Research stations in Antarctica#Inactive stations
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{{For|analogous stations in the Arctic|List of research stations in the Arctic}}
File:Permanent and summer-only bases at Antarctica.png
Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed. Unlike the drifting ice stations set up in the Arctic, the current research stations of the Antarctic are constructed either on rocks or on ice that are (for practical purposes) fixed in place.
Many of these stations are staffed throughout the year. Of the 56 signatories to the Antarctic Treaty, a total of 55 countries (as of 2023){{Cite web |title=01. Antarctic Treaty, done at Washington December 1, 1959. |url=https://www.state.gov/antarctic-treaty/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=United States Department of State |language=en}} operate seasonal (summer) and year-round research stations on the continent. The number of people performing and supporting scientific research on the continent and nearby islands varies from approximately 4,800 during the summer to around 1,200 during the winter (June).{{cite journal |author1=Silja Vöneky |author2=Sange Addison-Agyei |author-link1=Silja Vöneky |title=Oxford Public International Law |journal=Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law |date=May 2011}} In addition to these permanent stations, approximately 30 field camps are established each summer to support specific projects.{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm |title=4.0 Antarctica - Past and Present |access-date=2018-04-06 |archive-date=2020-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200118043340/https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/1997/antpanel/4past.htm |url-status=live}}{{Dubious|date=August 2011}}
History
=First bases=
File:Camp and Hut, Antarctica, Southern Cross Expedition, 1899.jpg's Southern Cross Expedition (1899). The hut (HSM 22) still stands and is located on Cape Adare, the cape where in 1895 Borchgrevnik participated in the first documented landing on Antarctica.]]
During the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration in the late 19th century, the first bases on the continent were established. In 1898, Carsten Borchgrevink, a Norwegian/British explorer, led the British Antarctic Expedition to Cape Adare, where he established the first Antarctic base on Ridley Beach. This expedition is often referred to now as the Southern Cross Expedition, after the expedition's ship name. Most of the staff were Norwegian, but the funds for the expedition were British, provided by Sir George Newnes. The 10 members of this expedition explored Robertson Bay to the west of Cape Adare by dog teams, and later, after being picked up by the ship at the base, went ashore on the Ross Ice Shelf for brief journeys. The expedition hut is still in good condition and is visited frequently by tourists.
The hut was later occupied by Scott's Northern Party under the command of Victor Campbell for a year in 1911, after its attempt to explore the eastern end of the ice shelf discovered Roald Amundsen already ashore preparing for his assault on the South Pole.
File: Omond House - Laurie Island.jpg, which is today Orcadas Base]]
In 1903, William S. Bruce's Scottish National Antarctic Expedition set off to Antarctica, with one of its aims to establish a meteorological station in the area. After the expedition failed to find land, Bruce decided to head back to Laurie Island in the South Orkneys and find an anchorage there.{{cite book |last1=Rudmose Brown |first1=R. N. |last2=Pirie |first2=J. H. |last3=Mossman |first3=R. C. |title=The Voyage of the Scotia |publisher=Mercat Press |location=Edinburgh |year=2002 |isbn=1-84183-044-5 |pages=34–57}} The islands were well-situated as a site for a meteorological station, and their relative proximity to the South American mainland allowed a permanent station to be established.{{sfn|Rudmose Brown|Pirie|Mossman|2002|p=57}} Bruce instituted a comprehensive program of work, involving meteorological readings, trawling for marine samples, botanical excursions, and the collection of biological and geological specimens.
