled. In his book, The Dogs of the British Islands, J.H. Walsh writes that the first dog of the Willoughby line had "a face much longer than would now be approved of by Pug fanciers".{{Cite web |title=Chapter II. Smooth Toy Dogs. The Pug |url=https://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/British-Dogs-2/Chapter-II-Smooth-Toy-Dogs-The-Pug.html |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=chestofbooks.com}} Comparison of the two strains, as depicted in artwork from the time, provides a clearer image as to their distinct characteristics.

File:Illustrirtes Muster Hunde-Buch, page 59 (cropped).jpg

The modern Pug's appearance probably changed after 1860, when a new wave of dogs were seized as loot by French and British soldiers who razed the Old Summer Palace in Beijing (then Peking), China.{{Cite web |title=Pugs in Ancient Orient |url=http://mypugs.atwebpages.com/englishversion/history/pughistory/orient/orient.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=mypugs.atwebpages.com}} They were "Happa dogs", or "Pekingese pugs" as they would come to be known by the western fancier.{{Cite web |last=Rodin |first=Therese |title=Happa/Lo-sze/Chinese Pugs – the Chinese origin |url=https://pugdogpassion.com/happa-lo-tze-chinese-pugs-the-chinese-origin/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Pugdogpassion|date=20 February 2020 }} Those Pugs had shorter legs, the modern-style Pug nose{{Cite book |last=Loades |first=Mike |title=Dogs: Working Origins and Traditional Tasks |date=2 December 2020 |publisher=White Owl |isbn=978-1-5267-4230-8 |language=English}} and were often black and white in color.

The Happa dog probably constitutes a separate "strain" to the Pekingese, rather than a breed in its own right. W.E Mason remarks in his book "Dogs of all nations" that the Happa is "identical in every respect with the Pekingese Spaniel, except that his coat is short and smooth".{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of Dogs of all nations, by W. E. Mason |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/68890/68890-h/68890-h.htm |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=www.gutenberg.org}} The distinction between the long and short coated dogs was, most likely, imposed by the British as several Oriental scrolls depict long coated "Hap-pah" dogs.

Two of the most famous Happa dogs to be brought back to England were "Moss" and "Lamb" who were bred together to produce "Click". A popular stud, "Click" was bred several times to bitches of both Willoughby and Morrison lines, which is largely recognized as leading to the merging of both strains.

During that period, crossing with the English bulldog reportedly took place to solidify desirable traits in both breeds, though that improvement came at the expense of the Pugs diminutive stature.{{Cite web |title=Smooth Toy Dogs. The Pug. Continued |url=https://chestofbooks.com/animals/dogs/British-Dogs-2/Smooth-Toy-Dogs-The-Pug-Continued.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |website=chestofbooks.com}} Pug dogs with a broader head and flatter muzzle were procured through those mixed pairings. However, many of them lacked the temperament typical of a lap dog on account of the bulldog's fiercer nature.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

The British aristocrat, Lady Brassey, is also credited with making black Pugs fashionable after she brought some back from China in 1886.

Pugs arrived in the United States during the nineteenth century and were soon making their way into the family home and the show ring. The American Kennel Club recognized the breed in 1885. The Pug Dog Club of America was founded in 1931 and was recognized by the American Kennel Club that same year. In 1981, the Pug Dhandys Favorite Woodchuck won the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in the United States, the only Pug to have won there since the show began in 1877.{{cite web |url=http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-books/dog-breed-books/pug-black.aspx |title=History of the Pug |first=Juliette |last=Cunliffe |work=DogChannel.com |access-date=26 December 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513034836/http://www.dogchannel.com/dog-books/dog-breed-books/pug-black.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2016 |url-status=dead }}

