Republican Revolution
{{Short description|Series of wins by the Republican Party in the 1994 United States mid-term elections}}
{{About|the 1994 mid-term elections in the United States|the revolution that led to the establishment of the Republic of China|1911 Revolution}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=March 2008}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2007}}
}}
{{Newt Gingrich series}}
{{Bill Clinton series|expanded=Tenure}}
{{conservatism US|history}}
The "Republican Revolution", "Revolution of '94", or "Gingrich Revolution" are political slogans that refer to the Republican Party's (GOP) success in the 1994 U.S. midterm elections,[https://web.archive.org/web/20030622214418/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-01-19-gop-revolution-usat_x.htm Republican Revolution Fades] USA Today, January 19, 2003 which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives, and a pick-up of eight seats in the Senate. It was led by Newt Gingrich. This was the first time the GOP had taken control of the House in 48 years, since 1946.
History
Rather than campaigning independently in each district, Republican candidates chose to rally behind a single national program and message fronted by Georgia congressman and House Republican whip Newt Gingrich. They alleged that President Bill Clinton was not the "New Democrat" he claimed to be during his 1992 campaign, but was a "tax and spend" liberal. The Republicans offered an alternative to Clinton's policies in the form of the Contract with America.{{Cite web |last=Rothenberg |first=Stuart |author-link=Stuart Rothenberg |date=October 23, 2006 |title=How High the Wave? Don't Just Think 1994; Think 1974, 1958, 1982 |url=http://rothenbergpoliticalreport.com/news/article/how-high-the-wave-dont-just-think-1994-think-1974-1958-1982 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622062347/http://rothenbergpoliticalreport.com/news/article/how-high-the-wave-dont-just-think-1994-think-1974-1958-1982 |archive-date=2011-06-22 |access-date=2015-01-11 |website=RothenbergPoliticalReport.com}}
The gains in seats in the mid-term election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of both the House and the Senate in January 1995. Republicans had not held the majority in the House for 40 years, since the 83rd Congress (elected in 1952). From 1933 to 1995, Republicans had controlled both House and Senate for only four years. From 1933 into the early 1970s, most white conservatives in the South belonged to the Democratic Party, and created the Solid South bloc in Congress. Most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised in those years, based on anti-Black laws and subjective administration of voter registration practices.
By the mid-1990s, white conservatives from the South joined Republicans in other parts of the country, leading to the change in Congress. Large Republican gains were made in state houses as well when the GOP picked up twelve gubernatorial seats and 472 legislative seats. In so doing, it took control of 20 state legislatures from the Democrats. Prior to this, Republicans had not held the majority of governorships since 1970. In addition, this was the first time in 50 years that the GOP controlled a majority of state legislatures.
Discontent with Democratic candidates was foreshadowed by a string of elections after 1992, including Republicans winning the mayoralties of New York and Los Angeles in 1993. In that same year, Christine Todd Whitman won the New Jersey governorship. Bret Schundler became the first Republican mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, which had been held by the Democratic Party since 1917.
Republican George Allen won the 1993 Virginia gubernatorial election, and Texas Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison won a U.S. Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election. Republicans also picked up three congressional seats from Democrats in Oklahoma and Kentucky in May 1994.
On November 9, 1994, the day after the election, Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama, a conservative Democrat, changed parties, becoming a Republican; on March 3, 1995, Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell switched to the Republican side as well, increasing the GOP Senate majority.{{Cite web |title=U.S. Senate: Senators Who Changed Parties During Senate Service (Since 1890) |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/briefing/senators_changed_parties.htm#16 |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=Senate.gov |publisher=United States Senate}}
Effect
When the 104th United States Congress convened in January 1995, House Republicans voted former Minority Whip Newt Gingrich—the chief author of the Contract with America—to become Speaker of the House. The new senatorial Republican majority chose Bob Dole, previously Minority Leader, as Majority Leader. Republicans pursued an ambitious agenda, but were often forced to compromise with Democratic president Bill Clinton, who wielded veto power.
The 1994 election also marked the end of the conservative coalition, a bi-partisan coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats (often referred to as "boll weevil Democrats", for their association with the South). This white conservative coalition had often managed to control Congressional outcomes since the end of the New Deal era.
Pick-ups
Numerous Republican freshmen entered Congress. Of the 230 Republican House members of the 104th Congress, almost a third were new to the House.{{Cite journal |last=Amer |first=Mildred |date=June 16, 2005 |title=Freshmen in the House of Representatives and Senate by Political Party: 1913–2005 |url=http://www.llsdc.org/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RS20723.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=CRS Report for Congress |publisher=The Library of Congress |pages=1–6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528191435/http://www.llsdc.org/sourcebook/docs/CRS-RS20723.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2008 |access-date=May 8, 2008}} In the Senate, 11 of 54 (20%) Republicans were freshmen.
= Senate =
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
= House of Representatives =
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
= Governorships =
| class="wikitable" |
| rowspan=1 | Name
! rowspan=1 | State ! rowspan=1 | Predecessor ! rowspan=1 | Predecessor's fate |
|---|
| Fob James
| Alabama | Defeated |
| John G. Rowland
| Lowell P. Weicker Jr.Weicker was a member of A Connecticut Party. | Retired |
| Phil Batt
| Idaho | Retired |
| Bill Graves
| Kansas | Retired |
| Gary Johnson
| Defeated |
| George Pataki
| New York | Defeated |
| Frank Keating
| Oklahoma | Retired |
| Tom Ridge
| Term-limited |
| Lincoln Almond
| Defeated (in primary) |
| Don Sundquist
| Term-limited |
| George W. Bush
| Texas | Defeated |
| Jim Geringer
| Wyoming | Term-limited |
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://www.c-span.org/video/?69485-1/storming-gates Booknotes interview with Dan Balz on Storming the Gates: Protest Politics and the Republican Revival, February 18, 1996]
{{Newt Gingrich}}
{{Presidency of Bill Clinton}}
{{Conservatism}}
{{Nationalism}}
Category:1994 in American politics
Category:Political history of the United States
Category:Politics of the Southern United States
Category:History of the Republican Party (United States)
Category:Conservatism in the United States
Category:Nationalism in the United States