Roman circus#Spina
{{Short description|Large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire}}
File:RomaCircoMassimoDaNord1.JPG in modern-day Rome]]
{{hatnote|'Circus (building)' redirects here. For the British English use of circus to describe circular housing projects, see crescent (architecture).}}
A Roman circus (from the Latin word that means "circle") was a large open-air venue used mainly for chariot races, although sometimes serving other purposes. It was similar to the ancient Greek hippodrome. Along with theatres and amphitheatres, circuses were one of the main entertainment venues at the time.
Similar buildings, called stadia were used for Greek-style athletics particularly in the eastern, Greek speaking, part of the empire, but these were typically smaller than circuses.
According to Edward Gibbon the Roman people, at the start of the 5th century AD:Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776, Chapter 31 - Games and spectacles, http://www.ccel.org/ccel/gibbon/decline/files/volume1/chap31.htm#game
{{quote|...still considered the Circus as their home, their temple, and the seat of the republic.}}
Architectural design{{anchor|Spina|Meta}}
File:Grondplan Circus Maximus.jpg
The performance space of the Roman circus was normally, despite its name, an oblong rectangle of two linear sections of race track, separated by a median strip running along the length of about two thirds the track, joined at one end with a semicircular section and at the other end with an undivided section of track closed (in most cases) by a distinctive starting gate known as the carceres, thereby creating a circuit for the races. The Circus Maximus epitomises the design.
The median strip was called the spina and usually featured ornate columns, statues and commemorative obelisks. The turning points on either end of the spina were usually marked by conical poles, called the metae (singular: meta).{{cite book |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome, Volume 1 |editor=Michael Gagarin |editor2=Elaine Fantham |editor2-link=Elaine Fantham |page=146 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-19-517072-6}}
The track of the circus was normally surrounded by ascending seating along the length of both straight sides and around the curved end, though there were sometimes interruptions in the seating to provide access to the circus or the seating, or to provide for special viewing platforms for dignitaries and officials. One circus, that at Antinoöpolis (Egypt), displays a distinct gap of some 50m between the carceres and the start of the ascending seating where there is apparently no structure. This appears to be an exception.
The great majority of circuses fit the description above. Those that do not display two different variations: that at Emerita Augusta (Mérida, Spain), where the carceres end is substituted by a slightly curved 'straight' end joined to the straight sides of ascending seating by rounded corners of ascending seating; and a few in which the carceres end is substituted by a second semi-circular end to produce an oval shaped arena. These latter circuses are normally small (Nicopolis (Greece) and Aphrodisias (Turkey)), and should probably be considered stadia.
Common characteristics
=Dates=
Differently from other major Roman structures circuses frequently evolved over long periods of time from a simple track in a field, through generations of wooden seating structures (frequently destroyed by fire or rot), before they finally began to be converted to stone. Although circuses such as the Circus Maximus (Italy) may have existed in some form from as early as around 500 BC, circuses were mainly constructed during the 400 years between 200 BC and 200 AD.
=Dimensions=
File:Uc2.ark 13960 t8rb76g72-seq 369 (cropped Roman circus).jpg on her lion, placed on the spina, being the tutelary goddess of Carthage, may indicate that this is the Circus of Carthage. After engraving in sard, much enlarged in the drawing; found at Binchester (Binovium).{{Cite book |last=King |first=Charles William |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofengrav00king/page/218/mode/2up |title=Handbook of Engraved Gems |publisher=George Bell and Sons |year=1885 |edition=2nd |location=London |pages=219–20}}]]
The comparative dimensions of a circus may be measured in two basic ways: by the length of the track, and by the seating capacity. Other dimensions, such as the external dimensions of the structure may vary considerably depending on the location, the site, and on specific architectural characteristics.
The simplest comparative measurement of a circus is its track length. This is the most easily measured dimension, as it only requires small excavations at either end of the centreline. It is very probable that this can be done even when the circus is buried under subsequent constructions. Track lengths may vary from the 245 m of the circus at Gerasa (Jordan), to the 621 m of the Circus Maximus (Italy).
The alternative comparative dimension is that of seating capacity. This is much more complex to measure as it requires that the dimensions of the original vertical and horizontal extent of the inclined seating be re-established. In many cases the full structure of the inclined seating has been destroyed beyond the point where this can be measured, or at the least would require a great deal more excavation than that required for the measurement of the track length. Seating capacity may vary from around 15,000 people at Gerasa (Jordan), to 150,000 (some estimates put it up to 250,000) at the Circus Maximus (Italy).
=Orientation=
Circuses do not appear to have been constructed with any special compass orientation. Those that are well identified can be found with their round ends oriented around the compass. Examples include: N. Gerasa (Jordan); NE. Antinoöpolis (Egypt); E. Circus of Maxentius (Italy); E. Colchester (Britain); SE. Circus Maximus (Italy); S. Tyrus (Lebanon); SW. Gortyn (Greece); W. Circus of Nero (Italy).
=Relative location=
Circuses can be found at three distinct locations relative to the towns to which they belong:
- outside the city walls at anything up to 1.5 km distant, as at: Gerasa (Jordan) (c300m), and Leptis Magna (Libya) (1.5 km).
- simply within the town walls, as at: Thessalonica (Greece).
- inside the walls, in the heart of the town, and an integral part of the architectural power structure of the town, as at: Rome, Sirmium (Serbia) and Tarraco (Spain).
=Carceres{{anchor|Carceres}}=
The carceres, or starting gates, had a distinctive, slanted, slightly curved, plan form, designed to compensate for what would otherwise be significant differences in the distances from the individual starting gates to the start of the first section of straight track on the right hand side of the spina (as seen from the carceres). The carceres were designed for the races to be run round the spina in an anticlockwise direction.
The form of the carceres appears to have been standardised throughout the Roman world. The similarity in form among the carceres of circuses of many different sizes suggests that carceres were constructed according to a series of proportional mathematical relationships or formulas. It is not clear when the earliest carceres of the standardised form was constructed, nor whether there exists documentary evidence for the existence of such formulas.
Some of the best examples of carceres can be found at: Gerasa (Jordan) and the Circus of Maxentius (Italy).
Best preserved
The best preserved circuses include: Emerita Augusta (Spain), Caesarea Maritima (coastal) (Israel), Circus of Maxentius (Italy), Gerasa (Jordan), Tyrus (Lebanon), Leptis Magna (Libya).
{{clear}}
List of Roman circuses
{{GeoGroupTemplate|section=List of Roman circuses}}
Unless otherwise indicated the coordinates in the following list are of a point that lies within the space of a circus. For the remaining circuses (those whose detailed location is not known) the point is for a location within the space of the historic nucleus of the associated town, or for a location within the associated archaeological site. These points are probably within 1.5 kilometres of the site of the circus, as a circus was almost always within this distance from its associated town.