File:PugHeads.jpg

File:Retro Pug Head Side View Horizontal.jpg

The World Champion – or Best in Show – at the 2004 World Dog Show held in Rio de Janeiro, was a Pug named Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece.{{cite web |date=27 February 2014 |title=Interview with Ann Joe Sampaio, owner of Double D Cinoblu's Masterpiece |url=http://www.wds2015.com/blog/en/intervista-ann-joe-sampaio-proprietaria-double-d-cinoblus-masterpiece/ |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2016 |publisher=World Dog Show 2015 |archive-date=26 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426164047/http://www.wds2015.com/blog/en/intervista-ann-joe-sampaio-proprietaria-double-d-cinoblus-masterpiece/ }}{{Cite web |title=DOUBLE D CINOBLU'S MASTERPIECE |url=https://dogs.pedigreeonline.com/double-d-cinoblus-masterpiece-SfVdyhNI/pedigree |access-date=19 February 2024 |website=Pedigree Online |archive-date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219211422/https://dogs.pedigreeonline.com/double-d-cinoblus-masterpiece-SfVdyhNI/pedigree |url-status=live }}

The breeding trend of Pugs led to shorter muzzles and shorter legs over time, with the dogs susceptible to some health problems. In 2023, the Netherlands placed limitations on the breeding of various short-faced breeds, including the conventional Pug.{{cite web |title=Netherlands puts further limits on breeding flat-faced dogs |url=https://nltimes.nl/2023/08/24/netherlands-puts-limits-breeding-flat-faced-dogs-report |work=NL Times |date=24 August 2023 |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=29 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229013125/https://nltimes.nl/2023/08/24/netherlands-puts-limits-breeding-flat-faced-dogs-report |url-status=live }} Since around 2006 there has been a counter-trend in some countries to breed "retro pugs". Breeders who pursue that change in the breed aim for longer snouts, less protruding eyes, straighter legs and fewer facial wrinkles.[https://www.zooplus.co.uk/magazine/dog/dog-breeds/retro-pug Retro Pug] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805161257/https://www.zooplus.co.uk/magazine/dog/dog-breeds/retro-pug |date=5 August 2021 }}, Zooplus magazine, accessed: 5 August 2021.[https://welttierschutz.org/mops/ Qualzucht im Fokus: Der Mops] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813093808/https://welttierschutz.org/mops/ |date=13 August 2021 }}, Welttierschutz.org, 22 August 2019.{{cite news |last1=Waterfield |first1=Bruno |title=Dutch ban on pugs and French bulldogs puts owners' noses out of joint |url=https://www.thetimes.com/world/europe/article/dutch-ban-on-pugs-and-french-bulldogs-puts-owners-noses-out-of-joint-sqgrkgzcr |access-date=6 February 2024 |work=The Times |date=23 January 2023 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206092407/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/dutch-ban-on-pugs-and-french-bulldogs-puts-owners-noses-out-of-joint-sqgrkgzcr |url-status=live }}

