Pupilla muscorum
{{Short description|Species of gastropod}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Pupilla muscorum 2.png
| image_caption = A right side view of a live Pupilla muscorum
| image2 = Pupilla muscorum.jpg
| image2_caption = Six shells of Pupilla muscorum, scale bar in mm
| status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1
| taxon = Pupilla muscorum
| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1–4], 1–824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
| synonyms = *Turbo muscorum Linnaeus, 1758
- Pupa marginata Draparnaud, 1801
}}
Pupilla muscorum, commonly known as the Moss Chrysalis snail or widespread column,{{cite web|url=https://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/search/Display.asp?FlNm=pupimusc|title=Pupilla muscorum|publisher=Utah Division of Wildlife Resources|accessdate=May 19, 2017|archivedate=December 31, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231025834/http://dwrcdc.nr.utah.gov/rsgis2/Search/Display.asp?FlNm=pupimusc}} is a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Pupillidae.
Taxonomy
A variety Pupilla muscorum var. pratensis Clessin, 1871 considered as ecophenotype of Pupilla muscorum was elevated to its species level Pupilla pratensis in 2009.von Proschwitz T., Schander C. , Jueg U. & Thorkildsen S. (2009). "Morphology, ecology and DNA-barcoding distinguish Pupilla pratensis (Clessin, 1871) from Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Pulmonata: Pupillidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies 75(4): 315–322. {{doi|10.1093/mollus/eyp038}}.
Description
The shell is usually light brown, varies from reddish brown to horny grey, weakly striated or almost smooth, 5–6.5 weakly convex whorls, suture not very deep (deep suture is presented in Pupilla sterrii – see picture below), aperture usually with well-developed lip, cervical callus strongly developed, like a dam, parietal tooth usually present, palatal tooth sometimes too.
Pupilla muscorum differs from Pupilla pratensis with which it lives sympatrically, in its thicker, smaller and more slender shell, lighter and more variable colour and stronger apertural lip.
The animal of Pupilla muscorum is small, elliptical, dark with lighter sides and foot, upper tentacles not very long, lower tentacles very short.
Extant populations of P. muscorum are practically identical in shape to their ancestors, indicating that they have tracked their ecological niches over time.{{cite journal|author1=Haase, Martin|author2=Meng, Stefan|author3=Horsák, Michal|year=2021|title=Tracking parallel adaptation of shell morphology through geological times in the land snail genus Pupilla (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora: Pupillidae)|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=191|issue=3|pages=720–747|doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa057|url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/191/3/720/5861197|doi-access=free}}
The height of the shell is 3.0–4.0 mm. The width of the shell is 1.65–1.75 mm (shell diameter does not vary much).
| File:Pupilla muscorum (Linné, 1758) (4387607982).jpg |
Distribution
This species of land snail occurs in the Northern Hemisphere including almost all of Europe. It is recorded as present in countries and islands including:
- Great Britain. It is threatened by disturbance due to intensification of land use of old calcareous grasslands in Britain.
- Ireland
- lower concern in Austria. Vulnerable in Vorarlberg.
- lower concern in Germany, decreasing (4R) in Bavaria.
- Czech Republic{{in lang|cs}} Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca, Suppl. 1: 1–37. [http://mollusca.sav.sk/pdf/9/Suppl-1-v2.pdf PDF].
- Slovakia
- UkraineBalashov I. & Gural-Sverlova N. 2012. An annotated checklist of the terrestrial molluscs of Ukraine. Journal of Conchology. 41 (1): 91–109. and CrimeaLeonov S. "Illustrated Check-list of Crimean Terrestrial Molluscs Иллюстрированный список наземных моллюсков Крыма". accessed 30 July 2014.
- PakistanPokryszko B. M., Auffenberg K., Hlaváč J. Č. & Naggs F. (2009). "Pupilloidea of Pakistan (Gastropoda: Pulmonata): Truncatellininae, Vertigininae, Gastrocoptinae, Pupillinae (In Part)". Annales Zoologici 59(4): 423-458. {{doi|10.3161/000345409X484847}}.
- Michigan, USAMichigan Natural Features Inventory. (2007). [http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/explorer/species.cfm?id=12436 "Pupilla muscorum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105162335/http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/explorer/species.cfm?id=12436 |date=2009-01-05 }}. Rare Species Explorer (Web Application). Available online at http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/explorer accessed 26 February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120227001325/http://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/explorer/species.cfm?id=12436 archive].
- Utah, USA
- Vermont, USA[http://www.jaxshells.org/pupilla.htm "Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Widespread Column"]. accessed 30 July 2014.
Ecology
Pupilla muscorum lives in dry meadows, sand dunes, in open and sunny habitats. Calciphile. In Portugal it is found under stones, dead leaves and in mosses. In Britain it is frequent in sheep-grazed calcareous grasslands. In the Alps in up to 2400 m, in Bulgaria 1200 m.
Ovoviviparous, the species is able to hibernate with its eggs, and can then release eggs with partly grown embryos during more favourable seasons.
References
This article incorporates public domain text from the reference.[http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1209 "Species summary for Pupilla muscorum"]. AnimalBase. Last modified 30-01-2010, accessed 30 July 2010.
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External links
{{Commons category-inline||Pupilla muscorum}}
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Category:Gastropods described in 1758