(ordered initially by country; number of circuses at latest count (2012-04-01): 63)
| class="wikitable sortable" | |
| valign=top
!width="18%" valign="middle"|City !width="18%" valign="middle"|City !width="10%" valign="middle"|Country !width="12%" valign="middle"|Coordinates !width="40%" valign="middle"|Notes !width="4%" valign="middle"|Images | |
| id="row-Auzia"
[Auzia] [http://forum.e-dz.com/topic/4094-names-of-cities-in-algerie-in-ad-138-roman-times-and-names-now/ Names of cities in Algerie in (A.D. 138) Roman times and names now] from [http://forum.e-dz.com/ E-DZ Community {{!}} Education & Learning] | [http://forum.e-dz.com/forum/4-algerian-history-culture-art-law-politics/ Algerian History, Culture, Art, Law, Politics] (order by start date; start date: 21 Dec 2008). |Sour El-Ghozlane (= pre-independence Aumale) |{{Hs|Alg-a}}Algeria |{{coord|36.14799|3.690924|type:city_region:DZ_scale:10000|name=Auzia (Sour El-Ghozlane) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; John H. Humphrey: Roman Circuses: Arenas for Chariot Racing. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles 1986, {{ISBN|0-520-04921-7}}. no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Claudia_Caesarea"
|{{Hs|Alg-c}}Algeria |{{coord|36.601412|2.184702|type:landmark_region:DZ_scale:4000|name=Colonia Claudia Caesarea (Cherchell) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}cited in Humphrey; approximate location; [Cherchell] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/cherchel.html The Circus {{!}} Cherchel] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. neither the form nor any original structure is visible. | |
| id="row-Saldae"
|{{Hs|Alg-s1}}Algeria |{{coord|36.755068|5.083765|type:city_region:DZ_scale:10000|name=Saldae (Béjaïa) (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of current town) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Sitifis"
|{{Hs|Alg-s2}}Algeria |{{coord|36.197105|5.405214|type:landmark_region:DZ_scale:4000|name=Sitifis Colonia (Sétif) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|450}}cited in Humphrey; approximate location confirmed by old air photographs (90% of the circus has now been built over); [Setif] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/setif.html The Circus {{!}} Circus at Setif] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. only the southern, curved, end remains visible; U-shaped; approximate (formerly visible) track length: c450m; approximate (formerly visible) track width: c70m. | |
| id="row-Alexandria"
|{{Hs|Egy-a1}}Egypt |{{coord|31.182489|29.896417|type:city_region:EG_scale:50000|name=Alexandria Roman town (approximate nucleus of town; centred on Pompey's Pillar)}} (not the circus; approximate nucleus of Roman town; centred on Pompey's Pillar) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Antinopolis"
|Mallawi (c10km) |{{Hs|Egy-a2}}Egypt |{{coord|27.810092|30.885503|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Antinopolis Roman circus}} |{{Hs|325}}cited in Humphrey; visible track length: 300–350 m; [Antinopolis] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=27.810092&lon=30.885503&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Antinopolis]. visible track width: c45m; U-shaped; the carceres are c50m beyond the ends of the ascending seating at the open south-west end; clearly visible and unobstructed. | | |
| id="row-Oxyrhynchus"
|Beni Mazar (c15km) |{{Hs|Egy-o}}Egypt |{{coord|28.535969|30.655336|type:landmark_region:EG|name=Oxyrhynchus (not the circus; archaeological site of Roman town)}} (not the circus; archaeological site of Roman town) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Camulodunum"
|{{Hs|Eng-c}}England |{{coord|51.883604|0.898175|type:landmark_region:GB_scale:10000|name=Camulodunum (Colchester) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|450}}location information;[Camulodunum] [http://www.camulos.com/circus/circus1.htm THE ROMAN CIRCUS VICTRICENSIS IN COLCHESTER] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207123328/http://www.camulos.com/circus/circus1.htm |date=2013-02-07 }}. archaeological information; [Camulodunum] [http://www.thecolchesterarchaeologist.co.uk/ Colchester Archaeological Trust]. official archaeological information; [Camulodunum] [http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/uep/custom_pages/monument_detail.asp?content_page_id=68&previous_page_id=48&monument_id=1038871 Roman Circus 200 m south of Abbey House], EHER/SMR Number 46327 at [http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/ Unlocking Essex's Past website] from [http://www.essex.gov.uk/Activities/Heritage/Pages/Heritage.aspx Heritage Conservation at Essex County Council]. length: c450m; width: c75m. | | |
| id="row-Arelate"
|Arelate |{{Hs|Fra-a}}France |{{coord|43.6734|N|4.61855|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Arelate (Arles) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|450}}cited in Humphrey; official archaeological information; [Arelate] [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=edifice&id=43 Cirque romain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081126130321/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=edifice&id=43 |date=2008-11-26 }} {{in lang|fr}}, at [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=home Patrimoine de la Ville d'Arles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207085540/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=home |date=2012-02-07 }} | [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=ville&id=1 Ville d'Arles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204232504/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=ville&id=1 |date=2012-02-04 }} | [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=quartier&id=29 Barriol / Plan-du-Bourg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229185744/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=quartier&id=29 |date=2012-02-29 }}. c40% of curved south-west end is minimally visible; the remaining structure lies to the north-east under a road junction and housing; length: c450m; [Arelate] [http://www.arles-tourisme.com/en_GB/Ville_visite.aspx?Code=52fcd882-123a-4782-b4ca-85d5c6a42d11&Page=1&Ville=Arles Cirque romain d'Arles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502060013/http://www.arles-tourisme.com/en_GB/Ville_visite.aspx?Code=52fcd882-123a-4782-b4ca-85d5c6a42d11&Page=1&Ville=Arles |date=2012-05-02 }} at [http://www.arlestourisme.com/home.html Arles Office de Tourisme {{!}} Visit {{!}} Places to visit] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312013911/http://www.arlestourisme.com/home.html |date=2012-03-12 }}. [Arelate] [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=edifice_descriptif&id=43 Cirque romain {{!}} Description] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229185843/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=edifice_descriptif&id=43 |date=2012-02-29 }} {{in lang|fr}}, at [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=home Patrimoine de la Ville d'Arles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207085540/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=home |date=2012-02-07 }} | [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=ville&id=1 Ville d'Arles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204232504/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=ville&id=1 |date=2012-02-04 }} | [http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=quartier&id=29 Barriol / Plan-du-Bourg] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229185744/http://www.patrimoine.ville-arles.fr/arles/ville.cfm?action=quartier&id=29 |date=2012-02-29 }}. width: c101m; visible track width: c80m. [Arelate] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=43.6734&lon=4.61855&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Arelate]. |File:Arles, cirque romain5.JPG (may not be oriented to north) [Arelate] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/arles.html The Circus {{!}} Arles] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Lugdunum"
|Lyon |{{Hs|Fra-l}}France |{{coord|45.757314|4.815188|type:landmark_region:FR_scale:4000|name=Lugdunum (Lyon) Roman circus (approximate hypothesised location)}} (approximate hypothesised location [Lugdunum] Cirque antique de Lyon and Cirque antique de Lyon#Hypothèses de localisation {{in lang|fr}}. ) |{{Hs|001(hypothesised_location)}}cited in Chase;Raymond G. Chase: Ancient Hellenistic and Roman amphitheatres, stadiums, and theatres: the way they look now. P. E. Randall, Portsmouth 2002, {{ISBN|1-931807-08-6}} hypothesised location. | | |
| id="row-Mediolanum_Santonum"
|{{Hs|Fra-m}}France |{{coord|45.7464 | |
