Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex

This cloud covers an angular area of {{nowrap|4.5° × 6.5°}} on the celestial sphere. It consists of two major regions of dense gas and dust. The first contains a star-forming cloud (L1688) and two filaments (L1709 and L1755), while the second has a star-forming region (L1689) and a filament (L1712–L1729). These filaments extend up to 10–17.5 parsecs in length and can be as narrow as 0.24 parsecs in width. The large extensions of the complex are also called Dark River clouds{{cite web | title=APOD: 2010 July 19 - Dark River Wide Field | website=Astronomy Picture of the Day | date=2010-06-06 | url=https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100719.html | access-date=2021-08-06}} (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) and are identified as Barnard 44 and 45. Some of the structures within the complex appear to be the result of a shock front passing through the clouds from the direction of the neighboring Sco OB2 association.

Temperatures of the clouds range from 13–22 K, and there is a total of about 3,000 times the mass of the Sun in the material. Over half of the mass of the complex is concentrated around the L1688 cloud, and this is the most active star-forming region. There are embedded infrared sources within the complex. A total of 425 infrared sources have been detected near the L1688 cloud. These are presumed to be young stellar objects, including 16 classified as protostars, 123 T Tauri stars with dense circumstellar disks, and 77 weaker T Tauri stars with thinner disks. The last 2 categories of stars have estimated ages ranging from 100,000 to a million years.

The first brown dwarf to be identified in a star-forming region was Rho Oph J162349.8-242601, located in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud.{{better source|date=September 2015}} One of the older objects at the edge of the primary star-forming region was found to be a circumstellar disk seen nearly edge-on. It spans a diameter of 300 AU and contains at least twice the mass of Jupiter. The million-year-old star at the center of the disk has a temperature of 3,000 K and is emitting 0.4 times the luminosity of the Sun.

The 2023 NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope image{{emdash}}released on the telescope's first anniversary{{emdash}}shows young stars, roughly the size of the Sun, at the center of circumstellar discs. These represent planetary systems of the future being formed in a "stellar nursery".{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Katrina |title=A Year of Cosmic Wonder With the James Webb Space Telescope - With a new image, NASA commemorates the first anniversary of doing science with the most powerful observatory ever sent to space. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/science/nasa-webb-telescope-one-year-anniversary.html |date=12 July 2023 |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230712215040/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/12/science/nasa-webb-telescope-one-year-anniversary.html |archive-date=12 July 2023 |access-date=13 July 2023 }} Since the field of view of the photo is very small, at 6.4 arc-minutes, it displays just a tiny region of what appears in most other photographs of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex.{{cite web

| title=Rho Ophiuchi (NIRCam Image)

| date=2023-07-12

| url=https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/128/01H449193V5Q4Q6GFBKXAZ3S03 | publisher=STScI

| access-date=2023-11-05 }}

{{gallery

|File:Antares_and_Rho_Ophiuchi_by_Adam_Block.jpg|Rho Ophiuchi Region, with the main dark nebula Lynds 1688 (and further L1689) to the left, ρ Ophiuchi at the center of the large blue area (IC 4604), Antares in the large yellow area and Sigma Scorpii in the redish Sh2-9 area, with Messier 4 inbetween the latter two stars. North is up. July 2, 2019 photo by Adam Block.

|File:Rho Ophiuchi.jpg|The Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with its main dark nebula Lynds 1688, speckled with its pinkish young stellar objects, just left to HD 147889 surrounded by IC 4603 as the bright area at the center. The red area called Sh2-9 has Sigma Scorpii at its center, and Antares is just outside the picture at the bottom.

|File:Rho Ophiucus Widefield.jpg|The large multicoloured Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with the Dark River clouds (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) as Barnard 44 and 45 on the right, seemingly radiating towards the distant Pipe Nebula and the Galactic Center, extending from the core L1688 as well as L1689 dark nebulae. In the lower part of this wide field image the distinct blue eyed (Nu Scorpii) Blue Horsehead Nebula can be seen. The blue area at the back of the head is IC 4601. The cloud in the top left corner is LBN 1093 and Sh2-1 with the bright star being Pi Scorpii and the yellowish cloud in the middle on the left being Sh2-7 with Dschubba at its center.

|File:CentreMilkyWayMap.png|A starchart of the Galactic Center area, with the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex marked as large green area in the middle of the right half of the chart.

|11=File:Galaxymap.com, map 1000 parsecs (2022).png|12=Map of the molecular clouds within 1000 parsecs, the Sun is at the center.|13=File:Regioni_celesti_scelte_-_Osc_A.png|14=Main dark nebulae of the Solar apex half of the galactic plane, with the Rho Opiuchi cloud complex at the right edge|15=File:Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k m14-g1 Clouds.jpg|16=The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent star clouds labeled in black. Rho Ophiuchi is on the left top center.}}

• Cygnus X
• List of nearby stellar associations and moving groups
• Orion molecular cloud complex
• Perseus molecular cloud
• Taurus molecular cloud

{{Reflist|2|refs=

{{cite web

|title=Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex

|work=NASA/ESA/CSA STScI

|author=K. Pontoppidan |author2=A. Pagan

|url=https://esawebb.org/images/weic2316a/ |date=July 12, 2023 |access-date=July 12, 2023}}

{{cite web

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| url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/20080211.html | publisher=NASA

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| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20010474 | bibcode=2001A&A...372..173B|arxiv = astro-ph/0103373 |s2cid=17270972

}}

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{{cite journal

| author=Wilking, B. A.

| author2=Lada, C. J.

| title=The discovery of new embedded sources in the centrally condensed core of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - The formation of a bound cluster

| journal=Astrophysical Journal, Part 1

| volume=274 | date=November 15, 1983

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{{cite journal

| author=Luhman, K. L.

| author2=Rieke, G. H. |date=November 1999

| title=Low-Mass Star Formation and the Initial Mass Function in the ρ Ophiuchi Cloud Core

| journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=525

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{{cite book

| last=Martín |first=Eduardo L.

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{{cite web

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| publisher=European Southern Observatory

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}}

{{Commons category}}

• Astronomy Picture of the Day
• [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap070903.html The Colorful Clouds of Rho Ophiuchi] 2007 September 3
• [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap091113.html Young Stars in the Rho Ophiuchi Cloud] 2009 November 13
• [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100524.html Rho Ophiucus Wide Field] 2010 May 24
• [http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap120828.html Colorful Clouds Near Rho Ophiuchi] 2012 August 28
• [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap140727.html Rho Ophiuchi Wide Field] 2014 July 27
• [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap190513.html Rho Ophiuchi Wide Field] 2019 May 13
• [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap201014.html The Colorful Clouds of Rho Ophiuchi] 2020 October 14
• [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap230713.html Webb's Rho Ophiuchi] 2023 July 13
• [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap240611.html Colorful Stars and Clouds near Rho Ophiuchi] 2024 June 11

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Category:Ophiuchus

Category:Dark nebulae

Category:Star-forming regions

Category:Molecular clouds