The major task completed during this time was the construction of a stone building, christened "Omond House".{{cite web |title=Voyage of the Scotia 1902–04: The Antarctic |url=http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/vsindexantarctic.html |publisher=Glasgow Digital Library |access-date=2008-06-30 |archive-date=2008-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311105228/http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/scotia/vsindexantarctic.html |url-status=live}} This was to act as living accommodation for the parties that would remain on Laurie Island to operate the proposed meteorological laboratory. The building was constructed from local materials using the dry stone method, with a roof improvised from wood and canvas sheeting. The completed house was 20 feet by 20 feet square (6m × 6m), with two windows, fitted as quarters for six people. Rudmose Brown wrote: "Considering that we had no mortar and no masons' tools it is a wonderfully fine house and very lasting. I should think it will be standing a century hence ..."{{cite book |last=Speak |first=Peter |year=2003 |title=William Speirs Bruce: Polar Explorer and Scottish Nationalist |publisher=NMS Publishing |location=Edinburgh |isbn=1-901663-71-X |page=85}}
Bruce later offered to transfer the station and instruments to Argentina on the condition that the government committed itself to the continuation of the scientific mission.{{cite web |url=http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm |title=Historia General de las Relaciones Exteriores de la Republica Argentina |access-date=July 6, 2012 |author1=Escude, Carlos |author2=Cisneros, Andres |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504063019/http://www.ucema.edu.ar/ceieg/arg-rree/7/7-107.htm |archive-date=May 4, 2012 |url-status=dead}} Bruce informed the British officer William Haggard of his intentions in December 1903, and Haggard ratified the terms of Bruce's proposition.{{cite book |title=Cuatro Años en las Orcadas del Sur |publisher=Ediciones Peuser |author=Moneta, Jose Manuel |edition=9th |year=1954}}
The Scotia sailed back for Laurie Island on 14 January 1904, transporting Argentinean officials from the Ministry of Agriculture, National Meteorological Office, Ministry of Livestock and National Postal and Telegraphs Office. In 1906, Argentina communicated to the international community the establishment of a permanent base on the South Orkney Islands.
=Expansion=
File:Base Orcadas - archivo 02.jpg
Little happened for the following forty years.
The United States starting under the leadership of Admiral Richard E. Byrd constructed a series of five bases near the Bay of Whales named Little America between 1929 and 1958. All of them have now drifted off to sea on icebergs.
Before the start of the Second World War, German aircraft had dropped markers with swastikas across Queen Maud Land in an attempt to create a territorial claim (New Swabia).{{cite web |url=http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/ |title=HMS Carnarvon Castle 1943 |access-date=2014-03-05 |archive-date=2015-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224429/http://www.spri.cam.ac.uk/library/pictures/catalogue/hmscc1943/ |url-status=live}}
In 1943 the British launched Operation Tabarin, to establish a presence on the continent. The chief reason was to establish solid British claims to various uninhabited islands and parts of Antarctica, reinforced by Argentine sympathies toward Germany.
Led by Lieutenant James Marr, the 14-strong team left the Falkland Islands in two ships, HMS William Scoresby (a minesweeping trawler) and HMS Fitzroy, on Saturday, January 29, 1944. Marr had accompanied the British explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton on his final Antarctic expedition in 1921–22. Bases were established during February near the abandoned Norwegian whaling station on Deception Island, where the Union Flag was hoisted in place of Argentine flags, and at Port Lockroy (on February 11) on the coast of Graham Land. A further base was founded at Hope Bay on February 13, 1945, after a failed attempt to unload stores on February 7, 1944. These were the first permanent bases to be constructed on the Antarctic mainland.{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/robert-falcon-scott/9706157/Spirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/antarctica/robert-falcon-scott/9706157/Spirit-of-Scott-2012-Britains-polar-interests-lie-under-a-cloud.html |archive-date=2022-01-12 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Spirit of Scott 2012: Britain's polar interests lie under a cloud |date=27 November 2012 |publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}
File:Operation Deep Freeze 2007, McMurdo Station 070207-N-0469C-001.JPEG (1902) at Hut Point Peninsula of Ross Island, Antarctica, one of the earliest repeatedly temporarily used dwellings on Antarctica. In the background, McMurdo Station, the largest on Antarctica today, with cargo operations of the supply ship MV American Tern of Operation Deep Freeze 2007.]]
A massive expansion in international activity followed the war. Chile organized its First Chilean Antarctic Expedition in 1947–48. Among other accomplishments, it brought the Chilean president Gabriel González Videla to personally inaugurate one of its bases, thereby becoming the first head of state to set foot on the continent.Antarctica and the Arctic: the complete encyclopedia, Volume 1, by David McGonigal, Lynn Woodworth, page 98 Signy Research Station (UK) was established in 1947, Australia's Mawson Station in 1954, Dumont d'Urville Station was the first French station in 1956. In that same year, the United States built McMurdo Station and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the Soviet Union built Mirny Station.