| 0.6333|type:city_region:FR|name=Mediolanum Santonum (Saintes) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)
|{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Vienna"
|{{Hs|Fra-v}}France |{{coord|45.516492|N|4.868196|E|type:landmark_region:FR|name=Vienna (Vienne) Roman circus}} (possibly very approximate; the satellite image at this location is extremely distorted) |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}Cited in Humphrey; the only remaining feature is a monumental arched structure topped by a tall, narrow, pyramid; this structure was on the spina. |File:Pyramide de Vienne (Isère).jpg (may not be oriented to north) [Vienna] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/vienne.html The Circus {{!}} Vienne] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Augusta_Treverorum"
|{{Hs|Ger-a}}Germany |{{coord|49.751175|6.648531|type:landmark_region:DE|name=Augusta Treverorum (Trier) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|450}}Cited in Humphrey; location; [Augusta Treverorum] [https://maps.google.com/?ll=49.750911,6.647877&spn=0.004173,0.009624&om=1&t=k&z=17 satellite photo] from [https://www.livius.org/ LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History] | [https://www.livius.org/germinf.html Germania Inferior {{!}} Topography] | [https://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier.html Augusta Treverorum (Trier)] | [https://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier-circus.html Trier: Circus]. [Augusta Treverorum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=49.7511747&lon=6.648531&z=14&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Augusta Treverorum Roman circus]. [Augusta Treverorum] [http://www.landesmuseum-trier.de/de/home/archaeologische-denkmalpflege/denkmaeler/trier.html Archäologie in Trier] (in German) from [http://www.uni-trier.de/ Universität Trier] | [http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=7 Organisation] | [http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=36 Fachbereiche und Fächer {{!}} Fachbereich III] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302015727/http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=36 |date=2012-03-02 }} | [http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=1629 Klassische Archäologie {{!}} Was {{!}} Archäologie in Trier]. showing location of circus; length: c450m. [Augusta Treverorum] [https://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier-circus.html Trier: Circus] at [https://www.livius.org/ LIVIUS Articles on Ancient History] | [https://www.livius.org/germinf.html Germania Inferior {{!}} Topography] | [https://www.livius.org/to-ts/trier/trier.html Augusta Treverorum (Trier)]. | |
| id="row-Corinth"
|Corinth (Colonia Iulia Flavia Augusta Corinthiensis) |{{Hs|Gre-c}}Greece |{{coord|37.909792|22.875938|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Corinth Roman circus (hypothesised and partially excavated location)}} (hypothesised and partially excavated location) |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}discussion about the evidence for a circus; [Corinth] [https://web.archive.org/web/20181115184050/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-147059813.html A Roman Circus in Corinth] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20151112032511/https://www.highbeam.com/publications/hesperia-p1280 History journals – Hesperia], paper reference: David Gilman Romano, "A Roman Circus in Corinth," in Hesperia 74, 2005, pp. 585–611. plan showing the hypothesised location of the circus [Corinth] [http://c84362.r62.cf2.rackcdn.com/assets/corinth/page/CCP_44BC11.jpg Figure 11. Roman Corinth, ca. A.D. 50, and a portion of the land divided between the long walls illustrating the north–south roadways.] from [http://corinthcomputerproject.org/ Corinth Computer Project] | [http://corinthcomputerproject.org/greek-and-roman-corinth/44-bc/ Greek and Roman Corinth {{!}} 44 BC – Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis] (Figure 11). [Corinth] [http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/figure11.png Figure 11. Roman Corinth, ca. A.D. 50, and a portion of the land divided between the long walls illustrating the north–south roadways] from [http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/index.html Corinth Computer Project] | [http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/corinth.html Greek and Roman Corinth] | [http://corinth.sas.upenn.edu/44bc.html Colonia Laus Iulia Corinthiensis, 44 BC] (Figure 11). hypothesised and partially excavated location. [Corinth] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.9097918&lon=22.8759384&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Corinth Roman circus] (hypothesised and partially excavated location). | | |
| id="row-Gortyn"
|Agioi Deka (c1.5 km) |{{Hs|Gre-g}}Greece |{{coord|35.052057|N|24.951119|E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Gortyn Roman circus}} |{{Hs|375}}cited in Chase; archaeological city plan;[Gortyn] [http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/gortyn/foto1.html Map of Gortyn] ([http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/foto/gortyn70.jpg Gortina – Planta Archaeologica Dela Citta]) at [http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ romanaqueducts.info {{!}} Roman Aqueducts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616060124/http://www.romanaqueducts.info/ |date=2012-06-16 }} | [http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/index.html AQUASITE: Information on 50 selected Roman aqueducts] | [http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquasite/gortyn/index.html Gortyn(a) (Greece / Crete)]. visible track length: c375m; [Gortyn] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=35.052057&lon=24.951119&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Gortyn Roman circus]. visible track width: c50m; U-shaped plan form clearly visible; space 30% open agricultural land, 70% covered by orchard trees. |(may not be oriented to north) [Gortyn] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/gortyn.html The Circus {{!}} Circus of Gortyn] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Nicopolis"
|Preveza (c7km) |{{Hs|Gre-n}}Greece |{{coord|39.023563|N|20.734805|E|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Nikopolis Roman circus}} |{{Hs|215}}referred to as a stadium; [Nicopolis] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.0234972&lon=20.734688&z=19&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Nicopolis Roman circus]. very small for a circus; visible track length: c215m; visible track width: c20m; double-U-shaped plan form with both rounded ends clearly visible; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures. | | |
| id="row-Thessalonica"
|{{Hs|Gre-t}}Greece |{{coord|40.629669|22.950890|type:landmark_region:GR_scale:5000|name=Thessalonica Roman circus}} |{{Hs|525}}Cited in Humphrey; Thessalonica | location [Thessalonica] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=40.6296693&lon=22.9508901&z=15&l=9&m=b&v=8 Wikimapia location: Thessalonica Roman circus]. (the circus is marked 'Ancient Hippodrome'); archaeological map of historical centre of town, [Thessalonica] [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Thessaloniki_historical_center_el.svg archaeological map of walled historical centre of Thessalonica]. showing location of hippodrome/circus (in Greek; hippodrome = Ιππόδρομος); approximate length inferred from and: c525m. | | |
| id="row-Rhodes"
|{{Hs|Gre-t}}Greece |{{coord|36.43919|28.211909|type:landmark_region:GR|name=Rhodes Roman circus}} | {{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}
| |
| id="row-Caesarea_Maritima-coast"
|Caesarea Maritima (coastal) |{{Hs|Isr-c1}}Israel |{{coord|32.4986|N|34.8906|E|type:landmark_region:IL|name=Caesarea Maritima (Caesarea) coastal Roman circus}} |{{Hs|290}}cited in Humphrey; referred to as a hippodrome; [Caesarea Maritima] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/caesarea.html The Circus {{!}} Caesarea] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. on the coast; parallel to the coast; visible track length: c290m; [Caesarea Maritima (coastal)] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.4985691&lon=34.8906416&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Caesarea Maritima Roman circus (coastal)]. visible track width: c45m; U-shaped plan form clearly visible; structure substantially complete; few modern structures constructed within the space. |File:Caesarea Palaestina.jpg (may not be oriented to north) | |
| id="row-Caesarea_Maritima-inland"
