Quzhou

File:Du Halde - Description de la Chine - Villes de Kiu tcheou fou - Pinghou hien.jpg" from Du Halde's 1736 Description of China, based on Jesuit accounts]]

During the Southern Song dynasty the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, the Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Thomas A. |date=August 1996 |title=The Ritual Formation of Confucian Orthodoxy and the Descendants of the Sage |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=55 |issue=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press, Association for Asian Studies |pages=559–584 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248653434 |doi=10.2307/2646446 |jstor=2646446|s2cid=162848825 }}{{cite web |url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/en/B10.pdf |title=Descendants and Portraits of Confucius in the Early Southern Song |access-date=2016-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-09-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160913134503/http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/en/B10.pdf}}{{cite web |url=http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053840/http://www.npm.gov.tw/hotnews/9910seminar/download/all/B10.pdf}}{{cite web |url=http://aas2.asian-studies.org/absts/1995abst/china/csess45.htm |title=Session 45: On Sacred Grounds: The Material Culture and Ritual Formation of the Confucian Temple in Late Imperial China |publisher=Association for Asian Studies |access-date=2016-07-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161006175402/http://aas2.asian-studies.org/absts/1995abst/china/csess45.htm |archive-date=2016-10-06}}https://www.asian-studies.org/absts/1995abst/china/csess45.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150318220616/https://www.asian-studies.org/absts/1995abst/china/csess45.htm |date=2015-03-18 }} http://archive {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712160429/http://archive/ |date=2013-07-12 }}. is/hOXhs; http://academics.hamilton.edu/asian_studies/home/CultTemp/sitePages/temple.html{{cite web |url=http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html |title=- Quzhou City Guides - China TEFL Network |access-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065123/http://en.chinatefl.com/Platform/cityfeature_241_5_48.html |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}; http://kfz.freehostingguru.com/article20.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313043230/http://kfz.freehostingguru.com/article20.php |date=2016-03-13 }}; http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm; http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm{{cite web |title=孔子家族全书：家事本末 |url=http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html |access-date=2016-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071955/http://book.mihua.net/book/4/4190/798538.html |archive-date=2016-03-04}} From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou. An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan. The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation,{{rp|572}}{{rp|14}}{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jansen |author2=Thoralf Klein |author3=Christian Meyer|title=Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ |date=21 March 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27151-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA187 187–188]}} so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng. The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day. Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.{{cite news|title=Nation observes Confucius anniversary|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-09/29/content_699183.htm|agency=China Daily |date=2006-09-29}}{{cite news|title=Confucius Anniversary Celebrated|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/Sep/182656.htm|agency=China Daily|date=September 29, 2006}} The Hanlin Academy rank of Wujing boshi ({{lang|zh-Hant|五經博士}}) was awarded to the southern branch at Quzhou by a Ming Emperor while the northern branch at Qufu held the title Duke Yansheng.{{rp|575}}{{rp|14}}{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Thomas A. |title=On Sacred Grounds: Culture, Society, Politics, and the Formation of the Cult of Confucius |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4XXAAAAMAAJ&q=wujing+boshi+descendant |year=2002|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0-674-00961-5|pages=69,315}}{{cite book|author1=Thomas Jansen |author2=Thoralf Klein|author3=Christian Meyer|title=Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ|date=21 March 2014 |publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27151-7|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 188–]}} Kong Ruogu ({{lang|zh|孔若古}}) aka Kong Chuan ({{lang|zh-Hant|孔傳}}){{rp|5}} 47th generation{{Cite web|url=http://js.ifeng.com/humanity/his/detail_2015_03/27/3712847_0.shtml|title=页面不存在|website=js.ifeng.com|access-date=2016-05-09|archive-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605043714/http://js.ifeng.com/humanity/his/detail_2015_03/27/3712847_0.shtml|url-status=dead}}[http://www.zjfeiyi.cn/lvyou/detail/2-124.html Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603111442/http://www.zjfeiyi.cn/lvyou/detail/2-124.html |date=2016-06-03 }}{{cite web |title=金华磐安发现一处宋代古墓 墓主疑是孔子47代裔孙--浙江省殡葬协会 |url=http://www.zjbzxh.org/contents/231/709.html |access-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006205620/http://www.zjbzxh.org/contents/231/709.html |archive-date=2016-10-06 |url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://szkong.net/article/196 |title=中国深圳孔氏联谊会-榉溪孔氏家庙 |access-date=2016-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923063801/http://szkong.net/article/196}}{{cite web |url=http://059822.net/news/FS3.html |title=孔传：孔传 锁定 本缺少名片图，补充相关内 |access-date=2016-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605072209/http://059822.net/news/FS3.html |archive-date=2016-06-05 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web |title=孔氏六帖 南宋 孔传（孔若古）衢州派始祖 |url=http://www.kong.org.cn/BBS2/a/a.asp?B=74&ID=123}} was claimed to be the ancestor of the Southern branch after Kong Zhu died by Northern branch member Kong Guanghuang.{{rp|575}} The leader of the southern branch is Kong Xiangkai ({{lang|zh|孔祥楷}}).{{cite book |author1=Thomas Jansen|author2=Thoralf Klein |author3=Christian Meyer |title=Globalization and the Making of Religious Modernity in China: Transnational Religions, Local Agents, and the Study of Religion, 1800-Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ|date=21 March 2014 |publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-27151-7|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GNlXAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 189]}}