=The Antarctic Treaty=
{{Main|Antarctic Treaty System}}
The Antarctic Treaty, first signed on 1 December 1959 by 12 countries, stated that scientific investigations in research stations in Antarctica can continue, but all observations must be shared.{{Cite web |title=The Antarctic Treaty {{!}} Antarctic Treaty |url=https://www.ats.aq/e/antarctictreaty.html |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=www.ats.aq}} The Antarctic Treaty also stated that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and any exploitation of the continent such as mining is forbidden, thus scientific research is the only activity that may be performed on Antarctica.{{Cite web |title=Mineral resources |url=https://discoveringantarctica.org.uk/challenges/sustainability/mineral-resources/ |access-date=2023-10-24 |website=Discovering Antarctica |language=en-GB}} As more countries established research stations on Antarctica, the number of signatories of the treaty increased, with 56 signatories as of 2023, 55 of whom utilize their rights and operate research stations in Antarctica. 7 of the signatories also laid claims on Antarctica (and 4 reserved their rights to do so), with the intention of expanding research in those territories in the future. However, research facilities have also been established by countries in the claimed area of other countries.
Permanent active stations
{{Pie chart|label1=United States|label2=Argentina|label3=Chile|label4=United Kingdom|other=Yes|caption=The percentage of the summer Antarctic population (formed by Antarctic and Subantarctic research stations) each country makes up{{Update inline|date=February 2024|reason=Does not take Qinling Station into account yet}}|label5=France|label6=Australia|label7=Russia|label8=Japan|label9=China|label10=Italy|label11=South Africa|label12=South Korea|label13=India|label14=Germany|value7=5.30|value6=5.88|value5=6.03|value4=6.13|value3=9.87|value2=12.66|value1=24.98|value8=3.53|value14=1.70|value13=1.89|value9=3.45|value10=3.22|value11=2.86|value12=2.70|color15=gold|value15=1.62|label15=New Zealand|value16=1.25|label16=Spain|color16=cyan|color17=indigo|label17=Norway|value17=1.21}}
The United States maintains the southernmost base, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, and the largest base and research station in Antarctica, McMurdo Station. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 80°25′2″S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 78°27′50″S during the winter season.
{{Table alignment}}
=Subantarctic stations=
{{See also |Subantarctic |List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands |l1=Subantarctic region}}
{{Table alignment}}
Summer-only active stations
{{Table alignment}}
Maps of active stations
{{Location map many
|Antarctica
|width = 800
|float = center
|caption = Active research stations in Antarctica, except the Antarctic Peninsula. Red squares represent summer-only stations.
|label = Pacific Ocean
|label_size = 130
|marksize = 0
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|lat_deg = -53
|lon_deg = -136
|label2 = Atlantic Ocean
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|lon2_deg = -21
|label3 = Indian Ocean
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|mark3size = 0
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|lon3_deg = 43
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|lon4_deg = -132
|label5 = Antarctic Peninsula
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|lon5_deg = -71
|label6 = ↑
Chile
|mark6size = 0
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|lon6_deg = -67
|label7 = ↑
South Africa
|mark7size = 0
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|lat7_deg = -58.1
|lon7_deg = 20
|label8 = ↑
India
|mark8size = 0
|pos8 = left
|lat8_deg = -59.2
|lon8_deg = 78
|label9 = {{nowrap |New Zealand}}
↑
|mark9size = 0
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|lon9_deg = 169
|label11 = Jinnah
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|lon11_deg = 25.75
|label12 = Svea
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|lon12_deg = -11.216667
|label13 = Sobral
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|background13 = #FEFEEACC
|lat13_deg = -81.0833333
|lon13_deg = -40.65
|label14 = Tor
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|background14 = #FEFEEACC
|lat14_deg = -71.889477
|lon14_deg = 5.159545