|Caesarea Maritima (inland) |{{Hs|Isr-c2}}Israel |{{coord|32.4986|N|34.8986|E|type:landmark_region:IL|name=Caesarea Maritima (Caesarea) inland Roman circus}} |{{Hs|410}}c1km inland from the coast; visible track length: c410m; [Caesarea Maritima (inland)] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.4985827&lon=34.8986024&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Caesarea Maritima Roman circus (inland)]. visible track width: c80m; form substantially visible; apparently U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures. | |
| id="row-Aquileia"
|{{Hs|Ita-a}}Italy |{{coord|45.775007|13.361778|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Aquileia (Aquileia) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|460}}cited in Humphrey; location; [Aquileia] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/aquileia.html The Circus {{!}} Aquileia] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. track length measured from location information: c460m;[Aquileia] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=45.7749318&lon=13.3618426&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Aquileia Roman circus]. | |
| id="row-Bovillae"
|{{Hs|Ita-b}}Italy |{{coord|41.757499|12.621679|type:landmark_region:IT_scale:500|name=Bovillae Roman circus}} |{{Hs|328}}cited in Humphrey; {{in lang|it}}; [Bovillae] [http://www.parcodibovillae.org/antica-bovillae.htm#Il_Circo_di_Bovillae_ L'antica Bovillae {{!}} Il Circo di Bovillae] {{in lang|it}} at [http://www.parcodibovillae.org/ parcodibovillae.org {{!}} PROTEZIONE DELL'AREA DELL'ANTICA BOVILLAE] {{in lang|it}}. information and photos in English; [Bovillae] [http://www.parcodibovillae.org/boville-english.htm English page {{!}} The Roman stadium of Boville] at [http://www.parcodibovillae.org/ parcodibovillae.org {{!}} PROTEZIONE DELL'AREA DELL'ANTICA BOVILLAE] {{in lang|it}}. (track?) length: 328.50m; (track?) width: 60m; location centred on the only visible remains – three stone arches [Bovillae] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.757499&lon=12.621679&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Bovillae Roman circus]. (part of the carceres). | | |
| id="row-Mediolanum"
|{{Hs|Ita-m1}}Italy |{{coord|45.463276|9.179936|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Mediolanum (Milan) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|460}}Cited in Chase; location; [Mediolanum] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/milan.html The Circus {{!}} Milan] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. [Mediolanum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=45.463276&lon=9.179936&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Mediolanum Roman circus]. [Mediolanum] J.H.Humphrey, Roman Circuses, Londra 1986, p.614. track width: 67/68m; the principal visible remains are a tower at the north western corner of the circus; [Mediolanum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=45.465193&lon=9.17892&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Milan Roman circus (tower at the north western corner)]. the main body of the circus lay SSE of this tower. |File:Basamento circo.jpg (may not be oriented to north) | |
| id="row-Roma-Flaminius"
|Rome |{{Hs|Ita-r1}}Italy |{{coord|41.892758|12.477422|scale:2000_region:IT|name=Circus Flaminius, Rome}} |{{Hs|380}}Cited in Humphrey; it is not entirely clear whether this 'structure' was, in fact, a circus or stadium of the form of the others in this list; Wikimapia location; [Circus Flaminius] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.8926301&lon=12.4774218&z=17&l=9&m=b&show=/8706019/Circus-Flaminius Wikimapia location: Circus Flaminius, Rome]. estimates of size are: length 260–500 m, [Circus Flaminius] Circus Flaminius. [Circus Flaminius] [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Circus_Flaminius.html Circus Flaminius – Samuel Ball Platner, 1929], via [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/ http://penelope.uchicago.edu/] at the University of Chicago. | |
| id="row-Roma-Maxentius"
|Roma |Rome |{{Hs|Ita-r2}}Italy |{{coord|41.854645|N|12.522411|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Circus of Maxentius, Rome}} |{{Hs|490}}Visible track length: c490m; [Circus of Maxentius] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.8547308&lon=12.5224078&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Circus of Maxentius, Rome]. visible track width: c80m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; many parts of the structure are visible. |File:Roma Appia Antica - Circo di Massenzio Torri.JPG (may not be oriented to north) [Circus of Maxentius] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/maxentius.html The Circus {{!}} Maxentius] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Roma-Maximus"
|Rome |{{Hs|Ita-r3}}Italy |{{coord|41.886016|N|12.485404|E|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Circus_Maximus, Rome}} |{{Hs|621}}Track length: c621m; [Circus Maximus] Circus Maximus#Republican era. track width: c150m; form substantially visible; U-shaped; the space is practically unoccupied by any modern structures; only a few parts of the structure are visible or remain. | |
| id="row-Roma-Nero"
|Roma |Rome |{{Hs|Ita-r4}}Italy |{{coord|41.901638|12.455256|type:landmark_region:IT|name=Circus of Nero, Rome}} |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}Cited in Humphrey; location just to the south of St. Peter's Basilica well established, though exact position and orientation unknown; the only surviving remains are the obelisk which was brought from Egypt to adorn the spina in 37 AD; [Circus of Nero] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.9015923&lon=12.4541241&z=19&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Circus of Nero (location of the spina obelisk until 1586)]. the obelisk was moved to its current location in Saint Peter's Square in 1586. [Circus of Nero] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=41.9022451&lon=12.457273&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Circus of Nero (location of the obelisk since 1586)]. |File:Plan of Circus Neronis and St. Peters.gif (may not be oriented to north) [Circus of Nero] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/vatican.html The Circus {{!}} Vatican Circus] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Roma-Varianus"
|Roma |Rome |{{Hs|Ita-r5}}Italy |{{coord|41.887353|12.520474|type:landmark_region:IT_scale:2000|name=Circus Varianus, Rome}} |{{Hs|565}}Cited in Humphrey; Wikimapia location; [Circus Varianus] [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=41.8873527&lon=12.5204739&z=15&l=9&m=b&show=/10836307/Circo-Variano-Circus-Varianus Wikimapia location: Circus Varianus, Rome]. [Circus Varianus] Circo Variano at Italian Wikipedia. |(may not be oriented to north) [Circus Varianus] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/varianus.html The Circus {{!}} Varianus] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Gadara"
|{{Hs|Jor-g1}}Jordan |{{coord|32.656914|35.666857|type:landmark_region:JO_scale:5000|name=Gadara Roman hippodrome}} |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}Cited in Humphrey; a German language archaeological site map of Gadara[Gadara] [http://www.dainst.org/sites/default/files/media/abteilungen/orient/projects/gadara04.jpg Gadara (Umm Quais) Topographische Bestandkarte 2007 (archaeological site map)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522190320/http://www.dainst.org/sites/default/files/media/abteilungen/orient/projects/gadara04.jpg |date=2013-05-22 }} from [http://www.dainst.org/en/project/gadara?ft=all Research projects {{!}} geographical order {{!}} Gadara/Umm Qais (Jordanien)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412211434/http://www.dainst.org/en/project/gadara?ft=all |date=2012-04-12 }} at [http://www.dainst.org/en/ Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210065630/http://www.dainst.org/en |date=2012-02-10 }}. indicates a location for what is described as a hippodrome. [Gadara] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.6569138&lon=35.6668568&z=16&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Gadara hippodrome]. | | |
| id="row-Gerasa"
|{{Hs|Jor-g2}}Jordan |{{coord|32.273655|N|35.890730|E|type:landmark_region:JO|name=Gerasa Roman circus}} |{{Hs|245}}cited in Humphrey; visible track length: c245m; [Gerasa] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.273655&lon=35.89073&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Gerasa Roman circus]. visible track width: c50m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; a great deal of the structure still stands. |File:Hippodrome-Jerash.JPG (may not be oriented to north) [Gerasa] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/gerasa.html The Circus {{!}} Gerasa] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Berytus"
|Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus |{{Hs|Leb-b}}Lebanon |{{coord|33.897911|35.499584|type:landmark_region:LB_scale:2000|name=Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus (Beirut) Roman hippodrome}} |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}cited in Humphrey; the location is of the archaeological site of the Beirut Hippodrome as given on Wikimapia; [Berytus] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=33.8978839&lon=35.4995728&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Colonia Iulia Augusta Felix Berytus Roman hippodrome]. this may, or may not, be the same structure as the circus. | | |
| id="row-Tyrus"
|Tyre |{{Hs|Leb-t}}Lebanon |{{coord|33.268313|35.209776|type:landmark_region:LB_scale:2000|name=Tyre Roman circus}} |{{Hs|435}}cited in Humphrey; visible track length: c435m; [Tyrus] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=33.268313&lon=35.209776&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Tyrus Roman circus]. visible track width: c80m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; a great deal of the structure is still visible. |File:Al-Bass Arch Site Hippodrome.JPG (may not be oriented to north) [Tyrus] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/tyre.html The Circus {{!}} Tyre] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Cyrene"
|{{Hs|Lib-c}}Libya |{{coord|32.822221|N|21.864104|E|type:landmark_region:LY|name=Cyrene Roman circus}} |{{Hs|300}}cited in Humphrey; visible track length: c300m?; [Cyrene] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.8227686&lon=21.864177&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Cyrene Roman circus]. [Cyrene] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/cyrene.html The Circus {{!}} Circus at Cyrene] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. visible track width: c45m; form reasonably visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible; sometimes referred to as a hippodrome. | |
| id="row-Leptis"
|Khoms OR Al Khums (c3km) |{{Hs|Lib-l}}Libya |{{coord|32.633056|N|14.310547|E|type:landmark_region:LY|name=Leptis Magna Roman circus}} |{{Hs|445}}cited in Humphrey; located both on and parallel to the sea shore; visible track length: c445m; [Leptis Magna] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.633056&lon=14.310547&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Leptis Magna Roman circus]. visible track width: c75m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; some of the structure is still visible. |(may not be oriented to north) [Leptis Magna] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/leptis.html The Circus {{!}} Leptis Magna] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Aeminium"
|{{Hs|Por-a}}Portugal |{{coord|40.209016 | |
| 8.425387|type:city_region:PT_scale:2000|name=Aeminium (Coimbra) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)}} (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)
|{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}believed to have existed, but unconfirmed; archaeological information about the Roman town; [Aeminium] [http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/en-GB/Small%20site/ContentDetail.aspx?id=606 Aeminium] at [http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/ Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903062348/http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/ |date=2011-09-03 }} | [http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/en-GB/default.aspx English Version]. [Aeminium] [http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/pt-PT/minisitios/ContentDetail.aspx?id=632 Aeminium] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121081105/http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/pt-PT/minisitios/ContentDetail.aspx?id=632 |date=January 21, 2012 }} (in Portuguese), at [http://mnmachadodecastro.imc-ip.pt/pt-PT/Default.aspx Museu Nacional de Machado de Castro {{!}} Mini-Sítios]. reference to a suggested location for the circus (Praça do Comércio); suggested location. [Aeminium] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=40.2089913&lon=-8.4294534&z=16&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: suggested location for Aeminium Roman circus]. | | |
| id="row-Balsa"
|{{Hs|Por-b}}Portugal |{{coord|37.090488 | |
| 7.685301|type:landmark_region:PT_scale:2000|name=Balsa (Tavira) Roman circus}}
|{{Hs|375}}cited in Humphrey; the location is approximately that indicated conjecturally, though with considerable certainty, at; [Balsa] [http://arkeotavira.com/balsa/flash/balsa-topog.swf O Urbanismo de Balsa Romana] (from 8:50; dimensions given at 9:11) at [http://www.arkeotavira.com/ Campo Arqueológico de Tavira]. that site states "the topographic marks of [the circus] permit a reasonably rigorous survey"; length: c375m; width: c80m. | | |
| id="row-Mirobriga"
|Santiago do Cacém (c2km) |{{Hs|Por-m}}Portugal |{{coord|38.002318|N|8.683770|W|type:landmark_region:PT|name=Mirobriga Roman circus}} |{{Hs|330}}cited in Chase; visible track length: c330m; [Miróbriga] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=38.002318&lon=-8.68377&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Miróbriga Roman circus]. visible track width: c70m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible. |(may not be oriented to north) [Miróbriga] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/mirobriga.html The Circus {{!}} Circus of Mirobriga] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Olissipona"
|{{Hs|Por-o}}Portugal |{{coord|38.713788|N|9.139192|W|type:landmark_region:PT|name=Olissipona (Lisbon) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}in what is today the 'Rossio'; an account (in Portuguese) of excavations which uncovered a section of the spina of the circus can be found at. [Olissipona] [https://independent.academia.edu/VitorRafaelSousa/Papers/499441/A_Cronologia_do_Circo_de_Olisipo_a_Terra_Sigillata A Cronologia do Circo de Olisipo] by IPPAR (now [http://www.igespar.pt/en/ IGESPAR]); published as: Revista Portuguesa de Arqueologia. volume 5. número 2. 2002, pp 245–275, "A Cronologia do Circo de Olisipo: a Terra Sigillata", Eurico Sepúlveda and others. | | |
| id="row-Sirmium"
|{{Hs|Ser-s}}Serbia |{{coord|44.967364|19.612151|type:landmark_region:RS_scale:2000|name=Sirmium (Sremska Mitrovica) Roman circus (approx)}} |{{Hs|450}}cited in Humphrey; the location is a close approximation based on information at; [Sirmium] [http://www.carskapalata.rs/images/plan.jpg archaeological plan of Roman Sirmium] from [http://www.carskapalata.rs/imperialpalace.html Sirmium Palatium Imperiale] at Carska Palata Sirmium. [Sirmium] Sirmium#Archeological findings. width: c150m; the structure lies buried some 2–4 m under the current town centre, just to the north of the partially excavated palace; only very small sections have been excavated. | | |
| id="row-Calagurris"
|{{Hs|Spa-c1}}Spain |{{coord|42.304811|N|1.963025|W|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Calagurris (Calahorra) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|325}}cited in Humphrey; the circus lies under the pedestrian thoroughfare 'Paseo Del Mercadal'; [Calagurris] [http://www.ayto-calahorra.es/portal/p_49_final_Estructura_menu_accesos.jsp?seccion=s_fdes_d4_v1.jsp&contenido=133&tipo=6&nivel=1400&layout=p_49_final_Estructura_menu_accesos.jsp&codResi=1&language=es&codMenu=39&codMenuPN=75&codMenuSN=12 Cidade {{!}} Turismo {{!}} Monumentos {{!}} Arqueología Romana] at [http://www.ayto-calahorra.es/ Ayuntamiento de Calahorra] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030531225937/http://www.ayto-calahorra.es/ |date=2003-05-31 }}. [Calagurris] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=42.304811&lon=-1.963025&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Calagurris Roman circus]. | | |
| id="row-Caparra"
|{{Hs|Spa-c2}}Spain |{{coord|40.166847 | |
| 6.101135|type:city_region:ES|name=Cáparra (Capera) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)}} (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)
|{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; the location, from Wikimapia [Cáparra] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=40.166847&lon=-6.101135&z=12&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Cáparra Roman circus]. [Cáparra] Cáparra at Spanish Wikipedia. is of the ruins of the Roman city only; there is no indication of the location of the circus. | | |
| id="row-Corduba"
|Corduba |{{Hs|Spa-c3}}Spain |{{coord|37.885079 | |
| 4.772803|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Corduba (Córdoba) Roman circus}}
