Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States

The pattern of religious adherence has changed dramatically over the course of United States history, so that the pattern of presidential affiliations is quite unrepresentative of modern membership numbers. For example, Episcopalians are extraordinarily well represented among the presidents compared to a current membership of about 2% of the population; this is partly because the Church of England, from which the Episcopal Church is derived, was the established church in some of the British Colonies (such as New York and Virginia) before the American Revolution. The Episcopal Church has been much larger previously, with its decline in membership occurring only in more recent decades. The first seven presidents listed as Episcopalians were all from Virginia. Unitarians are also overrepresented, reflecting the importance of those colonial churches. Conversely, Baptists are underrepresented, a reflection of their quite recent expansion in numbers; the list includes only two Catholic presidents, although they are currently the largest single denomination. There have been no Adventist, Anabaptist, Eastern Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Latter Day Saint, or Pentecostal presidents.

While many presidents did not formally join a church until quite late in life, there is a genre of tales of deathbed conversions. Biographers usually doubt these, though the baptism of James K. Polk is well documented.

On the other hand, there are several presidents who considered themselves aligned with a particular church, but who withheld from formal affiliation for a time. James Buchanan, for instance, held himself allied with the Presbyterian church, but refrained from joining it until he left office.{{Cite web|title=Timeline {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} James Buchanan and Harriet Lane Johnston Papers {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/james-buchanan-and-harriet-lane-johnston-papers/articles-and-essays/timeline/|access-date=May 22, 2021|website=Library of Congress}}

Deism was a religious philosophy in common currency in colonial times, and some Founding Fathers (most notably Thomas Paine, who was an explicit proponent of it, and Benjamin Franklin, who spoke of it in his Autobiography) are identified more or less with this system. Thomas Jefferson became a deist in later life, and George Washington, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, James Monroe, and John Tyler are often identified as having some degree of deistic beliefs.

Four presidents were affiliated with Unitarian churches

In 1962, the American Unitarian Association merged with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Universalist Association, which is non-creedal and a fifth (Thomas Jefferson) was an exponent of ideas now commonly associated with Unitarianism. Unitarianism, the belief that God has a unitary nature, developed in opposition to Trinitarianism, the belief that God is three persons in one (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit). In a letter to Benjamin Waterhouse in 1822, Jefferson said, "I trust that there is not a young man now living in the US. who will not die an Unitarian."[https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-18-02-0437 Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Waterhouse] (June 22, 1822) in the National Archives William Howard Taft, a Unitarian, said in a letter to a friend, "I am interested in the spread of Christian civilization, but to go into a dogmatic discussion of creed I will not do whether I am defeated or not. ... If the American electorate is so narrow as not to elect a Unitarian, well and good. I can stand it."

While Abraham Lincoln never officially joined a church, there has been some research indicating that he may have had Quaker leanings. During his time in office, he had numerous meetings with Quakers and had investigated a supposed Quaker ancestry.

The only other president with any association with a definitely nontrinitarian body is Dwight D. Eisenhower, whose parents moved from the River Brethren to the antecedents of the Jehovah's Witnesses. Eisenhower himself was baptized in the Presbyterian church shortly after assuming the presidency, the only president thus far to undergo such a rite while in office; and his attendance at West Point was in sharp opposition to the tenets of the groups to which his parents belonged.

There are some presidents for whom there is little evidence as to the importance of religion in their lives. For example, almost no evidence exists for Monroe's personal religious beliefs, though this may be the result of the destruction of most of his personal correspondence, in which religious sentiments may have been recorded. As with claims of deism, these identifications are not without controversy. No president has declared himself to be atheist.

St. John's Episcopal Church (built 1815–1816) just across Lafayette Square and north of the White House, is the church nearest to the White House, and its services have been attended at least once by nearly every president since James Madison (1809–1817). Another Episcopal church, Washington National Cathedral, chartered by Congress in 1893, has hosted many funeral and memorial services of presidents and other dignitaries, as well as the site of interfaith presidential prayer services after their inaugurations, and the burial place of Woodrow Wilson.

Throughout history governmental proclamations often include religious language. In at least two cases, presidents saw fit to issue denials that they were atheists. At the same time, this was tempered, especially in early years, by a strong commitment to disestablishment. Several presidents especially stand out as exponents of this. Consideration of this has become increasingly contentious as topics such as civil rights and human sexuality have increasingly put churches at odds with each other and with the government.{{cite book |last=Miroff |first=Bruce |url={{Google books|nxzv-T0FSGwC|page=PA149|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |title=Debating Democracy: A Reader in American Politics |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-495-91347-4 |page=149 |display-authors=etal |access-date=February 14, 2017}}

For each president, the formal affiliation at the time of his presidency is listed first, with other affiliations listed after. Further explanation follows if needed, as well as notable detail.

1. George Washington – Episcopalian and Deist {{main|George Washington and religion}}
2. John Adams – Unitarian
3. * The Adamses were originally members of the state-supported Congregational churches in New England. By 1800, most Congregationalist churches in Boston had Unitarian preachers teaching the strict unity of God, the subordinate nature of Christ, and salvation by character. Adams himself preferred Unitarian preachers, but he was opposed to Joseph Priestley's sympathies with the French Revolution, and would attend other churches if the only nearby Congregational/Unitarian one was composed of followers of Priestley.
4. * Adams described himself as a "church going animal" in a letter to Benjamin Rush.
5. Thomas Jefferson – None specified, possibly Deist{{Cite journal |last=Mead |first=Lucia Ames |date=1926 |title=Thomas Jefferson's Religion |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42832983 |journal=The Journal of Education |volume=104 |issue=12 |pages=290–291 |issn=0022-0574}} {{main|Thomas Jefferson and religion}}
6. *Jefferson was raised Anglican and served as a vestryman prior to the American Revolution, but as an adult he did not hold to the tenets of this church.{{Cite journal |last=Wicks |first=Elliot K. |date=1967 |title=Thomas Jefferson — A Religious Man With A Passion For Religious Freedom |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42973187 |journal=Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=271–283 |issn=0018-2486}} While not holding to the tenets of the church, "he never withdrew from the Episcopal Church [although] his views were essentially what are called Unitarian today." Jefferson spoke favorably of Unitarianism, saying he believed it would "be the religion of the majority from north to south" and a "remedy" for fanaticism.{{Cite journal |last=S. |first=W. H. |date=1952 |title=The Religion of Thomas Jefferson |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42972179 |journal=Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=413–415 |issn=0018-2486}}
7. * Modern Unitarian Universalists consider Jefferson's views to be very close to theirs. The [https://web.archive.org/web/20160306001617/http://famousuus.com/bios/thomas_jefferson.htm Famous UUs] website says:
8. :

   Like many others of his time (he died just one year after the founding of institutional Unitarianism in America), Jefferson was a Unitarian in theology, though not in church membership. He never joined a Unitarian congregation: there were none near his home in Virginia during his lifetime. He regularly attended Joseph Priestley's Pennsylvania church when he was nearby, and said that Priestley's theology was his own, and there is no doubt Priestley should be identified as Unitarian. Jefferson remained a member of the Episcopal congregation near his home, but removed himself from those available to become godparents, because he was not sufficiently in agreement with the Trinitarian theology. His work, the Jefferson Bible, was Unitarian in theology ...

