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Rumelia Eyalet

{{Short description|1365–1867 Ottoman province in the Balkans}}

{{Infobox country

|native_name = Eyalet-i Rumeli

|common_name = Rumeli Eyalet

|year_start = 1365

|year_end = 1867

|p1 = Byzantine Empire

|s1 = Eyalet of the Archipelago

|date_start =

|date_end =

|event_start =

|event_end =

|image_flag =

|flag_caption =

|flag_type =

|image_coat =

|image_map = Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1609).png

|image_map_caption = The Rumelia Eyalet in 1609

|capital = Edirne (1362–1530)
Sofia (1530–1836)
Monastir (1836–1867)

|coordinates = {{Coord|41|1|N|21|20|E|display=inline,title}}

|stat_year1 = 1844{{cite book|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences ..., Volume 19|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUEhAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA464|page=464|year=1859}}

|stat_area1 = 124630

|stat_pop1 = 2,700,000

|footnotes =

|demonym=|conventional_long_name=Eyalet of Rumelia|p2=Despotate of the Morea|p3=Second Bulgarian Empire|p4=Despotate of Serbia|p5=Despotate of Dobruja|status=Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire|p6=Lordship of Prilep|p7=Gazaria (Genoese colonies)|p8=Principality of Theodoro|s2=Kefe Eyalet|s3=Bosnia Eyalet|s4=Ioannina Eyalet|s5=Principality of Serbia|s6=Salonica Eyalet|s7=Adrianople Eyalet|s8=Silistra Eyalet|s9=Niš Eyalet|s10=Vidin Eyalet|p9=Kingdom of Bosnia|p10=League of Lezhë|p11=Venetian Albania|p12=Latinokratia|p13=Kingdom of Hungary|s11=Habsburg Monarchy}}

The Eyalet of Rumeli, or Eyalet of Rumelia ({{langx|ota|ایالت روم ایلی|Eyālet-i Rūm-ėli}}),{{cite web|title=Some Provinces of the Ottoman Empire|url=http://www.geonames.de/coutr-ota-provinces.html|publisher=Geonames.de|access-date=25 February 2013}} known as the Beylerbeylik of Rumeli until 1591, was a first-level province (beylerbeylik or eyalet) of the Ottoman Empire encompassing most of the Balkans ("Rumelia"). For most of its history, it was the largest and most important province of the Empire, containing key cities such as Edirne, Yanina (Ioannina), Sofia, Filibe (Plovdiv), Manastır/Monastir (Bitola), Üsküp (Skopje), and the major seaport of Selânik/Salonica (Thessaloniki). It was also among the oldest Ottoman eyalets, lasting more than 500 years with several territorial restructurings over the long course of its existence.

The capital was in Adrianople (Edirne), Sofia, and finally Monastir (Bitola). Its reported area in an 1862 almanac was {{convert|48119|sqmi|km2}}.{{Google books|zSNUAAAAYAAJ|The Popular encyclopedia: or, conversations lexicon, Volume 6|page=698}}

History

Initially termed beylerbeylik or generically vilayet ("province") of Rumeli, only after 1591 was the term eyalet used.

The first beylerbey of Rumelia was Lala Shahin Pasha, who was awarded the title by Sultan Murad I as a reward for his capture of Adrianople (Edirne) in the 1360s, and given military authority over the Ottoman territories in Europe, which he governed effectively as the Sultan's deputy while the Sultan returned to Anatolia.{{EI2 | title = Eyālet | first = Halil | last = İnalcık | authorlink = Halil İnalcık | volume = 2 | pages = 721–724 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/eya-let-SIM_2216}}{{EI2 | title = Rūmeli | first = Halil | last = İnalcik | authorlink = Halil İnalcık | volume = 8 | pages = 607–611, esp. 610–611 | url = http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/rumeli-COM_0940 }}{{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = de | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | page = 50}} Also, Silistra Eyalet was formed in 1593.

From its foundation, the province of Rumelia encompassed the entirety of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions, including the trans-Danubian conquests like Akkerman, until the creation of further eyalets in the 16th century, beginning with the Archipelago (1533), Budin (1541) and Bosnia (1580).

The first capital of Rumelia was probably Edirne (Adrianople), which was also, until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the Ottomans' capital city. It was followed by Sofia for a while and again by Edirne until 1520, when Sofia once more became the seat of the beylerbey. At the time, the beylerbey of Rumelia was the commander of the most important military force in the state in the form of the timariot sipahi cavalry, and his presence in the capital during this period made him a regular member of the Imperial Council (divan). For the same reason, powerful Grand Viziers like Mahmud Pasha Angelovic or Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha held the beylerbeylik in tandem with the grand vizierate.