|{{Hs|370}}location from Wikimapia and others; [Corduba] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.8850788&lon=-4.7728032&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Corduba Roman circus]. [Corduba] [http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Circus.html Cordoba Roman circus] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830151806/http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Circus.html |date=2012-08-30 }} at [http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Index-Roman-Cordoba.html Artencordoba.com {{!}} Roman Córdoba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120128170147/http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Index-Roman-Cordoba.html |date=2012-01-28 }} (see also: [http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Monuments.html plan of Roman Cordoba] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826223855/http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/Roman-Cordoba-Monuments.html |date=2012-08-26 }}; and: [http://www.artencordoba.co.uk/ROMAN-CORDOBA/img/PLANS/PLAN_CIRCUS_LOCATION.jpg detailed location map of the circus]{{dead link|date=February 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}). length: c370m; entirely buried under the existing city centre; virtually no remains visible. | | |
| id="row-Emerita Augusta"
|Emerita Augusta |{{Hs|Spa-e}}Spain |{{coord|38.920037 | |
| 6.332116|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Emerita Augusta (Mérida) Roman circus}}
|{{Hs|400}}Cited in Humphrey; visible track length: c400m; [Emerita Augusta] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=38.9200372&lon=-6.3321161&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Emerita Augusta Roman circus]. |File:VR Merida 03-Circo Romano.jpg (may not be oriented to north) [Emerita Augusta] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/merida.html The Circus {{!}} Emerita Augusta ] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Italica"
|{{Hs|Spa-s1}}Spain |{{coord|37.43856 | |
| 6.039444|type:city_region:ES|name=Italica (Santiponce) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)}} (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)
|{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; very approximate location; [Italica] [https://archive.today/20130201140104/http://www.roman-sites.com/spain/italica/italica.htm Roman sites by list {{!}} Spain {{!}} Italica] at [http://www.roman-sites.com Imperium Roman sites]. the circus lies under the centre of the existing old town of Santiponce; nothing is visible; note that the very large amphitheatre at Italica is sometimes referred to as a circus. | | |
| id="row-Saguntum"
|{{Hs|Spa-s2}}Spain |{{coord|39.681644 | |
| 0.276675|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Saguntum (Sagunto) Roman circus}}
|{{Hs|350}}cited in Humphrey; the location of the circus has been confirmed by the excavation, and preservation, of a gate to the circus; [Saguntum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.6816444&lon=-0.2766752&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Saguntum Roman circus]. [Saguntum] [https://archive.today/20130201112406/http://www.roman-sites.com/spain/sagunto/sagunto.htm Roman sites by list {{!}} Spain {{!}} Sagunto] at [http://www.roman-sites.com Imperium Roman sites]. the circus lies buried under the existing town; only the gate is visible; [Saguntum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.6810788&lon=-0.2755728&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Saguntum Roman circus (excavated gate)]. [Saguntum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.6821893&lon=-0.2766752&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9&show=/11959728/es/Planta-del-circo-romano-de-Sagunto Wikimapia location: Saguntum Roman circus] (information, including dimensions, in Spanish). |(may not be oriented to north) [Saguntum] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/segunto.html The Circus {{!}} Segunto] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Tarraco"
|{{Hs|Spa-t1}}Spain |{{coord|41.116963|1.255832|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Tarraco (Tarragona) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|290}}cited in Humphrey; most of the circus lies buried under the existing town; a substantial part of the curved eastern end, and part of the south-western side, are visible; track length: c290m; [Tarraco] {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080509192019/http://www.spanisharts.com/arquitectura/imagenes/roma/i_tarragona_circo.html Roman Art {{!}} Public Spectacles architecture {{!}} Circus of Tarraco in Tarragona {{!}} Roman Circus of Tarraco, at Tarragona]}} at {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/19991004002053/http://www.spanisharts.com/ SpanishArts.com]}}. |File:Roman circus of Tarraco 01.jpg (may not be oriented to north) [Tarraco] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/tarragona.html The Circus {{!}} Tarragona] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Toletum"
|{{Hs|Spa-t2}}Spain |{{coord|39.863689|N|4.029978|W|type:landmark_region:ES|name=Toletum (Toledo) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|430}}Cited in Humphrey; between a third and a half of the circus, including the round end, is partially visible; the remainder of the circus, has either been obliterated, or lies under modern constructions; suggested length: c430m; [Toletum] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/toledo.html The Circus {{!}} Toledo ] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. [Toletum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.8631408&lon=-4.0305877&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Toletum Roman circus]. [Toletum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=39.8644193&lon=-4.029032&z=19&l=9&m=b Wikimapia location: Toletum Roman circus (curved end)]. |File:Circo Romano Toledo 2.JPG (may not be oriented to north) | |
| id="row-Zafra"
| |{{Hs|Spa-z}}Spain |{{coord|38.423701 | |
| 6.416107|type:city_region:ES_scale:20000|name=Zafra town (not the circus; historic nucleus of town)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of town)
|{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; there appears to be significant uncertainty about the status, and even name, of Zafra in the Roman era; [Zafra] Zafra#Roman era (article accessed: 2012-03-01). the town appears to have no significant Roman remains other than those of some 20 Roman villas in the surrounding area; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Trajana_Bostra"
|Bosra Eski Sham OR Busra Eski Şam OR Busra ash-Sham |{{Hs|Syr-b}}Syria |{{coord|32.5149|N|36.4799|E|type:landmark_region:SY|name=Nova Trajana Bostra (Bosra Eski Sham or Busra Eski Şam or Busra ash-Sham) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|430}}cited in Humphrey; French maps of Roman Bosra showing the location of the circus (or hippodrome); [Bostra] [https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=100873 Plan de l'Ancienne Ville de Bosra montrant l'emplacement de tous les monuments connus. B&W, 37 x 25 cm, scale by approximation ~ 1:6,100. Shows in red the boundaries of the site] at [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/22/documents/ UNESCO {{!}} Ancient City of Bosra]. [Bostra] [https://archive.today/20130129094004/http://www.mouhassan.com/bosra/images/map.JPG Plan de Bosra] (circus identified as a hippodrome) from [https://archive.today/20130129073443/http://www.mouhassan.com/bosra/pages/plan-of-city.htm In-Depth History {{!}} Plan of the City {{!}} Plan of the City] at [https://archive.today/20130129121156/http://www.mouhassan.com/bosra/en.htm Bosracity.com {{!}} English]. [Bostra] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=32.514774&lon=36.4799953&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Nova Trajana Bostra Roman circus]. visible track width: c110m; form clearly visible; U-shaped; the space is virtually unoccupied by any modern structures; much of the structure still stands. |(may not be oriented to north) [Bostra] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/bostra.html The Circus {{!}} Bostra] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Laodicea_Mare"
|{{Hs|Syr-l}}Syria |{{coord|35.519688|35.775046|type:city_region:SY|name=Laodicea ad Mare (Latakia) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of the town) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Abthugni"