During the Second World War, Imperial Japanese army used bacteriological weapons in Quzhou, spreading plague, typhoid and other diseases in Quzhou, as well as in Ningbo and Changde. As a result, between 1940 and 1948 more than 300,000 Chinese civilians in the area contracted the plague and other diseases, and an estimated 50,000 died in Quzhou alone.Jonathan Watts: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/aug/28/artsandhumanities.japan Japan guilty of germ warfare against thousands of Chinese] The Guardian, 28 August 2002; Justin McCurry: [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/oct/28/worlddispatch.justinmccurry Japan's sins of the past] The Guardian, 28 October 2004.

On April 18, 1942, hours after bombing Tokyo, six US Army B-25 bombers crash landed near Quzhou after running out of fuel, including the leader of the raid, Lieutenant Colonel Jimmy Doolittle.

File:Txu-oclc-10552568-nh50-16.jpg, 1952)]]

The prefecture-level city of Quzhou administers 2 districts, 1 county-level city, and 3 counties.

File:Quzhou 2017.10.21 17-29-34.jpg

The centre of Quzhou sits on a broad basin along the {{ill|Qu River (Zhejiang)|lt=Qu River|zh|衢江}}, a tributary of the Qiantang River. The Qu River flows roughly southeast for {{convert|81.5|km|abbr=on}} and is flanked on both sides by hills. Almost all the rivers of Quzhou feed into the Qiantang, which ultimately empties into Hangzhou Bay.

The terrain is higher in the west and the east. The territory of Quzhou Municipality is made up of plains (15%), hills (36%), and mountains (49%). In the north is the Qianli Gang ({{lang|zh-hans|千里岗}}) mountain range and in the west the Yu Mountains ({{lang|zh|玉山脉}}). The highest mountains, the range known as the Xianxia Ling ({{lang|zh-hans|仙霞岭}}), lie in the south. The highest point in the city is at Dalong Gang ({{lang|zh-hans|大龙岗}}), which rises to 1,500 m above sea level.

70.7% of the land is covered with forest. The rest is densely irrigated and farmed, producing citrus fruits, tea and mulberry leaves.

The north China plain is an important grain-producing areas is also the key area of nitrogen loss, Quzhou nitrogen loss in 2017 about 9000 tons, through effective to improve crops (wheat, corn, vegetables and animal (pig, eggs) in the production of reasonable management to further improve the Quzhou has been the development of the north China plain green agriculture.{{Cite journal|last1=Meng|first1=Fanlei|last2=Wang|first2=Mengru|last3=Strokal|first3=Maryna|last4=Kroeze|first4=Carolien|last5=Ma|first5=Lin|last6=Li|first6=Yanan|last7=Zhang|first7=Qi|last8=Wei|first8=Zhibiao|last9=Hou|first9=Yong|last10=Liu|first10=Xuejun|last11=Xu|first11=Wen|date=November 2021|title=Nitrogen losses from food production in the North China Plain: A case study for Quzhou|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969721066353|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=816 |language=en|pages=151557|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151557|pmid=34762946 |s2cid=243909730 |url-access=subscription}}

Quzhou has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) with four distinctive seasons, characterised by hot, humid summers and chilly, cloudy and drier winters (with occasional snow). The mean annual temperature is {{convert|17.31|°C|1}}, with monthly daily averages ranging from {{convert|5.4|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|28.7|°C}} in July. The city receives an average annual rainfall of {{convert|1665.1|mm|1}} and is affected by the plum rains of the Asian monsoon in June, when average relative humidity also peaks. The frost-free period lasts 251–261 days. Winds along the Qiantang River valley are predominantly north-easterly and north-east-easterly. Occasionally typhoons blow in from the Pacific Ocean. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 25% in March to 59% in August, the city receives 1,810 hours of bright sunshine annually.