In the 18th century, Monastir emerged as an alternate residence of the governor, and in 1836, it officially became the capital of the eyalet. At about the same time, the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the Empire, split off the new eyalets of Üsküb, Yanya and Selanik and reduced the Rumelia Eyalet to a few provinces around Monastir. The rump eyalet survived until 1867, when, as part of the transition to the more uniform vilayet system, it became part of the Salonica Vilayet.{{EI2 | title = Manāstir | first = M. | last = Ursinus | volume = 6 | pages = 371–372 | url http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/manastir-SIM_4907}}{{cite book | title = Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches | series = Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients | volume = 13 | last = Birken | first = Andreas | language = de | publisher = Reichert | year = 1976 | isbn = 9783920153568 | pages = 50, 52}}

Eastern Rumelia became a new ottoman province in 1878 (formally until 1908 but united to the Principality of Bulgaria since 1885).

Governors

The governor of the Rumelia Eyalet was titled "Beylerbey of Rumelia" (Rumeli beylerbeyi) or "Vali of Rumelia" (Rumeli vali).

class="wikitable"
style="background:#efefef;"

! Governor

! Reign

! Notes

Lala Shahin Pasha

|

| the first beylerbey of Rumelia, the lala (tutor) of Murad I.{{citation|last= Smailagic |first= Nerkez |title= Leksikon Islama |year=1990|publisher= Svjetlost |location= Sarajevo |isbn=978-86-01-01813-6 |oclc=25241734 |page=514|quote=Sjedište beglerbega Rumelije ...prvi namjesnik, Lala Šahin-paša,...}}{{better source needed|date=November 2016}}

Timurtaş Bey

| {{floruit}} 1385

Süleyman Çelebi

| before 1411

| son of Bayezid I{{cite book|author1=Kenneth M. Setton|author2=Harry W. Hazard|author3=Norman P. Zacour|title=A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKaPrQPFIAMC&pg=PA699|date=1 June 1990|publisher=Univ of Wisconsin Press|isbn=978-0-299-10744-4|pages=699–}}

Mihaloğlu Mehmed Bey

| 1411

|

Mustafa Bey

| 1421{{cite book|author=Vera P. Mutafchieva |author-link=Vera Mutafchieva |title=Agrarian relations in the Ottoman Empire in the 15th and 16th centuries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plyFAAAAIAAJ|access-date=19 February 2013|year=1988|publisher=East European Monographs|isbn=978-0-88033-148-7|page=10}}

Sinan Pasha ( son of noble Bogdan)

| 1430

Hadım Şehabeddin

| 1439–42{{sfn|Jefferson|2012|p=280}}

Kasım Pasha

| 1443{{sfn|Babinger|1992|p=25}}

Ömer Bey

| {{floruit}} 1453{{cite book|author=Aytaç Özkan|title=Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror Great Eagle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qiw9CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|date=21 December 2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-59784-397-3|pages=43–}}

Turahan Bey

| before 1456

Mahmud Pasha

| before 1456

Ahmed

| after 1456{{citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Hass Murad Pasha

| {{circa}} 1469–1473

Hadım Süleyman Pasha

| {{circa}} 1475{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|p=25}}

Davud Pasha

| {{circa}} 1478{{cite book|author=Marin Barleti|title=The Siege of Shkodra: Albania's Courageous Stand Against Ottoman Conquest, 1478|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeZ963q3ok0C&pg=PA19|year=2012|publisher=David Hosaflook|isbn=978-99956-87-77-9|pages=19–}}

Sinan Pasha

| {{circa}} 1481{{cite book|author=John Freely|title=The Grand Turk: Sultan Mehmet II-Conqueror of Constantinople and Master of an Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3m4jCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT159|date=1 October 2009|publisher=The Overlook Press|isbn=978-1-59020-449-8|pages=159–}}

Mesih Pasha

| after 1481{{cite book|author=Heath W. Lowry|title=Nature of the Early Ottoman State, The|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31j8T6XoigYC&pg=PA66|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8726-6|pages=66–}}

