Robert I, Duke of Parma#Marriages and issue

File:Louise d'Artois with her son Roberto I as Regent of Parma.jpg with his mother Louise Marie Thérèse in 1854.]]

Born in Florence, Robert was the elder son of Charles III, Duke of Parma and Louise Marie Thérèse d'Artois, daughter of Charles Ferdinand, duc de Berry and granddaughter of King Charles X of France. He succeeded his father to the ducal throne in 1854 upon the latter's assassination, when he was only six, while his mother stood as regent. The duchess initially dismissed some of her unpopular husband's most reactionary advisers, but was surprised by the Mazzini uprisings in July 1854 and then reverted to a harshly repressive policy that continued until the Second Italian War of Independence.

When Robert was eleven years old, he was deposed, as Piedmontese troops annexed other Italian states, ultimately to form the Kingdom of Italy. Despite losing his throne, Robert and his family enjoyed considerable wealth, traveling in a private train of more than a dozen cars from his castles at Schwarzau am Steinfeld near Vienna, to Villa Pianore in northwest Italy, and the magnificent Château de Chambord in France.

Less than four months after Robert's death in November 1907, the Grand Marshal of the Austrian court declared six of the children of his first marriage legally incompetent (they had severe intellectual disabilities), at the behest of his widow, Maria Antonia. Nonetheless, Robert's primary heir was his son Elias, the youngest son of his first marriage and the only one of his sons by that marriage to beget children of his own. Elias also became the legal guardian of his six elder siblings. While Elias had eight children, seven of whom lived to advanced age, only one of them ever married; she had three children.

The two eldest sons of Robert's second marriage, Sixte and Xavier, eventually sued their older half-brother Elias for trying to obtain a greater share of the ducal fortune. They lost in the French courts, leaving the children of Robert's second marriage with very modest wealth, and the need to earn a living; some of his younger sons served in the Austrian armed forces. Nevertheless, two of the children born of the second marriage made extraordinary marriages: Felix married the grand-duchess of Luxembourg shortly after her accession and is the grandfather of the present duke. Zita married the last Emperor of Austria; the present claimant is her grandson.{{Cite book |last=Venning |first=Timothy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWbFEAAAQBAJ |title=A Compendium of World Sovereigns: Volume III Early Modern |date=2023-06-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-86452-6 |pages=18 |language=en}}

On 5 April 1869, while in exile in Rome, he married Princess Maria Pia of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1849–1882), daughter of King Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies. She was his half first cousin once removed, as her father (Ferdinand II) and Robert's maternal grandmother (Princess Caroline Ferdinande of Bourbon-Two Sicilies) were half-siblings, both being children of Francis I of the Two Sicilies from his two different wives.

Maria Pia belonged to the deposed royal family of the Kingdom of Two Sicilies and was thus a Bourbon, like her husband. She gave birth to 12 children, many of whom had intellectual disabilities, before dying in childbirth:

After his first wife's death in childbirth, he remarried on 15 October 1884 to Infanta Maria Antonia of Portugal, daughter of the deposed King Miguel I of Portugal and Adelaide of Löwenstein-Wertheim-Rosenberg. Maria Antonia was his second cousin once removed as her paternal grandmother (Charlotte of Spain) and Robert's great-grandmother (Maria Luisa of Spain) were siblings, both being daughters of Charles IV of Spain and Maria Luisa of Parma.

She had another 12 children:

• {{flag|Duchy of Parma}}: Grand Prefect of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George{{cite book|title=Almanacco di corte: per l'anno ... 1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v5lAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA28|year=1852|publisher=Tipografia Reale|page=28}}
• {{flag|Spain|1785}}: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 19 January 1854{{cite book|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000941464&search=&lang=es|chapter=Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro|title=Guía Oficial de España|date=1887|access-date=21 March 2019|page=146|lang=es}}
• {{flagicon image|State Flag of the Duchy of Modena and Reggio (1830-1859).svg}} Duchy of Modena and Reggio: Grand Cross of the Order of the Eagle of Este, 1856{{cite book|title=Almanacco di corte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N29SDfqL548C&pg=PA30|page=30}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of Bavaria}}: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1897Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Bayern (1906), "Königliche Orden" p. [https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nTedipoxoGcC/page/n39/mode/2up 8]
• {{flag|Grand Duchy of Hesse}}: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 9 November 1899{{citation|title=Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste|chapter=Ludewigs-orden|page=8|lang=German|location=Darmstadt|year=1907|publisher=Staatsverlag}}
• {{flag|Kingdom of France|1785}}: Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit, unknown date.{{Cite web |title=Ordre du St. Esprit |url=http://lorl.free.fr/stesprit.htm |access-date=2024-07-26 |website=lorl.free.fr}}