{{Weather box

| width = auto

| metric first = y

| single line = y

| location = Quzhou, elevation {{convert|82|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1971–present)

| Jan record high C = 26.1

| Feb record high C = 28.2

| Mar record high C = 34.6

| Apr record high C = 34.6

| May record high C = 36.8

| Jun record high C = 39.0

| Jul record high C = 40.9

| Aug record high C = 42.1

| Sep record high C = 39.6

| Oct record high C = 36.1

| Nov record high C = 31.9

| Dec record high C = 26.4

| Jan record low C = −10.4

| Feb record low C = −8.9

| Mar record low C = −2.9

| Apr record low C = 2.1

| May record low C = 9.4

| Jun record low C = 14.4

| Jul record low C = 19.3

| Aug record low C = 18.0

| Sep record low C = 12.0

| Oct record low C = 2.1

| Nov record low C = −3.6

| Dec record low C = −7.0

| Jan high C = 9.9

| Feb high C = 12.5

| Mar high C = 16.6

| Apr high C = 22.8

| May high C = 27.4

| Jun high C = 29.5

| Jul high C = 34.2

| Aug high C = 33.7

| Sep high C = 29.5

| Oct high C = 24.5

| Nov high C = 18.6

| Dec high C = 12.5

| Jan mean C = 5.8

| Feb mean C = 8.0

| Mar mean C = 11.9

| Apr mean C = 17.6

| May mean C = 22.4

| Jun mean C = 25.3

| Jul mean C = 29.1

| Aug mean C = 28.7

| Sep mean C = 24.8

| Oct mean C = 19.6

| Nov mean C = 13.8

| Dec mean C = 7.8

| Jan low C = 2.8

| Feb low C = 4.6

| Mar low C = 8.2

| Apr low C = 13.6

| May low C = 18.5

| Jun low C = 22.0

| Jul low C = 25.2

| Aug low C = 24.9

| Sep low C = 21.2

| Oct low C = 15.7

| Nov low C = 10.1

| Dec low C = 4.3

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm = 91.2

| Feb precipitation mm = 108.6

| Mar precipitation mm = 189.4

| Apr precipitation mm = 204.0

| May precipitation mm = 211.1

| Jun precipitation mm = 360.0

| Jul precipitation mm = 167.8

| Aug precipitation mm = 128.2

| Sep precipitation mm = 76.9

| Oct precipitation mm = 52.2

| Nov precipitation mm = 85.7

| Dec precipitation mm = 71.1

| Jan humidity = 79

| Feb humidity = 78

| Mar humidity = 78

| Apr humidity = 76

| May humidity = 76

| Jun humidity = 81

| Jul humidity = 74

| Aug humidity = 75

| Sep humidity = 76

| Oct humidity = 73

| Nov humidity = 77

| Dec humidity = 77

| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

| Jan precipitation days = 13.8

| Feb precipitation days = 13.3

| Mar precipitation days = 17.6

| Apr precipitation days = 16.3

| May precipitation days = 15.8

| Jun precipitation days = 17.5

| Jul precipitation days = 11.5

| Aug precipitation days = 12.3

| Sep precipitation days = 9.3

| Oct precipitation days = 8.0

| Nov precipitation days = 10.6

| Dec precipitation days = 10.5

| year precipitation days =

| Jan sun = 93.2

| Feb sun = 92.8

| Mar sun = 109.6

| Apr sun = 128.5

| May sun = 145.4

| Jun sun = 124.9

| Jul sun = 226.8

| Aug sun = 214.6

| Sep sun = 178.8

| Oct sun = 168.5

| Nov sun = 129.3

| Dec sun = 124.3

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 28

| Feb percentsun = 29

| Mar percentsun = 29

| Apr percentsun = 33

| May percentsun = 35

| Jun percentsun = 30

| Jul percentsun = 53

| Aug percentsun = 53

| Sep percentsun = 49

| Oct percentsun = 48

| Nov percentsun = 41

| Dec percentsun = 39

| year percentsun =

| Jan snow days = 3.1

| Feb snow days = 2.3

| Mar snow days = 0.5

| Apr snow days = 0

| May snow days = 0

| Jun snow days = 0

| Jul snow days = 0

| Aug snow days = 0

| Sep snow days = 0

| Oct snow days = 0

| Nov snow days = 0.1

| Dec snow days = 1.3

| year snow days =

| source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=22 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =22 September 2023}}