Hasan Pasha

| {{floruit}} 1514{{cite book|author=Fatih Akçe|title=The Conqueror of the East Sultan Selim I|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tmU_CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48|date=22 December 2015|publisher=Işık Yayıncılık Ticaret|isbn=978-1-68206-504-4|pages=48–}}

|

Ahmed Pasha

| {{floruit}} 1521{{cite book|author=Stephen Turnbull|title=The Ottoman Empire 1326–1699|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-JqHCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT41|date=6 June 2014|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4728-1026-7|pages=41–}}

Güzelce Kasım Pasha

| {{circa}} 1527{{cite book|author1=Gülru Necipoğlu|author2=Julia Bailey|title=Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth Anniversary Special Volume|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8stDgJSiJ4C&pg=PA98|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17327-9|pages=98–}}

Ibrahim

| {{floruit}} 1537{{cite book|author1=Lucette Valensi|author-link=Lucette Valensi|author2=Arthur Denner|title=The Birth of the Despot: Venice and the Sublime Porte|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syns0IPiFu0C&pg=PA19|date=1 December 2008|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-7543-6|pages=19–}}

Khusrow Pasha

| June 1538{{cite book|author=Sir H. A. R. Gibb|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA35|year=1954|publisher=Brill Archive|pages=35–|id=GGKEY:1FSD5PNQ2DE}}–?

Ali Pasha

| {{floruit}} 1546{{cite book|author=Stephen Ortega|title=Negotiating Transcultural Relations in the Early Modern Mediterranean: Ottoman-Venetian Encounters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CScHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT121|date=22 April 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-08919-3|pages=121–}}

Sokollu Mehmed Pasha

| {{floruit}} 1551{{sfn|Setton|1984|p=574}}

|

Şemsi Ahmed Pasha

|1564 – 1569{{Cite book |last=Afyoncu |first=Erhan |title=Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi |publisher=TDV İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi |year=2010 |volume=38 |pages=527–529 |language=tr |chapter=ŞEMSİ AHMED PAŞA}}

|

Doğancı Mehmed Pasha

|

|{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|p=153}}

Osman Yeğen Pasha

| 1687{{cite book|author1=Halil İnalcık|author2=Donald Quataert|title=An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA419|access-date=2013-06-07|date=1997-04-28|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-57455-6|page=419}}

Sari Ahmed Pasha

| 1714{{cite book|title=Istoriski časopis, Volumes 18-19|year=1971|publisher=Srpska akademija nauka. Istoriski institut|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To9pAAAAMAAJ&q=%22+%D0%BC%D1%83+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%22|editor=Novak, Viktor|page=312|quote=}}–1715{{cite book|author=Kenneth Meyer Setton|title=Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XN51y209fR8C|year=1991|publisher=American Philosophical Society|isbn=978-0-87169-192-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XN51y209fR8C/page/n438 430]–}}

Topal Osman Pasha

| 1721–27, 1729–30, 1731{{cite encyclopedia | article = Ṭopal ʿOt̲h̲mān Pas̲h̲a, 1. Grand Vizier (1663-1733) | first = R. | last = Mantran | encyclopedia = The Encyclopedia of Islam, New Edition, Volume X: T–U | publisher = BRILL | location = Leiden and New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 90-04-11211-1 | pages = 564–565}}

Hadji Mustafa Pasha

| summer of 1797{{harvnb|Ćorović|2001|loc= }}–?

Ahmed Kamil Pasazade Hakki Pasha

|

|{{cite book|author=Robert W. Zens|title=The Ayanlik and Pasvanoğlu Osman Paşa of Vidin in the age of Ottoman social change, 1791-1815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-J4MAQAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=University of Wisconsin--Madison|page=96}}

Ali Pasha

| 1793{{cite book|author1=Charles Jelavich|author2=Barbara Jelavich|title=The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804-1920|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MhQTCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18|date=1 November 1986|publisher=University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-96413-3|pages=18–}}

Ali Pasha (2nd term)

| 1802{{sfn|Ágoston|Masters|2009|p=37}})

Veli Pasha (son of Ali Pasha) 1804{{cite book|author1=Michalis N. Michael|author2=Matthias Kappler|author3=Eftihios Gavriel|title=Archivum Ottomanicum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjwMAQAAMAAJ|access-date=25 July 2013|year=2009|publisher=Mouton.|page=175|isbn=9783447057530 |quote=}}
Hurshid Pasha

| {{floruit}} 1808{{cite book|author=Ali Yaycioglu|title=Partners of the Empire: The Crisis of the Ottoman Order in the Age of Revolutions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N3rkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA220|date=4 May 2016|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-9612-5|pages=220–}}