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|1= 1. Robert I, Duke of Parma

|2= 2. Charles III, Duke of Parma

|3= 3. Louise of Artois

|4= 4. Charles II, Duke of Parma

|5= 5. Maria Theresa of Savoy

|6= 6. Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry

|7= 7. Maria Carolina of Naples and Sicily

|8= 8. Louis I of Etruria

|9= 9. Maria Luisa, Duchess of Lucca

|10= 10. Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

|11= 11. Maria Theresa of Austria-Este

|12= 12. Charles X of France

|13= 13. Maria Theresa of Savoy

|14= 14. Francis I of the Two Sicilies

|15= 15. Maria Clementina of Austria

|16= 16. Ferdinand, Duke of Parma

|17= 17. Maria Amalia of Austria

|18= 18. Charles IV of Spain

|19= 19. Maria Luisa of Parma

|20= 20. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia

|21= 21. Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain

|22= 22. Ferdinand Karl, Archduke of Austria-Este

|23= 23. Maria Beatrice d'Este, Duchess of Massa

|24= 24. Louis, Dauphin of France

|25= 25. Maria Josepha of Saxony

|26= 26. Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (= 20)

|27= 27. Maria Antonia Ferdinanda of Spain (= 21)

|28= 28. Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies

|29= 29. Maria Carolina of Austria

|30= 30. Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

|31= 31. Maria Louise of Spain

}}

{{chart top|text-align=left|Patrilineal descent}}

Robert's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son.

Patrilineal descent is the principle behind membership in royal houses, as it can be traced back through the generations - which means that if Duke Robert were to choose an historically accurate house name it would be Robert, as all his male-line ancestors have been of that house.

Robert is a member of the House of Bourbon-Parma, a sub-branch of the House of Bourbon-Spain, itself originally a branch of the House of Bourbon, and thus of the Capetian dynasty and of the Robertians.

Robert's patriline is the line from which he is descended father to son. It follows the Dukes of Parma as well as the Kings of Spain, France, and Navarre. The line can be traced back more than 1,200 years from Robert of Hesbaye to the present day, through Kings of France & Navarre, Spain and Two-Sicilies, Dukes of Parma and Grand-Dukes of Luxembourg, Princes of Orléans and Emperors of Brazil. It is one of the oldest in Europe.

1. Robert II of Worms and Rheingau (Robert of Hesbaye), 770 - 807
2. Robert III of Worms and Rheingau, 808 - 834
3. Robert IV the Strong, 820 - 866
4. Robert I of France, 866 - 923
5. Hugh the Great, 895 - 956
6. Hugh Capet, 941 - 996
7. Robert II of France, 972 - 1031
8. Henry I of France, 1008–1060
9. Philip I of France, 1053–1108
10. Louis VI of France, 1081–1137
11. Louis VII of France, 1120–1180
12. Philip II of France, 1165–1223
13. Louis VIII of France, 1187–1226
14. Louis IX of France, 1215–1270
15. Robert, Count of Clermont, 1256–1317
16. Louis I, Duke of Bourbon, 1279–1342
17. James I, Count of La Marche, 1319–1362
18. John I, Count of La Marche, 1344–1393
19. Louis, Count of Vendôme, 1376–1446
20. Jean VIII, Count of Vendôme, 1428–1478
21. François, Count of Vendôme, 1470–1495
22. Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, 1489–1537
23. Antoine, King of Navarre, Duke of Vendôme, 1518–1562
24. Henry IV, King of France and of Navarre, 1553–1610
25. Louis XIII, King of France and Navarre, 1601–1643
26. Louis XIV, King of France and Navarre, 1638–1715
27. Louis, Grand Dauphin of France, 1661–1711
28. Philip V of Spain, 1683–1746
29. Philip, Duke of Parma, 1720–1765
30. Ferdinand, Duke of Parma, 1751–1802
31. Louis of Etruria, 1773–1803
32. Charles II, Duke of Parma, 1799–1883
33. Charles III, Duke of Parma, 1823–1854
34. Robert I, Duke of Parma, 1848–1907

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• Duchy of Parma
• Duke of Parma

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{{S-hou|House of Bourbon-Parma|9 July|1848|16 November|1907|House of Bourbon}}

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{{Succession box|title=Duke of Parma|before=Charles III|after=Annexation by the
Kingdom of Italy|years=1854–1859}}

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{{S-new|reason=}}

{{S-tul|title=Duke of Parma|years=1859–1907|reason=Annexed by Kingdom of Italy}}

{{S-aft|after=Henry}}

{{S-end}}

{{Princes of Parma}}

{{Infantes of Spain}}

{{Dukes of Parma}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Robert 01, Duke of Parma}}

Category:1848 births

Category:1907 deaths

Category:19th-century dukes of Parma

Category:Pretenders to the throne of Parma

Category:Princes of Parma and Piacenza

Category:Princes of Bourbon-Parma

Category:Exiled royalty

Category:House of Bourbon-Parma

Category:Tuscan nobility

Category:Spanish infantes

Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain

Category:Child pretenders

Category:Monarchs deposed as children