{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21

}} all-time extreme temperature{{cite web

|url= http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm

|title= Extreme Temperatures Around the World

|access-date= 2024-09-22

}}

| source =

}}

• Ancestral Temple of the Southern Confucian Clan
• Lanke Mountain, {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} southeast of the city proper. It features green peaks and clear waters, and the huge rocks on top of the mountain support a horizontal rock to form a natural arch, the Tiansheng Bridge ("Nature-Formed").

As of 2003, Quzhou municipality registered a population of 2,578,100. The vast majority are Han Chinese (99.16%) but there are also small minorities of She (0.73%) and Hui, Zhuang, Manchu and Miao (together making up 0.1%). Most of the people in Quzhou are engaged in agriculture (2,035,100). The genders are roughly evenly split. Population density is 273 people per km². At any given time there are a handful of foreign (mainly European and Australian) teachers at the schools and university of Quzhou, as well as alleged but never seen Russian Military Personnel who work and advise at the military base.{{Citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Quzhou is well served by both railways and highways. The city of Quzhou is a major connection hub between the three provinces of Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian, with the Zhegan Railroad running through southern Quzhou and the Qu River flowing past northern Quzhou. {{citation needed span|A local saying goes: "Four provinces through Qu, it's the head of five roads" ({{zh|labels=no|s=四省通衢、五路总头}})|date=April 2020}}.

;Airport

Quzhou Airport, ranked as class 4C, is located {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} away from east side of city centre,{{cite web|title=Quzhou Airport Official Website|url=http://mhj.qz.gov.cn/|access-date=6 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310135910/http://mhj.qz.gov.cn/|archive-date=10 March 2012}} and this airport was built in 22nd year of Republic of China (1933).The destinations are Beijing, Chongqing, Haikou, Jinan, Qingdao, Kunming, Dalian, Guiyang, Xi'an and Shenzhen. Airplane timetable and more information can be found on [https://web.archive.org/web/20120310135910/http://mhj.qz.gov.cn/ Quzhou airport official website].

The nearest large-scale airport is Hangzhou International Airport, and its information can be found on [http://www.hzairport.com/ Hangzhou International Airport Official Website]

;Railway

One of the most famous railway passes through the city is Shanghai-Kunming Railway with a speed of {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}. This railway has three stations in city, which are Longyou railway station, Quzhou railway station, Jiangshan railway station, Changshan Station, Kaihua Station. More information can be found on [http://bus.aibang.com/quzhou/busxid-2030863183-420599680 Quzhou Railway Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303031354/http://bus.aibang.com/quzhou/busxid-2030863183-420599680 |date=2014-03-03 }}

;Highway

Quzhou South Station, also named as Quzhou Express Station ({{lang|zh|衢州快客站}}),located in No.209 Shang Street, has 27 buses to Hangzhou, 18 to Jinhua, 8 to Ningbo, 6 to Wenzhou, and 3 to Shanghai daily. Another Express Station is located in He Hua Middle Road ({{lang|zh|荷花中路}}), on the south of newly built train station, and its destinations cover most cities in Jiangxi Province and Fujian Province. More bus information can be found on https://web.archive.org/web/20111231062848/http://www.icha.com.cn/RailwayStation/130.Html

{{noteslist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Portal|China}}

{{Commons category|Quzhou}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20000410175113/http://www.quzhou.gov.cn/ Government website of Quzhou]{{in lang|zh}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20011027112445/http://english.qz.gov.cn/ Government website of Quzhou]{{in lang|en}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041209113849/http://www.chinapages.com/zhejiang/quzhou/jg/ Brief Introduction of Quzhou]
• {{cite web |url=http://www.23yy.com/3470000/3467835.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929010006/http://www.23yy.com/3470000/3467835.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |script-title=zh:纪念孔子诞辰2566周年衢州孔氏南宗祭祀典礼系列活动综述}}

{{Zhejiang topics}}

{{Zhejiang}}

{{Prefectural-level divisions of the People's Republic of China}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Cities in Zhejiang

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Zhejiang

Category:National Civilized City

Category:National Famous Historical and Cultural City