[Abthugni]+[Commodum (as: Mun. Aur. Comm.)] [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/Immagine/B0000018/B18-F-p343.TIF map] from [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/Libri/b0000018.htm DocArtis {{!}} Progetti {{!}} TUNISIA: Projet de gestion du patrimoine culturel {{!}} Bibliografie {{!}} B0000018 {{!}} Pflaum H. G., Romanisation de l'ancien territoire de la Carthage punique]; The full article and map can be found from: [http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/author/auteur_antaf_61 Pflaum H. G., "Romanisation de l'ancien territoire de la Carthage punique" - in Antiquités africaines, 4, 1970. pp. 75-118.] (the full map is on the last page; a high resolution version of the complete map may be obtained by using the scaling facilities of the site to enlarge the map, and then saving the resulting image). [Abthugni] [http://press.princeton.edu/titles/6773.html Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, Edited by Richard J. A. Talbert], Map 32 Carthago; textual directory to map available from: [http://press.princeton.edu/B_ATLAS.ZIP http://press.princeton.edu/B_ATLAS.ZIP {{!}} BATL032_.PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507083500/http://press.princeton.edu/B_ATLAS.ZIP |date=2013-05-07 }} (reference to Abthugni and Henchir-es-Souar on directory page 494 (PDF page 2)). |Henchir Souar OR Henchir Esch Schorr OR Henchir es Souar |{{Hs|Tun-a}}Tunisia |{{coord|36.197695|10.008889|type:landmark_region:TN_scale:5000|name= Abthugni (Henchir Souar) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)}} [Abthugni] [http://geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-1030629&fid=6142&c=tunisia Hennchir Kasbat es Souar: Tunisia], SOURCE: National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Bethesda, MD, USA. (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town). |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; coordinates of place; location of place on topographic map [Abthugni (as: 'Ruins' at ref: NJ 32-15/510322)]+[Commodum (as: 'Henchir Boucha (ruins)' at ref: NJ 32-15/498358)] on map: [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/algeria_tunisia/txu-oclc-224045187-nj32-15.jpg NJ 32-15 Tunis, Tunisia] from [http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/jog/algeria_tunisia/ Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection {{!}} Tunisia Maps {{!}} Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia, Joint Operations Graphic 1:250,000]. (ref: NJ 32-15/510322); references to Henchir Souar; [Abthugni] [http://www.docartis.com/toponimi%20-Tunisia/DECRETS/ZAGHOUAN.htm ZAGHOUAN] (search for 'A00030'), from [http://www.docartis.com/pagina2/toponimi_tunisia.htm Docartis {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Patrimonio archeologico e storico {{!}} Siti complessi e monumenti] | [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Decreti/MONUMENT/DECRETS/gouvernorats.htm Gestion du patrimoine culturel de la Tunisie - Liste des monuments et décrets par gouvernorat] (search for 'Zaghouan'). [Abthugni] [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Decreti/DECRETS/Pagine/B0001014/1912-03-13b.jpg Décret du 13 mars 1912 (24 rabia-el-aoual 1330), page 2] (search for 'Henchir Souar'), from [http://www.docartis.com/pagina2/toponimi_tunisia.htm Docartis {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Patrimonio archeologico e storico {{!}} Decreti di protezione] | [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Decreti/DECRETS/LISTDECR.htm Liste Decrets] (search for '14, Décret du 13 mars 1912 (24 rabia-el-aoual 1330)') | [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Decreti/DECRETS/Pagine/1912_13mars.html Décret du 13 mars 1912 (24 rabia-el-aoual 1330)]. [Abthugni] [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/Immagine/foto_aeree/A00030_82TU208-250n42.jpg aerial photograph] from [http://www.docartis.com/pagina2/toponimi_tunisia.htm Docartis {{!}} Tunisia {{!}} Fonti documentarie {{!}} Foto aeree ] | [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/foto_aeree.htm PHOTOS AERIENNES] (search for 'Henchir Souar, A00030'). confirms coordinates reference; topographic features on aerial photograph match with; [Abthugni] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=36.1981486&lon=10.0078797&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Henchir Souar]. no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Carthago"
|{{Hs|Tun-c1}}Tunisia |{{coord|36.850222|10.315239|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Carthago (Carthage) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|500}}Cited in Humphrey; location; [Carthago] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/carthage.html The Circus {{!}} Carthage Circus] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. [Carthago] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=36.850222&lon=10.315239&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Carthago Roman circus]. width: c90m; U-shaped; very little remains visible; partly occupied by modern constructions. |File:Tunis Carthage Cirque 2.jpg (may not be oriented to north) | |
| id="row-Aurelium Commodum"
|Commodum OR Municipium Aurelium Commodum |Henchir Bou Cha or Henchir Fraxine |{{Hs|Tun-c2}}Tunisia |{{coord|36.532221|9.884513|type:landmark_region:TN_scale:5000|name=Municipium Aurelium Commodum (Henchir Bou Cha) Roman town (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town)}} (not the circus; nucleus of the Roman town) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; archaeological document of Tunisian government [Commodum] [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/Carte_archeo/pdf/Fr/028BirMcherguaFr.pdf site no. 028.113, Henchir Fraxine/Henchir Bou Cha (anc. Municipium Aurelium Commodum)] (doc page: 98; PDF page: 99)(gives UTM coordinates: 358,900N; 498,350E = approx: 36 deg 32' N, 9 deg 53' E) from [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/ Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisie {{!}} Archaeological Map] | [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/Carte_archeo/html/index_fr.htm Carte National des Sites Arqueologiques e des Monuments Historiques {{!}} Bir Mcherga 028] | [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/Carte_archeo/html/028_fr.htm Cahier BIR MCHERGA 028]. {{in lang|fr}} {{in lang|fr}}; location of place on topographic map (ref: NJ 32-15/498358); no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| id="row-Hadrumetum"
|Hadrumetum OR Colonia Concordia Ulpia Trajana Augusta Frugifera Hadrumetina |{{Hs|Tun-h}}Tunisia |{{coord|35.829783|10.624434|type:landmark_region:TN_scale:5000|name=Hadrumentum (Sousse) Roman circus (probable location)}} (probable location) |{{Hs|350}}cited in Humphrey; probable location [Hadrumetum] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=35.8297832&lon=10.6244338&z=16&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Sousse Roman circus (probable location)]. based on information in 1903 documents [Hadrumetum] [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/periodiques/bultin_archeo_sousse.pdf Sousse Archaeological Bulletin] (especially PDF pages: 16, 17, 19, 204, 239, 410) "SOCIÉTÉ ARCHÉOLOGIQUE DE SOUSSE, Assemblée générale du 29 Février 1903, Extraits des procès-verbaux des réunions." etc., from [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/ Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisie / National Heritage Institute (INP) {{!}} Digital Library {{!}} Sousse Archaeological Bulletin] (near bottom of page). {{in lang|fr}} {{in lang|fr}}, reinforced by an undated aerial photograph; [Hadrumetum] [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/Immagine/foto_aeree/A00219_88TU829-250n23.jpg aerial photograph of Sousse] from [http://www.docartis.com/pagina2/toponimi_tunisia.htm DocArtis {{!}} Progetti {{!}} TUNISIA: Projet de gestion du patrimoine culturel {{!}} Fonti documentarie {{!}} Foto aeree] | [http://www.docartis.com/Tunisia_Fonti_documentarie/foto_aeree.htm PHOTOS AERIENNES {{!}} Sousse ville. {{!}} A00219]. visible length (as measured on Wikimapia based on cross-reference with aerial photograph): c350m or greater. | | |
| id="row-Thugga"
|Thugga OR Municipium Septimium Aurelium Liberum Thugga [Thugga] Dougga#Dougga's "liberty". |{{Hs|Tun-t1}}Tunisia |{{coord|36.4265|N|9.2161|E|type:landmark_region:TN_scale:5000|name=Municipium Septimium Aurelium Liberum Thugga (Dougga) Roman circus (approximate location)}} (approximate location) |{{Hs|002(approximate_location)}}cited in Chase; approximate location, [Thugga] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=36.4265&lon=9.2161&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Thugga Roman circus] (approximate location). on the north western edge of town, suggested (though not explicitly identified) on plan, [Thugga] [https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=100870 Délimitation du site culturel de Dougga. A3. Scale by calculation ~ 1: 6,250. Shows boundaries and buffer zone of the World Heritage property] from [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/794/multiple=1&unique_number=938 UNESCO – Culture – World Heritage Centre – The List – World Heritage List – Dougga / Thugga – Maps]. [Thugga] [https://dainst.academia.edu/PhilippvonRummel/Papers/690683/THE_GERMAN-TUNISIAN_PROJECT_AT_DOUGGA_FIRST_RESULTS_OF_THE_EXCAVATIONS_SOUTH_OF_THE_MAISON_DU_TRIFOLIUM THE GERMAN-TUNISIAN PROJECT AT DOUGGA FIRST RESULTS OF THE EXCAVATIONS SOUTH OF THE MAISON DU TRIFOLIUM] (page 47). various lengths are referenced: c175m, [Thugga] [http://www.planetware.com/tourist-attractions-/dougga-tun-sl-dg.htm PlanetWare.com > Africa and the Middle East > Tunisia > Tunisia Tourist Attractions > Dougga Tourist Attractions {{!}} Circus]. [Thugga] Dougga#Circus. the site is open agricultural land with no subsequent occupation. |(may not be oriented to north) [Thugga] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/dougga.html The Circus {{!}} Dougga] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Thysdrus"