9. * In a letter to Benjamin Rush prefacing his "Syllabus of an Estimate of the Merit of the Doctrines of Jesus", Jefferson wrote:
10. :

    In some of the delightful conversations with you, in the evenings of 1798–99, and which served as an anodyne to the afflictions of the crisis through which our country was then laboring, the Christian religion was sometimes our topic; and I then promised you, that one day or other, I would give you my views of it. They are the result of a life of inquiry & reflection, and very different from that anti-Christian system imputed to me by those who know nothing of my opinions. To the corruptions of Christianity I am indeed opposed; but not to the genuine precepts of Jesus himself. I am a Christian, in the only sense he wished any one to be; sincerely attached to his doctrines, in preference to all others; ascribing to himself every human excellence; & believing he never claimed any other.

11. *In a letter to John Adams dated August 22, 1813, Jefferson named Joseph Priestley and Conyers Middleton as the inspirations for his religious beliefs, writing that:
12. :

    You are right in supposing, in one of yours, that I had not read much of Priestley's Predestination, his No-soul system, or his controversy with Horsley. but I have read his Corruptions of Christianity, & Early opinions of Jesus, over and over again; and I rest on them, and on Middleton's writings, especially his letters from Rome, and to Waterland, as the basis of my own faith. these writings have never been answered, nor can be answered, by quoting historical proofs, as they have done. for these facts therefore I cling to their learning, so much superior to my own.

