Rubratoxin

Rubratoxins are hepatotoxic mycotoxin produced by Penicillium rubrum and Penicillium purpurogenum. Rubratoxin A and rubratoxin B have been known since 1950s.{{Cite journal|last = Chen|first = Ri-Dao|last2 = Yan|first2 = Zheng|last3 = Zou|first3 = Jian-Hua|last4 = Wang|first4 = Nan|last5 = Dai|first5 = Jun-Gui|date = 2014-09-01|title = Rubratoxin C, a new nonadride derivative from an endophytic fungus Penicillium sp. F-14|journal = Chinese Chemical Letters|volume = 25|issue = 9|pages = 1308–1310|doi = 10.1016/j.cclet.2014.03.040}} Rubratoxins are also known as protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) specific inhibitor. The PP2A inhibitory activity of rubratoxin A is about 100-fold higher than rubratoxin B {{Cite journal|last = Wada|first = Shun-ichi|last2 = Usami|first2 = Ihomi|last3 = Umezawa|first3 = Yoji|last4 = Inoue|first4 = Hiroyuki|last5 = Ohba|first5 = Shun-ichi|last6 = Someno|first6 = Tetsuya|last7 = Kawada|first7 = Manabu|last8 = Ikeda|first8 = Daishiro|date = 2010-03-01|title = Rubratoxin A specifically and potently inhibits protein phosphatase 2A and suppresses cancer metastasis|journal = Cancer Science|volume = 101|issue = 3|pages = 743–750|doi = 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01438.x|issn = 1349-7006|pmid = 20028386|doi-access = free|pmc = 11158319}} and rubratoxin A is now used as a chemical probe for PP2A research.{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/cr050029r |title=Natural Products with Maleic Anhydride Structure: Nonadrides, Tautomycin, Chaetomellic Anhydride, and Other Compounds |date=2007 |last1=Chen |first1=Xiaolong |last2=Zheng |first2=Yuguo |last3=Shen |first3=Yinchu |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=107 |issue=5 |pages=1777–1830 |pmid=17439289 }}

File:Rubratoxin A.png|Rubratoxin A

File:Rubratoxin B revised.png|Rubratoxin B

File:Rubratoxin C.png|Rubratoxin C