|{{Hs|Tun-t2}}Tunisia |{{coord|35.301944|N|10.693480|E|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Thysdrus (El Djem) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|500}}cited in Humphrey; visible track length: c500m; [Thysdrus] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=35.301944&lon=10.69348&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Thysdrus Roman circus]. visible track width: c70m; form lightly visible; U-shaped; the space is unoccupied by any modern structures; little of the structure is still visible. |(may not be oriented to north) [Thysdrus] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/eldjem.html The Circus {{!}} El Djem] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Utica"
|near Zana |{{Hs|Tun-u}}Tunisia |{{coord|37.051230|N|10.063141|E|type:landmark_region:TN|name=Utica Roman circus (probable location)}} (probable location) |{{Hs|290}}cited in Humphrey; Tunisian archaeological site number: 007.157 (Utique; Henchir Bechateur; UTIKA); [Utica] [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/Carte_archeo/html/ipamed_007_fr.htm Cahier Ghar el Melh (NO-SO)] from [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/ Institut National du Patrimoine Tunisie {{!}} Archaeological Map] | [http://www.inp.rnrt.tn/Carte_archeo/html/index_fr.htm Carte National des Sites Arqueologiques e des Monuments Historiques {{!}} 007 Ghar el Melh]. [Utica] [http://www.bsr.ac.uk/research/archaeology/geophysics-2/projects/utica-tunisia Utica, Tunisia] at [http://www.bsr.ac.uk/research/archaeology/geophysics-2/projects British School at Rome – Accademia Britannica di Archeologia, Storia e Belle Arti – Research – Archaeology – Geophysics – Geophysics Projects] (search for 'Utica, Tunisia'). [Utica] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.0510586&lon=10.0606656&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Utica Roman circus] (uncorroborated). [Utica] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.0512213&lon=10.0634336&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Utica Roman circus] (probable). [Utica] [https://www.scribd.com/doc/49542246/Survey-and-Excavation-at-Utica-2010-Report-Final 'Survey and Excavation at Utica 2010'] by Nabil Kallala, Elizabeth Fentress, Josephine Quinn, Andrew Wilson (maps on pages 11 and 12). confirms the given location; approximate length measured from the maps in: 280-300m. | | |
| id="row-Antioch"
|{{Hs|Tur-a1}}Turkey |{{coord|36.225754|36.171885|type:landmark_region:TR_scale:2000|name=Antioch (Antakya) Roman circus}} |{{Hs|490}}cited in Humphrey; location (from 1930s aerial photograph); [Antioch] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/antioch.html The Circus {{!}} Antioch] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. [Antioch] map [http://www.clevelandart.org/exhibcef/antiochexhib/illusmag/City_Map.jpg Ancient City of Antioch] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230011733/http://www.clevelandart.org/exhibcef/antiochexhib/illusmag/City_Map.jpg |date=December 30, 2005 }} from a past exhibition at the [http://www.clevelandart.org/ Cleveland Museum of Art]. [Antioch] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=36.2069532&lon=36.1746311&z=14&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: ancient city of Antioch]. showing the circus as a hippodrome; length: c490m; [Antioch] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=36.2258145&lon=36.1718738&z=17&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Antioch Roman hippodrome]. width: c90m; very little visible today; is more visible in a 1930s aerial photograph; lightly over-built by modern structures and occupations. | |
| id="row-Aphrodisias"
|{{Hs|Tur-a2}}Turkey |{{coord|37.712543|28.721985|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Aphrodisias Roman stadium or hippodrome}} |{{Hs|220}}Double-U-shaped; very substantially preserved; significantly smaller than other circuses; may be considered a stadium or hippodrome rather than a circus; visible track length: c220m; [Aphrodisias] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.7125432&lon=28.7219846&z=18&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Aphrodisias Roman circus/hippodrome/stadium]. |(may not be oriented to north) [Aphrodisias] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/Aphrodisia.html The Circus {{!}} Aphrodisia] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Byzantium"
|Byzantium |{{Hs|Tur-b}}Turkey |{{coord|41.006548|N|28.975961|E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Byzantium}} |{{Hs|450}}Built under Septimius Severus; estimated length: c450m; [Byzantium] Hippodrome of Constantinople#History and use. estimated width: c130m; other than some monuments from the spina, virtually none of the structure is visible today; it is believed much of the structure may lie buried some 2m below the current surface. [Byzantium] Hippodrome of Constantinople#The Hippodrome today. |File:Hippodrome of Constantinople 1.jpg (may not be oriented to north) [Byzantium] [http://www.circusmaximus.us/constantin.html The Circus {{!}} Constantinople] at [http://www.circusmaximus.us/ circusmaximus.us]. | |
| id="row-Laodicea_Lycus"
|Denizli (c6km) |{{Hs|Tur-l}}Turkey |{{coord|37.831074|N|29.104478|E|type:landmark_region:TR|name=Laodicea Roman stadium}} |{{Hs|250}}referred to as a stadium; double U-shaped and small; visible track length: c250m; [Laodicea on the Lycus] [http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=37.8313251&lon=29.1045174&z=15&l=9&m=s&v=9 Wikimapia location: Laodicea on the Lycus Roman stadium or circus]. visible track width: c40m; form clearly visible; no visible spina; unoccupied by any subsequent construction. | | |
| id="row-Nicomedia"
|{{Hs|Tur-n}}Turkey |{{coord|40.766754|29.920744|type:city_region:TR_scale:10000|name=Nicomedia (İzmit) Roman town (not the circus; historic nucleus of İzmit)}} (not the circus; historic nucleus of İzmit) |{{Hs|000(location_unknown)}}cited in Humphrey; general information on the archaeological remains of Nicomedia; [Nicomedia] [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DN%3Aentry+group%3D2%3Aentry%3Dnicomedia The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites {{!}} NICOMEDIA NW Turkey] at [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collections Perseus Digital Library {{!}} Collections/Texts] | [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/collection?collection=Perseus:collection:Greco-Roman Perseus Collection {{!}} Greek and Roman Materials] (search for 'The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites'). [Nicomedia] [https://www.facebook.com/41kocaeli41?v=info KocaeLi] - information on historical remains at Izmit (ancient Nicomedia). [Nicomedia] [http://www.kocaeli.bel.tr/Content.aspx?ContentID=20158&CategoryID=318 Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality {{!}} History of Kocaeli]. including a 19th-century map showing the location of the historic nucleus of the city (through history Kocaeli has been named successively: Olbia, Astakos, Nicomedia, Iznikmid, and Izmid or Izmit); no online circus-specific information found. | | |
| Colonia Claudia Victricensis (Camulodunum)
|Colchester |UK | 51°53'1.22"N 0°53'44.42"E | | |
See also
{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}
- Hippodrome – a Greek arena also used for chariot racing
- Bread and circuses
References
{{reflist|30em}}
External links
{{commons category|Ancient Roman circuses}}
{{GeoGroupTemplate}}
- [http://www.cyrenaica.org/ Cyrene]
- [http://www.ondernemen.in/INFO_Circus_(gebouw) Ondernemen.in: List of circus-hippodrome structures]
- [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/showflat.php?Number=833051 Google Earth file containing several locations]
{{Ancient Roman architecture lists}}
Category:Ancient chariot racing