14. James Madison – Episcopalian and Deist
15. * Although Madison tried to keep a low profile in regards to religion, he seemed to hold religious opinions, like many of his contemporaries, that were closer to deism or Unitarianism in theology than conventional Christianity. He was raised in the Church of England and attended Episcopal services, despite his personal disputes with the theology.
16. James Monroe – Episcopalian
17. * Monroe was raised in a family that belonged to the Church of England when it was the state church in Virginia, and as an adult attended Episcopal churches.
18. * "When it comes to Monroe's ... thoughts on religion", Bliss Isely comments in his The Presidents: Men of Faith, "less is known than that of any other President." Monroe burned much of his correspondence with his wife, and no letters survive in which he discusses his religious beliefs; nor did his friends, family or associates write about his beliefs. Letters that do survive, such as ones written on the occasion of the death of his son, contain no discussion of religion.
19. * Some authors conclude that Monroe's writings show evidence of "deistic tendencies".
20. John Quincy Adams – Unitarian
21. * Adams's religious views shifted over the course of his life. In college and early adulthood he preferred trinitarian theology, and from 1818 to 1848 he served as vice president of the American Bible Society. However, as he grew older his views became more typically Unitarian, though he rejected some of the views of Joseph Priestley and the Transcendentalists.
22. * He was a founding member of the First Unitarian Church of Washington (D.C.). However he regularly attended Presbyterian and Episcopal services as well.
23. * Towards the end of his life, he wrote, "I reverence God as my creator. As creator of the world. I reverence him with holy fear. I venerate Jesus Christ as my redeemer; and, as far as I can understand, the redeemer of the world. But this belief is dark and dubious."
24. Andrew Jackson – Presbyterian
25. * He became a member of the Presbyterian Church about a year after leaving the presidency.
26. Martin Van Buren – Dutch Reformed
27. * Van Buren is reported to have attended the Dutch Reformed church in his home town of Kinderhook, New York, and while in Washington, services at St. John's Lafayette Square.
28. * His funeral was held at the Reformed Dutch Church in Kinderhook with burial in a family plot at the nearby church cemetery.
29. William Henry Harrison – Episcopalian
30. * Harrison was a vestryman of Christ Episcopal Church in Cincinnati, Ohio after resigning his military commission in 1814.
31. John Tyler – Episcopalian
32. *Although affiliated with the Episcopal church, he did not take "a denominational approach to God." Tyler was a strong supporter of religious tolerance and separation of church and state.
33. James K. Polk – Methodist
34. *Polk came from a Presbyterian upbringing but was not baptized as a child, due to a dispute with the local Presbyterian minister in rural North Carolina. Polk's father and grandfather were Deists, and the minister refused to baptize James unless his father affirmed Christianity, which he would not do. Polk had a conversion experience at a Methodist camp meeting when he was thirty-eight, and thereafter considered himself Methodist. Nevertheless, he continued to attend Presbyterian services with his wife, though he went to the local Methodist chapel when she was ill or out of town. On his deathbed, he summoned the Rev. John B. McFerrin, who had converted him years before, to baptize him.
35. Zachary Taylor – Episcopalian
36. * Although raised an Episcopalian and married to a devout Episcopalian, he never became a full communicant member in the church.
37. Millard Fillmore – Unitarian
38. Franklin Pierce – Congregationalist during his presidency, converted to Episcopalianism later in life.
39. James Buchanan – Presbyterian
40. * Buchanan, raised a Presbyterian, attended and supported various churches throughout his life. He joined the Presbyterian Church after leaving the presidency.
41. Abraham Lincoln – Christianity, no branch specified.
42. * Life before the presidency
43. ** Some believe that for much of his life, Lincoln was a Deist.
44. ** Rev. Dr. Phineas D. Gurley, pastor of the New York Avenue Presbyterian church in Washington D.C., which Lincoln attended with his wife when he attended any church, never claimed a conversion. According to D. James Kennedy in his booklet, "What They Believed: The Faith of Washington, Jefferson, and Lincoln", "Dr. Gurley said that Lincoln had wanted to make a public profession of his faith on Easter Sunday morning. But then came Ford's Theater." (p. 59, Published by Coral Ridge Ministries, 2003) Though this is possible, we have no way of verifying the truth of the report. The chief evidence against it is that Dr. Gurley, so far as we know, never mentioned it publicly. The determination to join, if accurate, would have been extremely newsworthy. It would have been reasonable for Dr. Gurley to have mentioned it at the funeral in the White House, in which he delivered the sermon which has been preserved. The only evidence we have is an affidavit signed more than sixty years later by Mrs. Sidney I. Lauck, then a very old woman. In her affidavit signed under oath in Essex County, New Jersey, February 15, 1928, she said, "After Mr. Lincoln's death, Dr. Gurley told me that Mr. Lincoln had made all the necessary arrangements with him and the Session of the New York Avenue Presbyterian Church to be received into the membership of the said church, by confession of his faith in Christ, on the Easter Sunday following the Friday night when Mr. Lincoln was assassinated." Mrs. Lauck was, she said, about thirty years of age at the time of the assassination.
45. Andrew Johnson – No formal affiliation
46. * He accompanied his wife Eliza McCardle Johnson to Methodist services sometimes, belonged to no church himself, and sometimes attended Catholic services—remarking favorably that there was no reserved seating.
47. Ulysses S. Grant – Methodist
48. * Grant was never baptized into any church, though he accompanied his wife Julia Grant to Methodist services. Many sources list his religious affiliation as Methodist based on a Methodist minister's account of a deathbed conversion. He did leave a note for his wife in which he hoped to meet her again in a better world.
49. * In his 1875 State of the Union address, during conflicts over Catholic parochial schooling, Grant called for a constitutional amendment that would require all states to establish free public schools while "forbidding the teaching in said schools of religious, atheistic, or pagan tenets; and prohibiting the granting of any school funds or school taxes ... for the benefit ... of any religious sect or denomination." The proposed Blaine Amendment to the Constitution followed.
50. Rutherford B. Hayes – Unspecified Protestant
51. * Hayes came from a Presbyterian family, but attended Methodist schools as a youth.
52. * Many sources list him as Methodist; in general, however, it is agreed that he held himself to be a Christian, but of no specific church.
53. *In his diary entry for May 17, 1890, he states: "Writing a few words for Mohonk Negro Conference, I find myself using the word Christian. I am not a subscriber to any creed. I belong to no church. But in a sense, satisfactory to myself and believed by me to be important, I try to be a Christian, or rather I want to be a Christian and to help do Christian work."
54. * Hayes' wife, Lucy, was a Methodist, a temperance advocate, and deeply opposed to slavery; he generally attended church with her.
55. James Garfield – Churches of Christ
56. * He was baptized at age eighteen.
57. * Through his twenties, Garfield preached and held revival meetings, though he was never formally a minister within the church.
58. * Charles J. Guiteau attempted to assassinate Garfield at a sermon.
59. Chester A. Arthur – Episcopalian
60. * His father was a Baptist preacher.
61. * Upon his wife's death in 1880, he commissioned a memorial window for the south transept of St. John's, Lafayette Square, visible from the White House and lighted from within at his behest.
62. Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian
63. Benjamin Harrison – Presbyterian
64. * Harrison became a church elder, and taught Sunday school.
65. Grover Cleveland – Presbyterian
66. William McKinley – Methodist
67. * Early in life, he planned to become a Methodist minister.
68. * James Rusling, a McKinley supporter, related a story that McKinley had addressed a church delegation and had stated that one of the objectives of the Spanish–American War was "to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize and Christianize them". Recent historians have judged this account unreliable, especially in light of implausible{{Vague|date=July 2008|sounds like editorializing}} statements Rusling made about Lincoln's religion.
69. * McKinley is the only president to include exclusively Christian language in his Thanksgiving Day proclamation.
70. Theodore Roosevelt – Dutch Reformed
71. * Roosevelt always stated that he was Dutch Reformed; however, he attended Episcopal churches where there was no Reformed church nearby. (His second wife Edith was Episcopalian from birth.) As there was no Dutch Reformed church in Oyster Bay, New York, he attended Christ Church Oyster Bay when in residence there, and it was in that church that his funeral was held.
72. * His mother was Presbyterian and as a child he attended Presbyterian churches with her.
73. William Howard Taft – Unitarian
74. * Before becoming president, Taft was offered the presidency of Yale University, at that time affiliated with the Congregationalist Church; Taft turned the post down, saying, "I do not believe in the divinity of Christ."
75. * Taft's beliefs were the subject of some controversy, and in 1908 he found it necessary to refute a rumor that he was an atheist.
76. * During his presidency he attended All Souls Church
77. Woodrow Wilson – Presbyterian
78. * Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister and professor of theology.
79. * Prior to being governor of New Jersey and president of the United States, Wilson served as president of Princeton University, which was at the time affiliated with the Presbyterian Church.
80. Warren G. Harding – Northern Baptist
81. Calvin Coolidge – Congregationalist
82. * Coolidge attended Edwards Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts, which was affiliated with the National Council of Congregational Churches.
83. Herbert Hoover – Quaker
84. * As Quakers customarily do not swear oaths, it was expected that Hoover would affirm the oath of office, and most sources state that he did so. However, a Washington Post article dated February 27, 1929, stated that he planned to swear, rather than affirm, the oath.
85. Franklin D. Roosevelt – Episcopalian
86. Harry S. Truman – Baptist
87. * Truman kept his religious beliefs private and alienated some Baptist leaders by doing so.
88. Dwight D. Eisenhower – Presbyterian
89. * Eisenhower's religious upbringing is the subject of some controversy, due to the conversion of his parents to the Bible Student movement, the forerunner of the Jehovah's Witnesses, in the late 1890s. Originally, the family belonged to the River Brethren, a Mennonite sect. According to the Eisenhower Presidential Library, there is no evidence that Eisenhower participated in either the Bible Student group or the Jehovah's Witnesses, and there are records that show he attended Sunday school at a River Brethren church.
90. * Until he became president, Eisenhower had no formal church affiliation, a circumstance he attributed to the frequent moves demanded of an Army officer. He was baptized, confirmed, and became a communicant in the Presbyterian church in a single ceremony February 1, 1953, just 12 days after his first inauguration, the only president to undergo any of these rites while in office.
91. * Eisenhower was instrumental in the addition of the words "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 (an act highly promoted by the Knights of Columbus), and the 1956 adoption of "In God We Trust" as the motto of the US, and its 1957 introduction on paper currency. He composed a prayer for his first inauguration, began his Cabinet meetings with silent prayer, and met frequently with a wide range of religious leaders while in office.
92. * His presidential library includes an inter-denominational chapel in which he, his wife Mamie, and his firstborn son (who died in childhood) are buried.
93. John F. Kennedy – Roman Catholic
94. * Kennedy was the first Catholic president.
95. Lyndon B. Johnson – Disciples of Christ
96. Richard M. Nixon – Quaker
97. * Contrary to Quaker custom, Nixon swore the oath of office at both of his inaugurations. He also engaged in military service, contrary to the Quaker doctrine of pacifism.
98. Gerald R. Ford – Episcopalian
99. Jimmy Carter – Baptist
100. * In 2000, Carter publicly disassociated himself from the Southern Baptist Convention, which he had previously been associated with for 65 years, after the denomination voted at its national convention that women should not serve as pastors.{{Cite web|last=Newport|first=Frank|title=Jimmy Carter and the Challenge of Identifying Evangelicals|url=https://news.gallup.com/opinion/polling-matters/472772/jimmy-carter-challenge-identifying-evangelicals.aspx|date=March 24, 2023|access-date=August 17, 2023|website=Gallup|language=en-US}}{{cite news|title=Jimmy Carter Leaves Southern Baptists|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=95311&page=1|access-date=August 17, 2023|work=ABC News|language=en}} Carter continued to teach Sunday school at Maranatha Baptist Church in his hometown of Plains, Georgia, which he had done since the 1980s.{{Cite web|last=Yan|first=Holly|title=Jimmy Carter's church asks for comfort for his family as the former president enters hospice care|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/02/19/us/jimmy-carter-church-sunday/index.html|date=February 20, 2023|access-date=August 17, 2023|website=CNN|language=en-US}} In 2007, Carter founded the New Baptist Covenant organization for social justice.Carla Hinton, [https://www.oklahoman.com/story/news/politics/2009/07/25/ex-president-jimmy-carter-works-to-unite-all-baptists/61381494007/ Ex-president Jimmy Carter works to unite all Baptists], oklahoman.com, US, July 25, 2009{{Cite news|last=Cooperman |first=Alan|date=January 21, 2007|title=Carter, Clinton Seek To Bring Together Moderate Baptists Exiles From Conservative Group Targeted|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/|url-status=live|access-date=August 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102738/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2007/01/21/carter-clinton-seek-to-bring-together-moderate-baptists-span-classbankheadexiles-from-conservative-group-targetedspan/2044354e-264d-4577-8120-03d491375775/|archive-date=December 23, 2021}}
101. Ronald Reagan – Presbyterian
102. * Reagan's father was Catholic, but Reagan was raised in his mother's Disciples of Christ denomination and was baptized there on September 21, 1922. Nancy and Ronald Reagan were married in the Disciples of Christ "Little Brown Church" in Studio City, California on March 4, 1952. Beginning in 1963 Reagan generally attended Presbyterian church services at Bel Air Presbyterian Church, Bel-Air, California. During his presidency he rarely attended church services, due to the inconvenience to others in the congregation. He became an official member of Bel Air Presbyterian after leaving the presidency. Reagan stated that he considered himself a "born-again Christian".
103. George H. W. Bush – Episcopalian
104. * Bush was born to an Episcopalian family and raised in the denomination; though he briefly attended Presbyterian services after moving to Houston in the 1950s, he soon joined St. Martin's Episcopal Church, which he affiliated with for the rest of his life.{{cite news|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/religion/2018/12/01/george-hw-bush-helped-push-gop-towards-evangelicalism|title = George H.W. Bush helped lead GOP toward evangelicalism|last = Johnson|first = Lori|date = December 1, 2018|access-date = March 1, 2024|newspaper = The Washington Post|url-access = limited}} While living in Washington, he attended services at St. John's Episcopal Church.
105. Bill Clinton – Baptist
106. * Clinton, during his presidency, attended a Methodist church in Washington along with his wife Hillary Clinton, who is Methodist from childhood.
107. George W. Bush – Methodist
108. * Bush was raised in the Episcopal Church but converted to Methodism upon his marriage in 1977.
109. * Bush has been noted as one the most religious US presidents. He attributes his deep faith to a 1985 meeting with Billy Graham, an influential preacher in the evangelical movement, and researchers have debated his closeness to Evangelicals and his true religious views. Although considered an ally of the American evangelical movement in office, and claimed as an evangelical by some in the movement, Bush has never claimed to be born again and has not fully embraced standard evangelical doctrines. NBC News interviewed several theologians and colleagues of Bush, and their descriptions of his religious views varied, including "mainstream evangelical with a higher-than-normal tolerance of dissent", "conservative Christian [but] less doctrinaire than his faith would suggest", ecumenical "mere Christian", and "indigenous West Texas evangelical piety".{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6014570|title=Bush leaves specifics of his faith to speculation|date=16 September 2004|access-date=21 August 2024|website=NBC News|first=Alan|last=Cooperman}}
110. Barack Obama – Unspecified Protestant
111. *Obama's resignation from Trinity United Church of Christ in the course of the Jeremiah Wright controversy ended more than 20 years of affiliation with the United Church of Christ. As president he attended several different Christian churches. For the most part, he has attended Methodist churches. In his childhood Obama sometimes attended Sunday school at the First Unitarian Church of Honolulu.
112. *A widespread conspiracy theory stated that Obama is Muslim. His stepfather Lolo Soetoro was a liberal Muslim, and his biological father Barack Obama Sr., was raised a Muslim before turning atheist, but there is no evidence that Obama was raised in the faith. During his childhood in Indonesia, Obama attended a Catholic school and later a secular public school that provided Christian religious education, and the claim that he attended an Islamic madrasa is considered debunked.