|label16 = Dobrowolski
|label16_size = 88
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|background16 = #C6ECFFCC
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|lon16_deg = 100.749889
|label17 = Signy
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|lon17_deg = -45.595
|label18 = Law-
Racoviță
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|pos18 = bottom
|background18 = #FEFEEACC
|lat18_deg = {{ #expr: 27.7 * (-69.388622 + 69.373587) - 69.373587 }}
|lon18_deg = {{ #expr: 27.7 * (76.380813 - 76.371652) + 76.371652 }}
|label19 = Kohnen
|label19_size = 91
|mark19size = 5
|mark19 = Square red.svg
|pos19 = right
|background19 = #FEFEEACC
|lat19_deg = -75.001882
|lon19_deg = 0.066792
|label20 = Taishan
|label20_size = 91
|mark20size = 5
|mark20 = Square red.svg
|pos20 = left
|background20 = #FEFEEACC
|lat20_deg = -73.863889
|lon20_deg = 76.974167
|label21 = Kunlun
|label21_size = 91
|mark21size = 6
|mark21 = Square red.svg
|pos21 = left
|background21 = #FEFEEACC
|lat21_deg = -80.41734
|lon21_deg = 77.116449
|label22 = {{nowrap |Molodyozhnaya,}} Vechernyaya
|label22_size = 91
|mark22size = 6
|mark22 = Square red.svg
|pos22 = right
|background22 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat22_deg = -67.6659
|lon22_deg = 45.841143
|label23 = Elisabeth
|label23_size = 91
|mark23size = 6
|mark23 = Square red.svg
|pos23 = bottom
|background23 = #FEFEEACC
|lat23_deg = -71.949944
|lon23_deg = 23.347079
|label24 = Nordenskiöld
|label24_size = 91
|mark24size = 6
|mark24 = Square red.svg
|pos24 = left
|background24 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat24_deg = -73.05
|lon24_deg = -13.333333
|label25 = Union Glacier
|label25_size = 97
|mark25size = 7
|mark25 = Square red.svg
|pos25 = right
|background25 = #FEFEEACC
|lat25_deg = -79.768036
|lon25_deg = -83.261666
|label26 = Zucchelli, Gondwana
|label26_size = 100
|mark26size = 8
|mark26 = Square red.svg
|pos26 = left
|background26 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat26_deg = {{ #expr: 3.33 * (-74.694206 + 74.798976) - 74.798976 }}
|lon26_deg = {{ #expr: 3.33 * (164.113869 - 163.9392782) + 163.9392782 }}
|label27 = Bird
|label27_size = 88
|mark27size = 7
|mark27 = Orange pog.svg
|pos27 = left
|background27 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat27_deg = -54.008333
|lon27_deg = -38.051667
|label28 = King Edward Point
|label28_size = 91
|mark28size = 7
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|pos28 = right
|background28 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat28_deg = -54.283333
|lon28_deg = -36.495
|label29 = Belgrano
|label29_size = 91
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|pos29 = left
|background29 = #C6ECFFCC
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|lon29_deg = -34.627588
|label30 = Vostok
|label30_size = 94
|mark30size = 8
|mark30 = Orange pog.svg
|pos30 = right
|background30 = #FEFEEACC
|lat30_deg = -78.4644222
|lon30_deg = 106.8373278
|label31 = Orcadas
|label31_size = 94
|mark31size = 8
|mark31 = Orange pog.svg
|pos31 = right
|background31 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat31_deg = -60.737963
|lon31_deg = -44.737891
|label32 = Mawson
|label32_size = 94
|mark32size = 8
|mark32 = Orange pog.svg
|pos32 = right
|background32 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat32_deg = -67.602746
|lon32_deg = 62.873726
|label33 = Troll
|label33_size = 94
|mark33size = 8
|mark33 = Orange pog.svg
|pos33 = bottom
|background33 = #FEFEEACC
|lat33_deg = -72.011662
|lon33_deg = 2.535138
|label34 = Mirny
|label34_size = 94
|mark34size = 9
|mark34 = Orange pog.svg
|pos34 = right
|background34 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat34_deg = -66.553122
|lon34_deg = 93.009724
|label35 = Neumayer
|label35_size = 94
|mark35size = 9
|mark35 = Orange pog.svg
|pos35 = top
|background35 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat35_deg = -70.67
|lon35_deg = -8.28
|label36 = Halley
|label36_size = 97
|mark36size = 9
|mark36 = Orange pog.svg
|pos36 = left
|background36 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat36_deg = -75.568056
|lon36_deg = -25.508333
|label37 = Concordia
|label37_size = 97
|mark37size = 9
|mark37 = Orange pog.svg
|pos37 = bottom
|background37 = #FEFEEACC
|lat37_deg = -75.099780
|lon37_deg = 123.332196
|label38_size = 103
|mark38size = 11
|mark38 = Orange pog.svg