File:Black pug with longer legs.jpg

Since Pugs lack longer snouts and prominent skeletal brow ridges, they are susceptible to eye injuries such as proptosis, scratched corneas, and painful entropion. The shortened snout and pushed in face of the Pug is known as brachycephaly.Knecht, C. D. (1979). Upper airway obstruction in brachycephalic dogs. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet, 1, 25-31. Brachycephaly results in deformation of the upper airway tract and leads to obstruction of breathing.{{cite journal | last1=Oechtering | first1=Gerhard U. | last2=Pohl | first2=Sabine | last3=Schlueter | first3=Claudia | last4=Lippert | first4=Johanna P. | last5=Alef | first5=Michaele | last6=Kiefer | first6=Ingmar | last7=Ludewig | first7=Eberhard | last8=Schuenemann | first8=Riccarda | title=A Novel Approach to Brachycephalic Syndrome. 1. Evaluation of Anatomical Intranasal Airway Obstruction | journal=Veterinary Surgery | publisher=Wiley | volume=45 | issue=2 | date=2016-01-21 | issn=0161-3499 | doi=10.1111/vsu.12446 | pages=165–172| pmid=26790550 }}{{cite journal | last=Hendricks | first=Joan C. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=22 | issue=5 | year=1992 | issn=0195-5616 | doi=10.1016/s0195-5616(92)50306-0 | pages=1145–1153| doi-access=free | pmid=1523786 }}{{cite journal | last1=Ekenstedt | first1=K.J. | last2=Crosse | first2=K.R. | last3=Risselada | first3=M. | title=Canine Brachycephaly: Anatomy, Pathology, Genetics and Welfare | journal=Journal of Comparative Pathology | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=176 | year=2020 | issn=0021-9975 | doi=10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.02.008 | pages=109–115| pmid=32359622 | pmc=7380493 }} Potential effects of brachycephaly are stridor, stertorous breathing, emesis, skin fold dermatitis, brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome, exophthalmos, pharyngeal gag reflex, cyanosis, and laryngeal collapse.{{cite journal | last1=TC | first1=Amis | last2=C | first2=Kurpershoek | title=Pattern of breathing in brachycephalic dogs | journal=American Journal of Veterinary Research | date=1986 | publisher=Am J Vet Res | volume=47 | issue=10 | pages=2200–2204 | issn=0002-9645 | pmid=3777646 | url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3777646/ | access-date=6 February 2024 | archive-date=6 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206035952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3777646/ | url-status=live }}{{cite journal | last1=Hendricks | first1=J. C. | last2=Kline | first2=L. R. | last3=Kovalski | first3=R. J. | last4=O'Brien | first4=J. A. | last5=Morrison | first5=A. R. | last6=Pack | first6=A. I. | title=The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing | journal=Journal of Applied Physiology | publisher=American Physiological Society | volume=63 | issue=4 | date=1 October 1987 | issn=8750-7587 | doi=10.1152/jappl.1987.63.4.1344 | pages=1344–1350| pmid=3693167 }}{{cite journal | last=Meola | first=Stacy D. | title=Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome | journal=Topics in Companion Animal Medicine | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=28 | issue=3 | year=2013 | issn=1938-9736 | doi=10.1053/j.tcam.2013.06.004 | pages=91–96| pmid=24182996 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |title=Reverse Sneezing (Pharyngeal Gag Reflex) |last=Lundgrun |first=Becky |date=26 June 2006 |work=VeterinaryPartner.com |access-date=26 December 2009 |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204014226/http://www.veterinarypartner.com/Content.plx?P=A&A=2335 |url-status=live }}{{cite journal | last1=Sebbag | first1=Lionel | last2=Sanchez | first2=Rick F. | title=The pandemic of ocular surface disease in brachycephalic dogs: The brachycephalic ocular syndrome | journal=Veterinary Ophthalmology | volume=26 | issue=S1 | date=2023 | issn=1463-5216 | doi=10.1111/vop.13054 | pages=31–46| doi-access=free | pmid=36585820 }}{{cite journal | last1=Hobi | first1=Stefan | last2=Barrs | first2=Vanessa R. | last3=Bęczkowski | first3=Paweł M. | title=Dermatological Problems of Brachycephalic Dogs | journal=Animals | publisher=MDPI AG | volume=13 | issue=12 | date=16 June 2023 | issn=2076-2615 | doi=10.3390/ani13122016 | doi-access=free | page=2016| pmid=37370526 | pmc=10294810 }}

Other issues arising from brachycephaly are risk of complications whilst under anaesthesia,{{cite journal | last1=Gruenheid | first1=Michaela | last2=Aarnes | first2=Turi K. | last3=McLoughlin | first3=Mary A. | last4=Simpson | first4=Elaine M. | last5=Mathys | first5=Dimitria A. | last6=Mollenkopf | first6=Dixie F. | last7=Wittum | first7=Thomas E. | title=Risk of anesthesia-related complications in brachycephalic dogs | journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association | publisher=American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) | volume=253 | issue=3 | date=1 August 2018 | issn=0003-1488 | doi=10.2460/javma.253.3.301 | pages=301–306| pmid=30020004 | s2cid=51676839 }} and hyperthermia – with the latter caused due to an inability to effectively reduce body temperature via panting.{{cite journal | last=Ewers Clark | first=Anna | title=Heatstroke and brachycephalic dogs – is there an increased risk? | journal=Veterinary Evidence | volume=7 | issue=4 | date=22 December 2022 | issn=2396-9776 | doi=10.18849/ve.v7i4.534 | page=| doi-access=free }} Their breathing problems can be worsened by the stresses of traveling in air cargo, which may involve high temperatures. Following the deaths of Pugs and other brachycephalic breeds, several airlines either banned their transport in cargo or enacted seasonal restrictions.{{cite web |url=https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspx |website=American Veterinary Medical Association |title=Air Travel and Short-Nosed Dogs FAQ |access-date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612021627/https://www.avma.org/public/PetCare/Pages/Short-nosed-Dogs-and-Air-Travel-FAQs.aspx |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html |website=The New York Times |first=Christine |last=Haughney |title=Banned by Many Airlines, These Bulldogs Fly Private |access-date=7 July 2014 |date=6 October 2011|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007124248/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/07/nyregion/banned-by-many-airlines-these-bulldogs-fly-private.html|archive-date=7 October 2011}}