{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-islam-story-archive,0,3358809.story|title=Obama madrassa myth debunked|last=Barker|first=Kim|date=March 25, 2007|work=Chicago Tribune|access-date=September 4, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101110184157/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-070325obama-islam-story-archive,0,3358809.story|archive-date=November 10, 2010|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}

1. Donald Trump – Unspecified Protestant{{cite news |last=Jenkins |first=Jack |title=Trump, confirmed a Presbyterian, now identifies as 'non-denominational Christian' |url=https://www.americamagazine.org/politics-society/2020/10/24/trump-confirmed-presbyterian-now-identifies-non-denominational |work=America Magazine |date=October 24, 2020 |language=en}}{{main|Donald Trump and religion}}
2. Joe Biden – Roman Catholic{{cite news|last=Gibson|first=Ginger|date=August 25, 2008|title=Parishioners not surprised to see Biden at usual Mass|page=A.12|newspaper=The News Journal|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1742751081.html?FMT=ABS|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601093036/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/delawareonline/access/1742751081.html?FMT=ABS|archive-date=June 1, 2013}}
3. *Biden is a lifelong Catholic, with Reuters describing his religious beliefs as "well-known and documented".{{cite news|url = https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-biden-church-photo-idUSKBN2AC1Y5/|title = Fact check: Repeated use of same photo of Biden at church does not prove he is lying about his church attendance or Catholic faith|date = February 16, 2021|access-date = November 20, 2023|work = Reuters}} Catholic social teaching has been cited as a major influence on his political views.{{cite news|url = https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2021/02/joe-biden-catholic-social-teaching-centrism.html|title = Joe Biden Is a Different Kind of Catholic|last = Guhin|first = Jeffrey|date = February 17, 2021|access-date = November 20, 2023|work = Slate}} In 2008, he was reported to regularly attend Sunday Mass at St. Joseph on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware. He continued to attend services there, or at other Catholic churches, during most weeks of his presidency.
4. Donald Trump – Unspecified Protestant

{{notelist}}

{{Portal|United States|Politics|Religion}}

• Religious affiliations of vice presidents of the United States
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• List of prime ministers of Canada by religious affiliation
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• Religious backgrounds of prime ministers of the United Kingdom

{{reflist|refs=

{{cite web|url=http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980/bible|title=1980 - Bible|publisher=Museum of the Moving Image|website=The Living Room Candidate}}

{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2015/06/12/413654984/americas-religious-nones-are-growing-quickly-should-republicans-worry |last=Kurtzleben |first=Danielle |website=NPR|title='Religious Nones' Are Growing Quickly. Should Republicans Worry? |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=September 30, 2016}}

{{cite web|title=Religious Affiliation of U.S. Presidents|url=http://adherents.com/adh_presidents.html|publisher=adherents.com|access-date=May 26, 2007|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509172459/http://www.adherents.com/adh_presidents.html|archive-date=May 9, 2007}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Ulysses_Grant.html|title=Religion of Ulysses S Grant, U.S. President|website=adherents.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703192126/http://www.adherents.com/people/pg/Ulysses_Grant.html|archive-date=July 3, 2014|url-status=usurped}}

There are no Quaker denominations as such to be compared with, for example, the United Methodist Church or the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and there never were. Quakers are independent of being affiliated with a specific denomination and Quaker membership can only be more or less estimated on their yearly meetings which provides a contentious image of how many Quakers there really are.