|pos38 = right
|background38 = #FEFEEACC
|lat38_deg = -74.798976
|lon38_deg = 163.9392782
|label39 = Davis
|label39_size = 97
|mark39size = 9
|mark39 = Orange pog.svg
|pos39 = right
|background39 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat39_deg = -68.576667
|lon39_deg = 77.9675
|label40 = Dumont d'Urville
|label40_size = 97
|mark40size = 10
|mark40 = Orange pog.svg
|pos40 = right
|background40 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat40_deg = -66.662778
|lon40_deg = 140.001111
|label41 = {{nowrap |SANAE}}
|label41_size = 97
|mark41size = 10
|mark41 = Orange pog.svg
|background41 = #C6ECFFCC
|pos41 = left
|lat41_deg = -71.673611
|lon41_deg = -2.828611
|label42 = Casey
|label42_size = 97
|mark42size = 10
|mark42 = Orange pog.svg
|pos42 = right
|background42 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat42_deg = -66.282514
|lon42_deg = 110.526613
|label43 = {{nowrap |Novolazarevskaya,}}
Maitri
|label43_size = 97
|mark43size = 11
|mark43 = Orange pog.svg
|pos43 = top
|background43 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat43_deg = -70.776944
|lon43_deg = 11.823889
|label44 = Showa
|label44_size = 103
|mark44size = 11
|mark44 = Orange pog.svg
|pos44 = top
|background44 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat44_deg = -69.004122
|lon44_deg = 39.581836
|label45 = Amundsen–Scott
|label45_size = 103
|mark45size = 11
|mark45 = Orange pog.svg
|pos45 = top
|background45 = #FEFEEACC
|lat45_deg = -90
|lon45_deg = 0
|label46 = Progress,
Bharati,
Zhongshan
|label46_size = 97
|mark46size = 11
|mark46 = Orange pog.svg
|pos46 = top
|background46 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat46_deg = -69.373587
|lon46_deg = 76.371652
|label47_size = 130
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|pos47 = left
|background47 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat47_deg = -77.846323
|lon47_deg = 166.668235
}}
{{Location map many
|Antarctic Peninsula
|width = 800
|float = center
|caption = Active research stations on the Antarctic Peninsula, except the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.
|label = Southern Ocean
|label_size = 130
|marksize = 0
|position = bottom
|lat_deg = -63
|lon_deg = -71
|label2 = South Shetland Islands
|label2_size = 110
|mark2size = 0
|pos2 = top
|lat2_deg = -62.3
|lon2_deg = -60.1
|label3 = Antarctic Peninsula
|label3_size = 110
|mark3size = 0
|pos3 = bottom
|lat3_deg = -69.8
|lon3_deg = -65.3
|label4 = ECARE
|label4_size = 88
|mark4size = 5
|mark4 = Square red.svg
|pos4 = bottom
|background4 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat4_deg = {{ #expr: 15.4 * (-63.402478 + 63.3983333) - 63.3983333 }}
|lon4_deg = {{ #expr: 15.4 * (-56.990707 + 56.9961111) - 56.9961111 }}
|label5 = Gerritsz
|label5_size = 88
|mark5size = 5
|mark5 = Square red.svg
|pos5 = right
|background5 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat5_deg = {{ #expr: 30.5 * (-67.57083 + 67.568783) - 67.568783 }}
|lon5_deg = {{ #expr: 30.5 * (-68.12803 + 68.125028) - 68.125028 }}
|label6 = Matienzo
|label6_size = 88
|mark6size = 5
|mark6 = Square red.svg
|pos6 = right
|background6 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat6_deg = -64.975659
|lon6_deg = -60.071501
|label7 = Melchior
|label7_size = 91
|mark7size = 5
|mark7 = Square red.svg
|pos7 = left
|background7 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat7_deg = -64.325705
|lon7_deg = -62.976733
|label8 = Primavera
|label8_size = 91
|mark8size = 5
|mark8 = Square red.svg
|pos8 = right
|background8 = #FEFEEACC
|lat8_deg = -64.155766
|lon8_deg = -60.955183
|label9 = Mendel
|label9_size = 91
|mark9size = 6
|mark9 = Square red.svg
|pos9 = bottom
|background9 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat9_deg = -63.800623
|lon9_deg = -57.882178
|label10_size = 91
|mark10size = 6
|mark10 = Square red.svg
|pos10 = right
|background10 = #FEFEEACC
|lat10_deg = -64.895476
|lon10_deg = -62.870905
|label11 = {{nowrap |Yelcho, Lockroy}}
|label11_size = 91
|mark11size = 6
|mark11 = Square red.svg
|pos11 = left
|background11 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat11_deg = -64.87591
|lon11_deg = -63.583721
|label12 = Petrel
|label12_size = 91
|mark12size = 6
|mark12 = Square red.svg
|pos12 = right
|background12 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat12_deg = -63.477947
|lon12_deg = -56.228753
|label13 = TARS