File:Mops 555.jpg

Research from the UK found that Pugs are more prone to obesity than other breeds. They are three times more likely to become obese, and one in every five Pugs are diagnosed as obese in a year.{{cite web |title=Research shows Pugs at highest risk of obesity |url=https://www.bsava.com/article/research-shows-pugs-at-highest-risk-of-obesity/ |website=British Small Animal Veterinary Association |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=6 February 2024 |archive-date=6 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240206035958/https://www.bsava.com/article/research-shows-pugs-at-highest-risk-of-obesity/ |url-status=live }} Obesity should be considered a health priority in Pugs because of the high prevalence, associated health problems and reversible nature of the disorder.{{Cite journal|last1=O'Neill|first1=Dan G.|last2=Darwent|first2=Elisabeth C.|last3=Church|first3=David B.|last4=Brodbelt|first4=Dave C.|date=10 June 2016|title=Demography and health of Pugs under primary veterinary care in England|url= |journal=Canine Genetics and Epidemiology|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=5|doi=10.1186/s40575-016-0035-z|issn=2052-6687|pmc=4903005|pmid=27293771 |doi-access=free }}

A study in the UK of veterinary records found the Pug to have a life expectancy of 7.65 years – far below the general average of 11.23 years for dogs.{{cite journal |last1=Teng |first1=Kendy Tzu-yun |last2=Brodbelt |first2=Dave C. |last3=Pegram |first3=Camilla |last4=Church |first4=David B. |last5=O'Neill |first5=Dan G. |title=Life tables of annual life expectancy and mortality for companion dogs in the United Kingdom |journal=Scientific Reports |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=12 |issue=1 |date=28 April 2022 |issn=2045-2322 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-10341-6 |page=6415 |pmid=35484374 |pmc=9050668 |bibcode=2022NatSR..12.6415T}} Another UK study found a life expectancy of 11.6 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.{{cite journal | last1=McMillan | first1=Kirsten M. | last2=Bielby | first2=Jon | last3=Williams | first3=Carys L. | last4=Upjohn | first4=Melissa M. | last5=Casey | first5=Rachel A. | last6=Christley | first6=Robert M. | title=Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death | journal=Scientific Reports | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=14 | issue=1 | date=2024-02-01 | issn=2045-2322 | doi=10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w | page=531| pmid=38302530 | pmc=10834484 | bibcode=2024NatSR..14..531M }} A review of pet cemetery data in Japan found the Pug to have a life expectancy of 12.8 years, below the average of 13.7 years and lower than the average for small breeds.{{cite journal |last1=Inoue |first1=Mai |last2=Kwan |first2=Nigel C. L. |last3=Sugiura |first3=Katsuaki |title=Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data |journal=Journal of Veterinary Medical Science |publisher=Japanese Society of Veterinary Science |volume=80 |issue=7 |year=2018 |issn=0916-7250 |doi=10.1292/jvms.17-0384 |pages=1153–1158 |pmid=29798968 |pmc=6068313}}{{ref|footnote}}

File:Exophthalmos in pug.JPG

In 2008, an investigative documentary carried out by the BBC found significant inbreeding between pedigree dogs, with a study by Imperial College, London, showing that the 10,000 Pugs in the UK were so inbred that their gene pool was the equivalent of only 50 individual humans.{{cite news |title=Pedigree dogs plagued by disease |work=BBC News |date=19 August 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7569064.stm |access-date=26 December 2009 |archive-date=18 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918234000/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7569064.stm |url-status=live }}{{Better source needed|reason=References a study but cites a news article, the actual study would be better than a BBC article that references it.|date=February 2024}}