* {{cite web|year=2009 |title=American President: Barack Obama |location=Charlottesville, VA |publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia |url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |access-date=January 23, 2009 |quote=Religion: Christian |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123091100/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/obama |archive-date=January 23, 2009 |url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|title=The Truth about Barack's Faith |publisher=Obama for America |url=http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf |access-date=July 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105040018/http://www.fightthesmears.com/file_download/2/baracksfaith.pdf}} * {{cite news|author=Miller, Lisa |date=July 18, 2008 |title=Finding his faith |work=Newsweek |url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |access-date=February 4, 2010 |quote=He is now a Christian, having been baptized in the early 1990s at Trinity United Church of Christ in Chicago. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206163704/http://www.newsweek.com/id/145971 |archive-date=February 6, 2010 |url-status=live}} * {{cite news|author=Barakat, Matthew |agency=Associated Press |date=November 17, 2008 |title=Obama's church choice likely to be scrutinized; D.C. churches have started extending invitations to Obama and his family |work=NBC News |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna27775757 |access-date=January 20, 2009 |quote=The United Church of Christ, the denomination from which Obama resigned when he left Wright's church, issued a written invitation to join a UCC denomination in Washington and resume his connections to the church.}} * {{cite web|date=January 20, 2009 |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |access-date=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125002304/http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |archive-date=January 25, 2009 |url-status=live}} * {{cite magazine|author=Sullivan, Amy |date=June 29, 2009 |title=The Obama's find a church home – away from home |magazine=Time |location=New York |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1907610,00.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=instead of joining a congregation in Washington, D.C., he will follow in George W. Bush's footsteps and make his primary place of worship Evergreen Chapel, the nondenominational church at Camp David.}} * {{cite news|author=Kornblut, Anne E. |date=February 4, 2010 |title=Obama's spirituality is largely private, but it's influential, advisers say |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A6 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/02/03/AR2010020303619.html |access-date=February 5, 2010 |quote=Obama prays privately ... And when he takes his family to Camp David on the weekends, a Navy chaplain ministers to them, with the daughters attending a form of Sunday school there.}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html|title=The religion of Rutherford B. Hayes, 19th U.S. President|website=adherents.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703180512/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Rutherford_B_Hayes.html|archive-date=July 3, 2014|url-status=usurped}}

{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/20/almost-all-presidents-have-been-christians/|title=Almost all U.S. presidents, including Trump, have been Christians|date=January 20, 2017|newspaper=Pew Research Center|access-date=February 4, 2017|language=en-US}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/George_Washington.html|title=The Religion of George Washington|website=adherents.com|access-date=September 19, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703181341/http://www.adherents.com/people/pw/George_Washington.html|archive-date=July 3, 2014|url-status=usurped}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: John Adams|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/adams|access-date=January 23, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116044740/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/adams|archive-date=January 16, 2009}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html|title=Religion and the Founding of the American Republic: Religion and the Federal Government|date=June 4, 1998|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=January 23, 2009}}

{{cite web| url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Thomas_Jefferson.html|title=The Religion of Thomas Jefferson| website=adherents.com|access-date=January 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703180914/http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Thomas_Jefferson.html|archive-date=July 3, 2014|url-status=usurped}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: Thomas Jefferson|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jefferson|access-date=January 23, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203213512/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jefferson|archive-date=February 3, 2009}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: James Madison|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/madison|access-date=January 26, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124034433/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/madison|archive-date=January 24, 2009}}

{{cite web|title=James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion: Risks vs. Rewards|publisher=Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html|author=Hutson, James|date=March 16, 2001|access-date=May 26, 2007}}

{{cite journal|title=The Religion of James Monroe|author=Holmes, David|url=http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2003/autumn/holmes-religion-james-monroe/|journal=Virginia Quarterly Review|date=Autumn 2003|access-date=May 26, 2007}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: John Quincy Adams: Family Life|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jqadams/essays/biography/7|access-date=April 16, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502231827/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jqadams/essays/biography/7|archive-date=May 2, 2008}}

{{cite web|publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association|title=John Quincy Adams|url=http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnquincyadams.html |access-date=April 16, 2008}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: Andrew Jackson|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/jackson|access-date=January 22, 2009}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/vanburen|title=American President: Martin Van Buren|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs|access-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112011915/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/vanburen|archive-date=November 12, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/harrison|title=American President: William Henry Harrison|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs|access-date=April 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308193532/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/harrison|archive-date=March 8, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler|title=American President: John Tyler|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs|access-date=April 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410164556/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/tyler|archive-date=April 10, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/polk/essays/biography/7|title=American President: James Knox Polk: Family Life|publisher=University of Virginia Miller Center of Public Affairs|access-date=April 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502185319/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/polk/essays/biography/7|archive-date=May 2, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Zachary_Taylor.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215123215/http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Zachary_Taylor.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 15, 2006|title=The Religious Affiliation of 12th U.S. President Zachary Taylor|publisher=adherents.com |access-date=February 23, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/fillmore|title=American President: Millard Fillmore|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|access-date=May 22, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420045752/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/fillmore|archive-date=April 20, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/buchanan|title=American President: James Buchanan|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|access-date=March 19, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302015623/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/buchanan|archive-date=March 2, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson|title=American President: Andrew Johnson|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|access-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081105015912/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson|archive-date=November 5, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson/essays/biography/7|title=American President: Andrew Johnson: Family Life|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|access-date=October 8, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170314/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/johnson/essays/biography/7|archive-date=July 19, 2008}}

{{cite book|title=Rutherford B. Hayes|first=Hans L.|last=Trefousse|editor=Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|publisher=Macmillan|year=2002|pages=3–5}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/visitors/display.asp?id=366&subj=visitors|title=Frequently asked questions|publisher=Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center|quote=The president never espoused a particular religion, but attended Methodist Church with his wife Lucy.|access-date=February 25, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080207113352/http://www.rbhayes.org/hayes/visitors/display.asp?id=366&subj=visitors|archive-date=February 7, 2008|url-status=dead}}