|label13_size = 94
|mark13size = 5
|mark13 = Square red.svg
|pos13 = right
|background13 = #FEFEEACC
|lat13_deg = -67.8295033
|lon13_deg = -67.2368349
|label14 = Carvajal
|label14_size = 94
|mark14size = 6
|mark14 = Square red.svg
|pos14 = left
|background14 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat14_deg = -67.761201
|lon14_deg = -68.914365
|label15 = San Martín
|label15_size = 91
|mark15size = 7
|mark15 = Orange pog.svg
|pos15 = left
|background15 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat15_deg = -68.130043
|lon15_deg = -67.101311
|label16 = Vernadsky
|label16_size = 91
|mark16size = 8
|mark16 = Orange pog.svg
|pos16 = left
|background16 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat16_deg = -65.245791
|lon16_deg = -64.257786
|label17 = Palmer
|label17_size = 94
|mark17size = 8
|mark17 = Orange pog.svg
|pos17 = top
|background17 = #FEFEEACC
|lat17_deg = -64.774230
|lon17_deg = -64.052718
|label18 = {{nowrap |O'Higgins}}
|label18_size = 94
|mark18size = 9
|mark18 = Orange pog.svg
|pos18 = left
|background18 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat18_deg = -63.320951
|lon18_deg = -57.899781
|label19 = Esperanza
|label19_size = 100
|mark19size = 10
|mark19 = Orange pog.svg
|pos19 = top
|background19 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat19_deg = -63.3983333
|lon19_deg = -56.9961111
|label20 = Rothera
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|mark20 = Orange pog.svg
|pos20 = left
|background20 = #FEFEEACC
|lat20_deg = -67.568783
|lon20_deg = -68.125028
|label21 = Marambio
|label21_size = 103
|mark21size = 11
|mark21 = Orange pog.svg
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|background21 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat21_deg = -64.241014
|lon21_deg = -56.626753
}}
{{Location map many
|South Shetland Islands
|width = 800
|float = center
|caption = Active research stations in the South Shetland Islands. Red squares represent summer-only stations.
|label = Southern Ocean
|label_size = 130
|marksize = 0
|position = bottom
|lat_deg = -62.2
|lon_deg = -54.9
|label2 = Antarctic Peninsula
|label2_size = 90
|mark2size = 0
|pos2 = top
|lat2_deg = -63.46
|lon2_deg = -57.43
|link3 = Captain Pieter J. Lenie Base
|mark3 = Square red.svg
|mark3size = 4
|lat3_deg = {{ #expr: 1.14 * (-62.1783333 + 62.160140) - 62.160140 }}
|lon3_deg = {{ #expr: 1.14 * (-58.4458333 + 58.473247) - 58.473247 }}
|link4 = Ripamonti
|mark4size = 5
|mark4 = Square red.svg
|lat4_deg = {{ #expr: 2.41 * (-62.210104 + 62.200233) - 62.200233 }}
|lon4_deg = {{ #expr: 2.41 * (-58.934225 + 58.962633) - 58.962633 }}
|link5 = Collins Base
|mark5size = 5
|mark5 = Square red.svg
|lat5_deg = -62.16925
|lon5_deg = -58.851852
|label6 = Risopatrón
|label6_size = 88
|mark6size = 5
|mark6 = Square red.svg
|pos6 = left
|background6 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat6_deg = -62.378333
|lon6_deg = -59.700833
|label8 = {{nowrap |Mann, Shirreff}}
|label8_size = 88
|mark8size = 5
|mark8 = Square red.svg
|pos8 = left
|background8 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat8_deg = -62.46998
|lon8_deg = -60.7711
|label9 = Cámara
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|mark9 = Square red.svg
|pos9 = right
|background9 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat9_deg = -62.594847
|lon9_deg = -59.918558
|link10 = Machu Picchu
|mark10size = 6
|mark10 = Square red.svg
|lat10_deg = -62.091497
|lon10_deg = -58.469905
|label11 = Maldonado
|label11_size = 91
|mark11size = 6
|mark11 = Square red.svg
|pos11 = left
|background11 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat11_deg = -62.449056
|lon11_deg = -59.741389
|label12 = Juan Carlos, Ohridski
|label12_size = 94
|mark12size = 7
|mark12 = Square red.svg
|pos12 = bottom
|background12 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat12_deg = -62.663138
|lon12_deg = -60.387992
|label13 = Castilla, Deception
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|mark13size = 7
|mark13 = Square red.svg
|pos13 = bottom
|background13 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat13_deg = -62.976951
|lon13_deg = -60.675305
|label14 = Eco-Nelson
|label14_size = 88
|mark14size = 6
|mark14 = Orange pog.svg
|pos14 = left
|background14 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat14_deg = -62.2462135
|lon14_deg = -58.9823663
|label15 = Prat