Köse Ahmed Zekeriya Pasha

| 1836–March 1840

|

Mehmed Dilaver Pasha

| May–July 1840

|

Yusuf Muhlis Pasha Serezli

| July 1840–February 1842

|

Yakub Pasha Kara Osmanzade

|

|

Mustafa Nuri Paşa, Sırkatibi

|

|

Mehmed Said Paşa, Mirza/Tatar

|

|

Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade

|

|

Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı
Mehmed Ziyaeddin Paşa, Mezarcızade
Mehmed Emin Pasha
Asaf Pasha
Mehmed Reşid Paşa, Boşnakzade
Ömer Paşa, Kızılhisarlı (2nd term)
Mehmed Hurshid Pasha Arnavud
Ahmed Nazır Paşa
İsmail Paşa, Çerkes
Abdülkerim Nadir Paşa, Çırpanlı
Ali Paşa, Hacı, Kütahyalı/Germiyanoğlu
Hüseyin Hüsnü Paşa
Mehmed Tevfik Paşa, Taşcızade

Administrative divisions

=1475=

A list dated to 1475 lists seventeen subordinate sanjakbeys, who controlled sub-provinces or sanjaks, which also functioned as military commands:

{{Div col}}

  1. Constantinople
  2. Gallipoli
  3. Edirne
  4. Nikebolu/Nigbolu
  5. Vidin
  6. Sofia
  7. Serbia (Laz-ili)
  8. Serbia (Despot-ili)
  9. Vardar (under the Evrenosoğullari)
  10. Üsküb
  11. Arnavut-ili (under Iskender Bey, i.e. Skanderbeg)
  12. Arnavut-ili (under the Arianiti family)
  13. Bosnia
  14. Bosnia (under Stephen)
  15. Arta, Zituni and Athens
  16. Morea
  17. Monastir

{{Div col end}}

=1520s=

Another list, dating to the early reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), lists the sanjakbeys of that period, in approximate order of importance.:

{{Div col}}

  1. Bey of the Pasha-sanjak
  2. Bosnia
  3. Morea
  4. Semendire
  5. Vidin
  6. Hersek
  7. Silistre
  8. Ohri
  9. Avlonya
  10. Iskenderiyye
  11. Yanya
  12. Gelibolu
  13. Köstendil
  14. Nikebolu
  15. Sofia
  16. Inebahti
  17. Tirhala
  18. Alaca Hișar
  19. Vulcetrin
  20. Kefe
  21. Prizren
  22. Karli-eli
  23. Ağriboz
  24. Çirmen
  25. Vize
  26. Izvornik
  27. Florina
  28. Elbasan
  29. Sanjakbey of the Çingene ("Gypsies")
  30. Midilli
  31. Karadağ (Montenegro)
  32. Sanjakbey of the Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise ("Muslims of Kirk Kilise")
  33. Sanjakbey of the Voynuks

{{Div col end}}

The Çingene, Müselleman-i Kirk Kilise and Voynuks were not territorial circumscriptions, but rather represented merely a sanjakbey appointed to control these scattered and often nomadic groups, and who acted as the commander of the military forces recruited among them. The Pasha-sanjak in this period comprised a wide area in western Macedonia, including the towns of Üskub (Skopje), Pirlipe (Prilep), Manastir (Bitola) and Kesriye (Kastoria).

A similar list compiled c. 1534 gives the same sanjaks, except for the absence of Sofia, Florina and Inebahti (among the provinces transferred to the new Archipelago Eyalet in 1533), and the addition of Selanik (Salonica).

= 1538 =

In 1538 there are listed 29 liva (sanjaks) during the reign of Sultan Suleiman I.{{Cite book|title=Osmanlı Yer Adları I: Rumeli Eyaleti (1514-1550)|publisher=Devlet Arşivleri Genel Müdürlüğü Osmanlı Arşivi Daire Başkanlığı|year=2013|location=Ankara|pages=17–32}}

  1. Sofya (Pasha Sanjak of Rumelia)
  2. Ağrıboz
  3. Alacahisar
  4. Avlonya
  5. Bosna
  6. Çirmen
  7. Gelibolu
  8. Hersek
  9. İlbasan
  10. İskenderiye
  11. İzvornik
  12. Karlıili
  13. Kefe
  14. Köstendil
  15. Mora
  16. Niğbolu
  17. Ohri
  18. Prizrin
  19. Rodos
  20. Semendire
  21. Silistre
  22. Tırhala
  23. Vidin
  24. Vize
  25. Vulçıtrın
  26. Yanya
  27. Müselleman-ı Kızılca
  28. Müselleman-ı Çingane
  29. Voynugan-ı Istabl-ı Amire