{{cite book |last=Green |first=F. M. |editor=John T. Brown |title=Churches of Christ |url=https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jtbrown/coc/COC00.HTM |access-date=February 19, 2008 |year=1906 |publisher=John P. Morton and Company |location=Louisville, Kentucky |pages=412–414 |chapter=Some Pioneers, and Others Who Have Been Prominent in the Restoration Movement: James A. Garfield|chapter-url=https://www.mun.ca/rels/restmov/texts/jtbrown/coc/COC1306.HTM}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/arthur|title=American President: Chester Alan Arthur|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=February 27, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603102135/http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/arthur|archive-date=June 3, 2009}}

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1saAQAAIAAJ&q=The+Spanish-American+War+and+President+McKinley|title=The Spanish–American War and President McKinley|first=Lewis L. |last=Gould|location=Lawrence, Kansas|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=1980|pages=107–108|isbn=9780700602278|access-date=October 7, 2013}}

{{cite web|title=The Religion of Theodore Roosevelt |url=http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/Religion.htm |publisher=Theodore Roosevelt Association |access-date=February 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012131645/http://www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/Religion.htm |archive-date=October 12, 2007}}

{{cite book|author=Roosevelt, Theodore|title=An Autobiography|year=1913|chapter=Boyhood and Youth|chapter-url=http://www.bartleby.com/55/1.html|isbn=1-4065-0606-0|publisher=Dodo Press|location=United Kingdom}}

{{cite news |title=Taft as a Churchman; Belongs to Unitarian Church of Cincinnati, and Has a Pew in Washington |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1908/06/17/104733263.pdf |work=New York Times |page=2 |date=June 17, 1908 |access-date=February 16, 2008 |quote=Word reached Washington to-day that the report is being energetically circulated that Secretary Taft is an atheist, and the Secretary's friends are indignant.}}

{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Gary Scott |title=Faith and the Presidency: From George Washington to George W. Bush|access-date=February 16, 2008 |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location=Oxford; New York|pages=159 ff. |chapter=Woodrow Wilson: Presbyterian Statesman|isbn=9780198041153 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=svFtpYz78OsC&pg=PA159}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President:Warren G. Harding|url=http://millercenter.org/president/harding|access-date=February 21, 2012}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/GUIDES/Eisenhower_and_religion.pdf |title=A Guide to Historical Holdings in the Dwight D. Eisenhower Library: Eisenhower and Religion|first=Herbert |last=Pankratz |publisher=United States Archives |date=July 2001|access-date=February 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216064507/http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/GUIDES/Eisenhower_and_religion.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2008}}

{{cite web|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs at the University of Virginia|title=American President: Richard Nixon|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/nixon|access-date=February 21, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312065347/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/nixon|archive-date=March 12, 2012}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/grffacts.asp|title=Gerald R. Ford – Facts and Favorites|publisher=Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum|access-date=February 10, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/lc/reagan_facts.asp|title=Ronald Reagan Facts|publisher=Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Library |access-date=February 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190933/http://www.reaganfoundation.org/programs/lc/reagan_facts.asp |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}

{{cite news|first=Linda |last=Feldmann|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=December 20, 2007|title=Candidate Clinton goes public with her private faith|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/1220/p01s02-uspo.html|access-date=November 5, 2008}}

{{cite news|last=Cooperman|first=Alan|title=Openly Religious, to a Point|newspaper=Washington Post|page=A01|date=September 15, 2004|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24634-2004Sep15?language=printer|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120524192032/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A24634-2004Sep15?language=printer|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 24, 2012|access-date=February 15, 2008}}

{{cite press release |title=Barack Obama, long time UCC member, inaugurated forty-fourth U.S. President |publisher=United Church of Christ |date=January 20, 2009 |url=http://www.ucc.org/news/obama-inauguration.html |access-date=January 21, 2009 |quote=Barack Obama, who spent more than 20 years as a UCC member, is the forty-fourth President of the United States.}}

{{cite web |title=The Religious Affiliations of U.S. Presidents |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2009/01/15/the-religious-affiliations-of-us-presidents/ |work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |access-date=June 3, 2020 |date=January 15, 2009}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/st-johns-church.html|title=St. John's Church|work=WHHA|access-date=December 20, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005154700/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/st-johns-church|archive-date=October 5, 2020|url-status=dead}}

{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BMzIavSRNdEC&q=%22thomas+jefferson%22+infidel&pg=PA83|title=The Religious Life of Thomas Jefferson|first=Charles B.|last=Sanford|publisher=Univ Press Of Virginia|year=1984|isbn=0-8139-1131-1|page=246|location=Charlottesville}}

{{cite news|url=http://www3.sympatico.ca/n.rieck/docs/lincoln9911.html |title=Book lays out story of Lincoln' complex beliefs |author=Ostling, Richard N. |agency=Associated Press |access-date=May 26, 2007 |author-link=Richard N. Ostling |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403073905/http://www3.sympatico.ca/n.rieck/docs/lincoln9911.html |archive-date=April 3, 2007}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.humanismbyjoe.com/Lincoln's_religion.htm |title=Abraham Lincoln's Humanistic Religious Beliefs |access-date=May 26, 2007 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070125080745/http://www.humanismbyjoe.com/Lincoln%27s_religion.htm |archive-date=January 25, 2007}}

[http://www.history.org/Almanack/life/religion/religionhdr.cfm Colonial Williamsburg website] has four articles on religion in colonial Virginia

{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ufqRJuwy8C&q=deathbed%20conversion%20james%20k%20polk&pg=PA183|title=James K. Polk: A Biographical Companion|last=Byrnes|first=Mark Eaton|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2001|isbn=9781576070567|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=52|quote="On his deathbed Polk was baptized into the Methodist church."|via=Google Books}}

{{citation|publisher = National Public Radio|title = Weekly Standard: Bigoted Against Brigham's Faith?|first = Philip|last = Terzian|author-link = Philip Terzian|date = November 4, 2011|url = https://www.npr.org/2011/11/04/142014074/weekly-standard-no-bigotry-for-brigham-followers}}

Bassuk, Daniel. (1987). "Abraham Lincoln and the Quakers". Pendle Hill Quaker Center for Study and Contemplation.

Worship the Only True God, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2002, p. 159.