|label15_size = 91
|mark15size = 8
|mark15 = Orange pog.svg
|pos15 = right
|background15 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat15_deg = -62.478889
|lon15_deg = -59.664444
|label16 = Arctowski
|label16_size = 94
|mark16size = 8
|mark16 = Orange pog.svg
|pos16 = right
|background16 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat16_deg = -62.160140
|lon16_deg = -58.473247
|label17 = Ferraz
|label17_size = 94
|mark17size = 8
|mark17 = Orange pog.svg
|pos17 = right
|background17 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat17_deg = -62.085379
|lon17_deg = -58.391513
|label18 = Sejong
|label18_size = 97
|mark18size = 9
|mark18 = Orange pog.svg
|pos18 = bottom
|background18 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat18_deg = -62.222803
|lon18_deg = -58.788256
|label19 = Carlini
|label19_size = 97
|mark19size = 10
|mark19 = Orange pog.svg
|pos19 = right
|background19 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat19_deg = -62.238251
|lon19_deg = -58.667764
|label20 = Frei,
{{nowrap |Bellingshausen,}}
Escudero,
Artigas,
Great
Wall
|label20_size = 103
|mark20size = 14
|mark20 = Orange pog.svg
|pos20 = top
|background20 = #C6ECFFCC
|lat20_deg = -62.200233
|lon20_deg = -58.962633
}}
Inactive stations
{{Table alignment}}
Impact and pollution
{{Further|Climate change in Antarctica}}
File:Cordero 2022 Antarctic runway.png airplane landing on an ice runway at Union Glacier (upper left), which causes black carbon concentrations to increase in the surrounding snow (right), as observed through sample collection (lower left){{Cite journal |last1=Cordero |first1=Raúl R. |last2=Sepúlveda |first2=Edgardo |last3=Feron |first3=Sarah |last4=Damiani |first4=Alessandro |last5=Fernandoy |first5=Francisco |last6=Neshyba |first6=Steven |last7=Rowe |first7=Penny M. |last8=Asencio |first8=Valentina |last9=Carrasco |first9=Jorge |last10=Alfonso |first10=Juan A. |last11=Llanillo |first11=Pedro |date=22 February 2022 |title=Black carbon footprint of human presence in Antarctica |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=984 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28560-w |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8863810 |pmid=35194040|bibcode=2022NatCo..13..984C}}]]
In 2023 a research report from an Australian team[https://www.greenprophet.com/2023/09/antarctic-pollution-research-stations/ Antarctic pollution by researchers surfaces in new report] Green Prophet, 10 September 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024 found that the pollution left by international research stations was comparable to that seen in some of the busiest ports in the world.
Notes
{{notelist}}
See also
{{commons category|Scientific stations in Antarctica}}
References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
- {{cite report |type=catalogue |url=https://www.comnap.aq/s/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |title=Antarctic Station Catalogue |date=August 2017 |publisher=Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs |isbn=978-0-473-40409-3 |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022102847/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/61073506e9b0073c7eaaf464/t/611497cc1ece1b43f0eeca8a/1628739608968/COMNAP_Antarctic_Station_Catalogue.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2022 |url-status=live}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20011224062241/http://members.eunet.at/castaway/stations/aa-bases.html Research stations]
- [https://www.comnap.aq/Members/SiteAssets/SitePages/Home/Antarctic_Facilities_List_13Feb2014.xls COMNAP Antarctic Facilities, 2014, Excel file]
- [https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf COMNAP Antarctic Facilities Map, 2009] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915110710/https://www.comnap.aq/publications/maps/comnap_map_edition5_a0_2009-07-24.pdf |date=September 15, 2009 }})
- [http://www.thingsmadethinkable.com/item/antarctic_exploration_timeline.php Antarctic Exploration Timeline], animated map of Antarctic exploration and settlement, showing where and when Antarctic research stations were established
- [https://www.add.scar.org/ Antarctic Digital Database Map Viewer] SCAR
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{{Antarctic research stations}}
{{Antarctica}}
{{Polar exploration}}
Category:Antarctica-related lists