An abnormal formation of the hip socket, known as hip dysplasia, affected nearly 64% of Pugs in a 2010 survey performed by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals. The breed was ranked the second-worst-affected by the condition out of 157 breeds tested.{{cite web |url=http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101019034631/http://www.offa.org/stats_hip.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 October 2010 |title=Hip Dysplasia Statistics: Hip Dysplasia by Breed |work=OFFA.org |publisher=Ortheopedic Foundation for Animals |access-date=14 October 2010 }}

In a British study the Pug was found to be more susceptible to demodicosis. The prevalence of the condition in Pugs under two years was 1.9% compared to the 0.48% average, and for Pugs over four years it was 0.2% compared to the 0.05% average. Overall, the Pug had a prevalence of 1% compared to the 0.17% average.{{cite journal |last1=O'Neill |first1=D. G. |last2=Turgoose |first2=E. |last3=Church |first3=D. B. |last4=Brodbelt |first4=D. C. |last5=Hendricks |first5=A. |title=Juvenile-onset and adult-onset demodicosis in dogs in the UK: prevalence and breed associations |journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=61 |issue=1 |date=2020 |issn=0022-4510 |pmid=31584708 |pmc=7003809 |doi=10.1111/jsap.13067 |pages=32–41}}

Pugs can suffer from necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME), also known as Pug Dog Encephalitis (PDE), an inflammation of the brain and meninges.{{cite book|title=The Merck Veterinary Manual|year=2010|publisher=Courier Kendallville, Inc.|location=Kendallville, Indiana|isbn=978-0-911910-93-3|pages=1119, 1158|edition=10th|editor=Cynthia M. Kahn, BA MA}} NME is not unique to Pugs and also occurs in other small dogs, such as the Yorkshire Terrier, Maltese, and Chihuahua. NME affects roughly 1–2% of all Pugs.{{cite journal |last1=Windsor |first1=Rebecca |last2=Stewart |first2=Samuel |last3=Schmidt |first3=Jessica |last4=Mosqueda |first4=Mario |last5=Piras |first5=Ignazio |last6=Keller |first6=Stefan M. |last7=Steinmetz |first7=Briana |last8=Borjesson |first8=Dori L. |last9=Huentelman |first9=Matthew |last10=Khanna |first10=Chand |title=A potential early clinical phenotype of necrotizing meningoencephalitis in genetically at-risk pug dogs |journal=Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine |volume=36 |issue=4 |date=2022 |issn=0891-6640 |pmid=35621070 |pmc=9308433 |doi=10.1111/jvim.16444 |pages=1382–1389}}

The Pug is prone to hemivertebrae, a condition that can lead to pain as well as loss of function in the hind legs.{{cite web|url=http://www.ufaw.org.uk/Hemivertebrae.php |title=Hemivertebrae |work=Genetic Welfare Problems of Companion Animals |publisher=Universities Federation for Animal Welfare |location=ufaw.org.uk |access-date=11 September 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312201047/http://www.ufaw.org.uk/Hemivertebrae.php |archive-date=12 March 2015 }}

A UK study found the Pug to be at a 7.49 times greater risk of impaired hepatic perfusion compared to other dogs.{{cite journal | last1=Bandara | first1=Y. | last2=Bayton | first2=W. A. | last3=Williams | first3=T. L. | last4=Scase | first4=T. | last5=Bexfield | first5=N. H. | title=Histopathological frequency of canine hepatobiliary disease in the United Kingdom | journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice | volume=62 | issue=9 | date=2021 | issn=0022-4510 | doi=10.1111/jsap.13354 | pages=730–736| pmid=34155648 }}

Due to the relative size of neonatal skulls to the birth canal, Pugs are highly predisposed to requiring cesarean births.Evans KM, Adams VJ. Proportion of litters of purebred dogs born by caesarean section. J Small Anim Pract. 2010 Feb;51(2):113-8. {{doi|10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00902.x}}. {{PMID|20136998}}.