{{Cite web|url=https://stjohns-dc.org/welcome-to-saint-johns-church/history/|title = History – St. John's Church| date=June 18, 2023 }}

{{Cite web|url=https://cathedral.org/history/timeline/|title=Timeline}}

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{{cite web|url=http://phxut.us/sl/Misc/Unitarianism%20in%20America--George%20Willis%20Cooke.pdf |title=Unitarianism in America |author=Cooke, George Willis |access-date=June 23, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317030457/http://phxut.us/sl/Misc/Unitarianism%20in%20America--George%20Willis%20Cooke.pdf |archive-date=March 17, 2012}}

{{cite web|url=http://dynamicchristianministries.org/Publications/Articles/Web1--The%20Roots%20of%20Our%20Beliefs.pdf|title=The Roots of Our Belief|author=White, Wesley|year=2008|access-date=June 23, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014421/http://dynamicchristianministries.org/Publications/Articles/Web1--The%20Roots%20of%20Our%20Beliefs.pdf|archive-date=March 26, 2012}}

{{cite web |url=http://darlingtoncongregationalchurch.com/id3.html |title=Darlington Congregational Church: Our History|access-date=June 23, 2011}}

{{cite web|publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association|title=John Adams|url=http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnadams.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021231060305/http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/johnadams.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 31, 2002|access-date=April 22, 2007}}

{{Cite web|url=http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/99-02-02-5678|title=Founders Online: From John Adams to Benjamin Rush, 28 August 1811|website=founders.archives.gov|language=en|access-date=February 22, 2019}}

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZsvTcwV2wwC&q=Sworn+of+the+Altar+of+God%3AA+Religious+Biography+of+Thomas+Jefferson |title=Sworn of the Altar of God: A Religious Biography of Thomas Jefferson |first=Edwin S. |last=Gaustad |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans |year=1995 |page=16 |access-date=October 7, 2013|isbn=978-0-8028-0156-2}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/thomasjefferson.html|publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association|title=Thomas Jefferson|access-date=May 26, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515181139/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/thomasjefferson.html|archive-date=May 15, 2007|url-status=dead}}

transcript from {{cite web|url=http://www.beliefnet.com/resourcelib/docs/133/Letter_from_Thomas_Jefferson_to_Benjamin_Rush_1.html|title=Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush|publisher=beliefnet|access-date=December 30, 2008}} The original letter may be viewed on the Library of Congress website here [http://memory.loc.gov/master/mss/mtj/mtj1/028/0100/0191.jpg].

transcript from {{cite web|url=https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0351|title=Thomas Jefferson to John Adams|publisher=US National Archives|access-date=December 5, 2018}}

{{cite book|title=Andrew Jackson|first=Sean|last=Wilentz|publisher=Macmillan|year=2005|page=160}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.kinderhookconnection.com/history4.htm|title=Martin Van Buren|publisher=Kinderhook Connection|access-date=October 8, 2008}}

{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/blotter/chi-presidents-photogallery,0,6466822.photogallery?index=chi080213vanburen_image |title=Presidential portraits: Martin Van Buren |work=Chicago Tribune |access-date=October 8, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025025017/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/blotter/chi-presidents-photogallery%2C0%2C6466822.photogallery?index=chi080213vanburen_image |archive-date=October 25, 2012}}

{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ol-bJV4eCWkC&dq=van+buren+Reformed+Dutch+Church&pg=PA33| title = Who's Buried in Grant's Tomb| isbn = 9781586488703| last = Lamb| first = Brian| date = February 9, 2010| publisher = PublicAffairs}}

{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0194730-00|title=The American Presidency: Harrison, William Henry|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Americana|access-date=April 9, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421232812/http://ap.grolier.com/article?assetid=0194730-00|archive-date=April 21, 2008}}

{{cite book|title=And Tyler too: A Biography of John and Julia Gardiner Tyler|url=https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog011320mbp|last=Seager II|first=Robert|year=1963|publisher=McGraw-Hill|page=[https://archive.org/details/andtylertooabiog011320mbp/page/n132 109]}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pp/James_Polk.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119121215/http://www.adherents.com/people/pp/James_Polk.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=November 19, 2005|title=Religion of James Polk, U.S. President}}

{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/jameskpolk0000seig |first=John |last=Seigenthaler |publisher=Times Books |year=2003 |isbn=0-8050-6942-9 |title=James K Polk. |access-date=July 24, 2008 |url-access=registration}}

{{cite book|last=Baker|first=Jean H.|title=James Buchanan|year=2004|publisher=Henry Holt and company|location=New York|isbn=0805069461|page=143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoTpWjUsP1sC}}

[http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/john_remsburg/six_historic_americans/chapter_5.html Six Historic Americans: Abraham Lincoln] John E. Remsburg, 1906

[http://showcase.netins.net/web/creative/lincoln/speeches/gurley.htm White House Funeral Sermon for President Lincoln] Abraham Lincoln Online

{{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29516#axzz1mFuQBObu |title=American Presidency Project: Ulysses S. Grant: Seventh Annual Message |date=December 7, 1875 |access-date=February 13, 2012}}

{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/Volume04/Chapter50/May171890.txt |chapter=May 17, 1890 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/index.cfm |volume=IV |title=The Diary and Letters of Rutherford B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States |editor=Charles Richard Williams |location=Columbus, Ohio |publisher=Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society |year=1922 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429023213/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/hayes/index.cfm |archive-date=April 29, 2012}}

{{cite book|last=Millard|first=Candice|title=Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine, and the Murder of a President|year=2011|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-52626-5|pages=119–120|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bRFQ74gYlPAC&q=sermon|author-link=Candice Millard}}

{{cite web|url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/about-the-white-house/first-families/ellen-lewis-herndon-arthur/|title=Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur|publisher=White House|access-date=September 21, 2015}}

{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/gc2224.html |title=Biography of Grover Cleveland |access-date=February 16, 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803003644/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/presidents/gc2224.html |via=National Archives |work=whitehouse.gov |archive-date=August 3, 2010}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Benjamin_Harrison_pres.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302075327/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Benjamin_Harrison_pres.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=March 2, 2006|title=The Religious Affiliation of Benjamin Harrison 23rd U.S. President|publisher=Adherents.com}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley|title=American President: William McKinley|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=February 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302015709/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley|archive-date=March 2, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley/essays/biography/1|title=President William McKinley: A Life in Brief|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=February 26, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080310002849/http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/mckinley/essays/biography/1|archive-date=March 10, 2008}}

{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TXE73VWcsEEC&q=mckinley+rusling+christianize+philippines&pg=PA22|first=James |last=Rusling|title=Interview with President William McKinley|journal=The Christian Advocate|date=January 22, 1903|page=17|isbn=9780896082755}} Reprinted in {{cite book|editor1=Daniel Schirmer |editor2=Stephen Rosskamm Shalom |title=The Philippines Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi |url-access=registration |location=Boston|publisher=South End Press|year=1987|pages=[https://archive.org/details/philippinesreade00schi/page/22 22–23]}}

{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c_l00V8qQGUC&q=Legends,+Lies,+and+Cherished+Myths+of+American+History|title=Legends, Lies, and Cherished Myths of American History|first=Richard |last=Shenkman|publisher=HarperCollins|year=1992|page=38 |isbn=9780062098870|access-date=October 7, 2013}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.pilgrimhall.org/ThanxProc1900.htm |title=1900 Thanksgiving Proclamation |quote= ... the sentiments of sympathy and Christian charity by virtue of which we are one united people. |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207213902/http://www.pilgrimhall.org/ThanxProc1900.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2012}}