= 1644 =

Further sanjaks were removed with the progressive creation of new eyalets, and an official register c. 1644 records only fifteen sanjaks for the Rumelia Eyalet:

{{Div col}}

  1. Köstendil
  2. Tirhala
  3. Prizren
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvine
  6. Vulcetrin
  7. Üskub
  8. Elbasan
  9. Avlonya
  10. Dukagin
  11. Iskenderiyye
  12. Ohri
  13. Alaca Hișar
  14. Selanik
  15. Voynuks

{{Div col end}}

= 1700/1730=

File:Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Empire (1795).png

The administrative division of the beylerbeylik of Rumelia between 1700-1730 was as follows:Orhan Kılıç, XVII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin Eyalet ve Sancak Teşkilatlanması, Osmanlı, Cilt 6: Teşkilât, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 1999, {{ISBN|975-6782-09-9}}, p. 91. {{in lang|tr}}

{{Div col}}

  1. Pasha-sanjak, around Manastir
  2. Köstendil
  3. Tirhala
  4. Yanya
  5. Delvina
  6. Elbasan
  7. Iskenderiyye
  8. Avlonya
  9. Ohri
  10. Alaca Hisar
  11. Selanik
  12. Dukagin
  13. Prizren
  14. Üsküb
  15. Vulçıtrin
  16. Voynuks
  17. Çingene
  18. Yoruks

{{Div col end}}

= Early 19th century =

Sanjaks in the early 19th century:{{Google books|joN6G1T6ZHIC|The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ..., Volume 25|page=393}} — by George Long, Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge

{{Div col}}

  1. Manastir
  2. Selanik
  3. Tirhala
  4. Iskenderiyye
  5. Ohri
  6. Avlonya
  7. Köstendil
  8. Elbasan
  9. Prizren
  10. Dukagin
  11. Üsküb
  12. Delvina
  13. Vulcetrin
  14. Kavala
  15. Alaca Hișar
  16. Yanya
  17. Smederevo

{{Div col end}}

= Mid-19th century =

File:Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman Balkans 1850s.png

According to the state yearbook (salname) of the year 1847, the reduced Rumelia Eyalet, centred at Manastir, encompassed also the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye (Scutari), Ohri (Ohrid) and Kesrye (Kastoria). In 1855, according to the French traveller A. Viquesnel, it comprised the sanjaks of Iskenderiyye, with 7 kazas or sub-provinces, Ohri with 8 kazas, Kesrye with 8 kazas and the pasha-sanjak of Manastir with 11 kazas.{{cite book | last = Viquesnel | first = Auguste | title = Voyage dans la Turquie d'Europe: description physique et géologique de la Thrace | volume = Tome Premier | publisher = Arthus Betrand | location = Paris | year = 1868 | language = fr | url = http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k116202f/ | pages = 107, 114–115}}

References

{{Reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|last=Babinger|first=Franz|author-link=Franz Babinger|title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|editor=Hickman, William C.|translator=Manheim, Ralph|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1992|orig-year=1978|isbn=978-0-691-01078-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPxC6rO7vvsC}}
  • {{cite book|last=Ćorović|first=Vladimir|author-link=Vladimir Ćorović|title=Istorija srpskog naroda|chapter=Početak ustanka u Srbiji| publisher=Ars Libri|year=2001|orig-year=1997|chapter-url=http://www.rastko.rs/rastko-bl/istorija/corovic/istorija/7_2_l.html}}
  • {{cite book|last=Jefferson|first=John|title=The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FpvqWWpUYSoC&pg=PA84|year=2012|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-21904-5|page=84}}
  • {{The Papacy and the Levant|volume=4}}
  • {{cite book|title = Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire|publisher = Facts On File|year = 2009|isbn = 9780816062591|location = New York, NY|editor-first = Gábor|editor-last = Ágoston|url = http://www.infobasepublishing.com/Bookdetail.aspx?ISBN=0816062595&Ebooks=0|editor-last2 = Masters|editor-first2 = Bruce}}

{{Subdivisions of the Ottoman Empire}}

{{Albanians under the Ottoman Empire}}

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Category:Eyalets of the Ottoman Empire in Europe

Category:History of the Balkans

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Category:States and territories established in the 1360s

Category:States and territories disestablished in 1867

Category:1360s establishments in the Ottoman Empire

Category:1867 disestablishments in the Ottoman Empire

Category:1365 establishments in Europe