{{Clear}}

File:Jan Wyck (1645-1700) - A Dutch Mastiff (called 'Old Vertue'^) with Dunham Massey in the Background - 932341 - National Trust.jpg|A Dutch Mastiff (called 'Old Vertue') with Dunham Massey in the Background" (Jan Wyck, 1700)

File:Louis-Michel van Loo Princess Ekaterina Dmitrievna Golitsyna.jpg|A portrait of Princess Ekaterina Golitsyna by Louis-Michel van Loo (1759)
Moscow, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts

File:LesPortraits de MM. De Béthune Jouant avec un Chien-François-Hubert Drouais-BMA.jpg|Children of the Marquis de Béthune with a Pug, 1761

File:Henry Bernard Chalon - A favorite pug (1802).jpg|A male Pug, 1802

File:François van der Donckt - Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue - WGA06589.jpg|Portrait of Sylvie de la Rue, circa 1810

File:James Tissot - Young Lady in a Boat.jpg|Young Lady in a Boat with a Pug by James Tissot, 1870

File:152. Pugs.JPG|Engraving of the Pugs "Punch and Tetty" from the 1859 book "The Dog in Health and Disease"

File:Pug from 1915.JPG|Pug from 1915.

File:Top Dog (6199778183).jpg|Pug photo, ca 1900. Note its small head and long legs.

File:Carl Reichert Mops.jpg|A Pug by Carl Reichert. (1836–1918)

The breed became iconic in India, as it was featured as the mascot in a series of Vodafone (formerly Hutchison Essar) advertising commercials directed by Prakash Varma. The Pug that was predominantly featured in the commercials was Cheeka.{{cite web|url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/the-perils-of-being-the-vodafone-pug/55562867|title=The perils of being the Vodafone pug|work=India Times|date=23 November 2016|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043556/https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/the-perils-of-being-the-vodafone-pug/55562867|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XVx9QafiJ40e5qYIttrwVK/Return-of-the-Vodafone-pug.html|title=Return of the Vodafone pug|date=14 March 2016|work=livemint.com|access-date=19 November 2017|archive-date=24 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171124113418/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/XVx9QafiJ40e5qYIttrwVK/Return-of-the-Vodafone-pug.html|url-status=live}} The advertisement campaign was followed by a rise in the popularity of Pugs in India, and the sale of Pugs more than doubled within months, with prices for Pugs rising considerably. A few other adverts also appeared in the following months, inspired by the idea of a dog following a boy.Jaypal, Renuka. [http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf Going Digital in India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015155833/http://www.ogilvy.com/uploads/koviewpoint/vp_58-59_jaypal_apr17.pdf |date=15 October 2006 }}, Viewpoint, May 2006, retrieved 24 November 2006.

In Jane Austen's 1814 novel, Mansfield Park, Lady Bertram, the hero's mother, owned a pet Pug and was "thinking more of her Pug than her children".{{Cite book |last=Austen |first=Jane |title=Mansfield Park |year=1814}}

The 1984 science-fiction film Dune included a pug as a family pet; an inclusion which the director, David Lynch, has "refuse[d] to answer" questions about.{{Cite web |last=VandenBerg |first=Michael |date=2022-05-15 |title=Why House Atreides Has A Pug In David Lynch's Dune |url=https://screenrant.com/dune-movies-1984-2021-house-atreides-pug-reason/ |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=ScreenRant |language=en}}

The 1989 film The Adventures of Milo and Otis features a Pug named Otis, known as "Poosky" in the original 1986 Japanese version, The Adventures of Chatran.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

The Men in Black film series features Frank, a fictional talking Pug portrayed by animal actor Mushu.{{cite web|url=https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2002-07-09-0207090577-story.html|title=PUG IN BLACK: FRANK WALKS AWAY WITH MIIB|work=courant.com|date=9 July 2002|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019162317/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-2002-07-09-0207090577-story.html|url-status=live}}

The Lincoln Lawyer TV series features a pug, Winston.https://www.looper.com/869288/becki-newton-reveals-what-it-was-like-to-work-with-a-pug-in-the-lincoln-lawyer-exclusive/

{{portal|Dogs}}

• Companion dog
• Lap dog
• Order of the Pug
• Canis

:1.{{note|footnote}}The Japanese study reviewed cemetery data which is unlikely to have any records of still-births and altricial deaths whilst a veterinary clinic likely would have data on these.

{{Reflist}}

{{commons}}

{{NIE Poster|Pug|year=1905}}

{{Chinese dogs}}

{{Toy dogs}}

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Category:FCI breeds

Category:Dog breeds originating in China

Category:Companion dogs