{{cite web|url=http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/williamhowardtaft.html |title=William Howard Taft |publisher=Unitarian Universalist Association |access-date=May 26, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515181453/http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/williamhowardtaft.html |archive-date=May 15, 2007}}

{{cite book|first=David Henry |last=Burton|title=Taft, Holmes, and the 1920s Court: An Appraisal|year=1998|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |location=Madison, New Jersey|page=24 |isbn=9780838637685|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4b6z1zJFoQC&pg=PA24|access-date=February 16, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |title=Trinity Baptist Church – Marion, Ohio: History And Development |access-date=February 16, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218001234/http://www.tbcmarion.org/pdf/trinity%20baptist%20church.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2008}}

{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Rushad L. |title=The Pilgrim's Faith: Coolidge and Religion |url=https://www.coolidgefoundation.org/blog/the-pilgrims-faith-coolidge-and-religion/ |publisher=Calvin Coolidge Presidential Foundation |access-date=February 23, 2020 |date=April 11, 2017}}

{{cite news |last=Shlaes |first=Amity |title=alvin Coolidge's faith was the secret to his success |url=https://www.foxnews.com/opinion/calvin-coolidges-faith-was-the-secret-to-his-success |access-date=February 23, 2020 |work=Fox News |date=March 10, 2013}}

{{cite web |title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Herbert Hoover |url=http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Herbert_Hoover.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207183201/http://www.adherents.com/people/ph/Herbert_Hoover.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 7, 2006 |publisher=adherents.com}}

{{cite web |title=Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies |url=http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/factsandfirsts/index.htm |access-date=February 15, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212055957/http://inaugural.senate.gov/history/factsandfirsts/index.htm |archive-date=February 12, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/January/20070104165847mlenuhret0.8249933.html |date=January 4, 2007 |title=U.S. Swearing-in Ceremonies Highlight Religious Freedom Legacy: Constitutionally, religion is not a qualification for office |publisher=U.S. Department of State's Bureau of International Information Programs |access-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213042206/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2007/January/20070104165847mlenuhret0.8249933.html |archive-date=February 13, 2008}}

{{cite news|title=Hoover Plans to Swear on Bible, Taking Oath |newspaper=Washington Post|date=February 27, 1929 |page=5 |quote=Herbert Hoover, in taking the oath of office March 4, will swear – not affirm – with one hand on an old family Quaker Bible, that contains the date of his own birth. |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/232639042.html?dids=232639042:232639042&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+27%2C+1929&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1877–1954)&edition=&startpage=5|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150428191134/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/232639042.html?dids=232639042:232639042&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Feb+27,+1929&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post++(1877%E2%80%931954)&edition=&startpage=5|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 28, 2015}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pr/Franklin_D_Roosevelt.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215123303/http://www.adherents.com/people/pr/Franklin_D_Roosevelt.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=February 15, 2006 |title=The Religious Affiliation of 32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt |publisher=adherents.com}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Harry_S_Truman.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220035405/http://www.adherents.com/people/pt/Harry_S_Truman.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 20, 2006|title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Harry S. Truman |publisher=adherents.com}}

{{cite web|work=Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, & World Affairs|title=Harry S. Truman|url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/harry-s-truman|access-date=November 12, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113013906/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/harry-s-truman|archive-date=November 13, 2014|url-status=dead}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pk/John_F_Kennedy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060207154741/http://www.adherents.com/people/pk/John_F_Kennedy.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=February 7, 2006|title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President John F. Kennedy|publisher=adherents.com}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Lyndon_Johnson.html |title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson |publisher=adherents.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211084814/http://www.adherents.com/people/pj/Lyndon_Johnson.html |archive-date=February 11, 2006 |url-status=usurped}}

{{cite news|publisher=BBC|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/982650.stm|title=Jimmy Carter splits with Baptists |date=October 21, 2000|access-date=May 26, 2007}}

{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2004/reagan/stories/bio.part.one/index.html|title=CNN Special: Ronald Reagan 1911–2004|publisher=CNN.com|access-date=February 28, 2008}}

{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/timeline/ |title=Timeline of Ronald Reagan's Life |publisher=PBS |access-date=February 15, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103033623/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/reagan/timeline/ |archive-date=January 3, 2008}}

{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fngihqV2wkC&q=reagan+inconvenience+people&pg=PA177|title=Religion and the American Presidency|editor1-first=Mark J.|first=Paul|last=Kengor|editor1-last=Rozell|editor2-first=Gleaves|editor2-last=Whitney|pages=176–178|chapter=Ronald Reagan's Faith and Attack on Soviet Communism|year=2007|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=New York|access-date=November 14, 2012|isbn=978-1-4039-7771-7}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/George_HW_Bush.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230024755/http://www.adherents.com/people/pb/George_HW_Bush.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=December 30, 2005 |title=The Religious Affiliation of U.S. President George H. W. Bush|publisher=adherents.com}}

{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Bill_Clinton.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119130421/http://www.adherents.com/people/pc/Bill_Clinton.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=November 19, 2005 |title=The Religious Affiliation of President William Jefferson Clinton |publisher=adherents.com}}

[http://www.gallup.com/poll/155315/many-americans-cant-name-obamas-religion.aspx www.gallup.com] – many Americans can't name Obama's Religion

{{cite magazine| url = https://content.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1949879,00.html| title = Time (magazine)| magazine = Time| date = December 23, 2009| last = Sullivan| first = Amy}}

}}

• {{Cite episode |title=God in the White House: From Washington to Obama |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/godinamerica-white-house/ |series=American Experience |date=October 11, 2010 |publisher=PBS}}
• {{Cite book |last=Holmes |first=David L. |title=The Faiths of the Founding Fathers |date=May 2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-530092-0}}
• {{Cite book |last=Steiner |first=Franklin |title=The Religious Beliefs of Our Presidents: From Washington to F.D.R. |date=July 1995 |publisher=Prometheus Books/The Freethought Library |isbn=0-87975-975-5}}

• {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19991206023417/http://adherents.com/adh_presidents.html Adherents.com's list]}}
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613034008/http://positiveatheism.org/hist/steinlinc.htm Abraham Lincoln was a Deist]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20041208234625/http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/john_remsburg/six_historic_americans/index.shtml Six Historic Americans by John Remsburg, 1906, examines religious views of Paine, Jefferson, Washington, Franklin, Lincoln, and Grant]
• [https://www.loc.gov/loc/madison/hutson-paper.html U.S. Library of Congress site: James Hutson article, James Madison and the Social Utility of Religion]
• [http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?169643 Shapell Manuscript Foundation: "We Have a Catholic for President" U.S. Presidents' Personal Correspondence and Historical Documents]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20080509121442/http://www.deism.com/washington.htm George Washington as Deist]

{{Lists of US Presidents and Vice Presidents}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Religious Affiliations Of United States Presidents}}

Category:Presidency of the United States

United States president

Religious affiliations

Category:History of religion in the United States

President